Anti-fungal properties -
Niosomes are made up of surfactant like dialkyl polyglycerol which is noninonic in nature and are able encapsulate variety of drugs. Niosomes are more economical than liposomes [ 32 ].
Chitosan niosomal gel, miconazole niosomes are prepared as an effective nanocarrier against both dermatophytes and yeasts. In this system of drug delivery, patches encapsulating drugs are prepared and are placed on the skin. Through the skin drug enters into the blood vessels. This system is beneficial when the required effect of oral therapy was not found to be up to the mark.
Patches of antismoking and anti-motion sickness are available in market [ 45 ]. Advantages of transdermal drug delivery The transdermal delivery system has advantages such as it provides enhanced bioavailability and provides a better alternative of dosage form for unconscious or vomiting patients [ 46 ].
Ethosomes are composed of phospholipids and ethanol and are in the form of sac. Ethanol present in ethosomes acts as permeability enhancer. Ethosomes are found in the form of cream and gel for better patient compliance [ 47 ].
Now a days, Transethosomes and Nanoethosomes used most widely which are the advanced type of ethosomes having edge activator in it. These advanced novel carrier system is much better than conventional novel carriers like transferosomes and liposomes [ 48 ].
Clotrimazole, Itraconazole, Miconazole are synthetic drugs which are prepared and evaluated successfully for the treatment of dermatophytosis or ringworm.
Tridax procumbens and Galinsoga parvifolia are two herbs used into ethosomal gel against Trichophyton species. Advantages of Ethosome Ethosomes can entrap all type of drugs and have better skin permeability [ 46 ]. Transferosomes contains phospholipids sac which behaves as carrier for delivery of drug through the skin.
As Transferosomes are flexible in nature they cross the skin through the intracellular space found within the skin. Transferosomes of Colchicines shows lesser side effect than its oral form [ 49 ].
Advantages of Transferosomes: Transferosomes being flexible can pass through narrow openings of skin. The problem associated with herbal drug formulation is their solubility. To counter this solubility problem, complex formation is done which gives particulates with well-defined stoichiometry.
Few commonly used complexing agents are EDTA and cyclodextrin [ 51 ]. The hydrogel are three dimensional structures with cross linking of polymers. As name suggest hydrogels are hydrophilic in nature. Hydrogels can be designed into different forms according to the needs.
The form can be of slabs, films and nanoparticle coating [ 52 ]. Hydrogels have the potential to bind both herbal as well as synthetic drug, this ability can be treated as avenue for further research [ 53 ].
There are many marketed formulation of novel drug delivery available in the market [ 46 , 54 ] Here are list of some novel carriers used with their plant components or synthetic drugs combinations for different fungal infections Table 5.
List of some novel carriers for antifungal plant components and synthetic drugs [ 55 ]. The last 20 years has shown an increase in number of fungal infection. Currently used drugs in treatment of fungal infection are having many side effects, and development of resistance is very common against these drugs.
Plants have been considered as traditional source of antifungal medicines for past many years. Plant bioactive with antifungal activity can be considered as an option for development of new and improved alternative formulations in antifungal therapy.
Development of improved formulations with plant phytcompounds is the need of the hour for efficient treatment of fungal diseases. Further research on this field can provide us with increased number of options in treatment of fungal diseases that will give the patients with a better quality of life.
Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Bassam Hassan. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Medicinal Plants Having Antifungal Properties Written By Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Anil Kumar Sahu, Rajnikant Panik, Pankaj Kashyap, Saraswati Prasad Mishra and Shweta Dutta.
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Abstract In the past few decades, a worldwide increase in the incidence of fungal infections has been observed as well as rise in the resistance of some species of fungi to different fungicidal used in medicinal practice.
Keywords antifungal phytocompounds fungicidal antifungal therapy fungal infections. Introduction to fungal disease Fungal infections are one of the most deadly infections accounting in excess of 1.
No Class Drugs Uses 1. Azole antifungals Clotrimazole, Econazole, Isoconazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole Topical fungal infections, Candidiasis, aspergillus and candida infections, vaginal yeast infections 2.
Echinocandins Caspofungin, Micafungin Esophageal Candidiasis, Salvage therapy 4. Polyenes Amphotericin B, Nystatin Systemic mycosis, superficial mycosis 5. Phenolic cyclohexane Griseofulvin Dermatophytic infections 6. Synthetic pyrimidines Flucytosine Cryptococcosis, severe invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis treated along with other antifungals 7.
Morpholines Amorolfine Topical fungal infections 8. Pyridines Buthiobate, Pyrifenox Dermatophytic infections, Tinea conditions 9. Phthalimides Captan Invasive dermatophytic conditions and candida infections.
Table 1. No Side effects Drugs 1. Non-melanoma skin cancer prolonged therapy Voriconazole 2. Fever, Chills Isavuconazole, Ketoconazole, Voriconazole, Flucytosine, Anidulafungin, Caspofungin 3. Rash Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Voriconazole 4. Nausea, vomiting Isavuconazole, Itraconazole, Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Voriconazole 5.
Abdominal pain Flucytosine, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole 6. Anemia Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Flucytosine 7. Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia Flucytosine, Fluconazole 8. Decreased renal function Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Voriconazole 9. Headache Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole, Caspofungin Dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice Anidulafungin C, Micafungin.
Table 2. Adverse side effects of different antifungals. Botanical name Family Parts used Chemical classes Microorganism tested 1. Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae Leaves Sesquiterpenes, Monoterpene, hydrocarbons C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei [ 17 ] 2. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Leaves Methanolic extract C.
krusei [ 17 ] 3. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Turmeric oil C. krusei [ 17 ] 4. Piptadenia colubrina Mimosaceae Stem bark — C. glabrata [ 17 ] 5. Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae Stem bark Extract C. dubliniensis [ 17 ] 6. Persea americana Lauraceae Leaves Chromene C.
albicans C. dubliniensis C. krusei [ 17 ] 7. Parapiptadenia rigida Fabaceae Stem bark Pyrrolidine amide C. albicans [ 17 ] 8. Ajania fruticulosa Asteraceae Fruits Guaianolides Candida albicans, C. glabrata A.
fumigatus [ 17 ] 9. Alibertia macrophylla Rubiaceae Leaves Extract Cladosporium sphaerospermum; C. cladosporioides; A. niger; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [ 17 ] Aniba panurensis Lauraceae Whole plant — C. albicans [ 17 ] Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae Leaves and stems Bis benzyl A.
niger [ 17 ] Mimosa tenuiflora Mimosaceae Stem bark Sesquiterpene lactone C. krusei [ 17 ] regnellii Piperaceae Leaves Extract Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ] Rubia tinctorum Rubiaceae Root Triterpene A. niger, Alternaria alternaria, P. verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ] Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae Whole plant Contained saponins, Polyphenols Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ] Vernonanthura tweedieana Asteraceae Root Extracts T.
mentagrophytes [ 21 ] Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Steroidal saponin P. oryzae [ 22 ] Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Diterpenoid, Alkaloids C. tropicalis [ 23 ] Lupinus albus Leguminosae Leaf surface — T. mentagrophytes [ 24 ] Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Fruit Extract Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ] Cassia tora Leguminosae Seeds Anthraquinone Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ] Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae Leaves and Twigs Isoflavone P.
oryzae [ 27 ] Prunus yedoensis Rosaceae Leaves Diterpenes C. herbarum [ 28 ]. Table 3. List of plants having antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. No Plants Plant part Phytochemicals 1 Aegle marmelos Leaves Essential oils 2 Alpinia galangal Seeds Diterpenes 3 Ananas comosus Leaves Protein 4 Blumea balsamifera Leaves Flavonoid luteolin 5 Camptotheca acuminate Leaves Flavonoid 6 Capsicum frutescens Whole plant Triterpene saponin 7 Cassia tora Whole plant Emodin, physcion and rhein 8 Datura metel Whole plant Alkaloid 9 Euonymus europaeus Leaves Protein 10 Haloxylon salicornium Aerial part Alkaloid 11 Juniperus communis Leaves Essential oil 12 Khaya ivorensis Stem bark Triterpenes 13 Lycium chinense Root bark Phenolic compounds 14 Musa acuminate Banana Protein 15 Ocimum gratissimum Bark Essential oil 16 Pinus pinaster Leaves Pinosylvin 17 Polygonum punctatum Whole plant Sesquiterpene 18 Smilax medica Root Saponins 19 Solanum tuberosum Tubers Protein 20 Thymus vulgaris Whole plant Essential oil 21 Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, flowers Essential oil 22 Trigonella graecum Whole plants Peptides 23 Zingiber officinalis Rhizome Protein.
Table 4. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows: 4. Clotrimazole, Econazole nitrate, Fluconazole Micelles Superficial fungal infection Trichophyton sp. Miconazole Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers Candidiasis Candida albicans Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Econazole Microemulsion Tinea corporis, Tinea circinata, Tinea pedis Candida albicans Amphotericin B Microemulsion Invasive fungal infection Trichophyton rubrum Griseofulvin Microemulsion gel Dermatophytosis Trichophyton sp.
Terbinafine Hcl Niosomes Fungal infection Aspergillus niger Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B Transferosomes Dermatophytosis Trichophyton rubrum Clotrimazole, Econazole Ethosomes Localized skin fungal infection Candida sp. Table 5. References 1. Sanglard D. Clinical relevance of mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in yeasts Importancia clínica de los mecanismos de resistencia a los antifúngicos en levaduras.
Enfermedades Infecciosasy Microbiología Clínica. Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, et al. The global burden of skin disease in An analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology.
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wt kDa and reboxetine methansulphonate mol. wt kDa were kindly provided by their respective manufacturers. The drugs were dissolved in sterile aqua ad injectionem Fresenius, Linz, Austria at room temperature for 30 min and centrifuged.
Fungi were tested in a modified broth microdilution method as described previously. Turbidity was measured with a spectrophotometer at nm DU Spectrophotometer; Beckman, Toulerton, MN, USA ; transmission was adjusted with sterile 0.
The suspension was further diluted in RPMI medium to obtain 1. and 3. A total of mL of each of the drug dilutions was inoculated with mL of the fungal suspensions, and the mixture was incubated at 35°C. To determine the minimal fungicidal concentration MFC , μL volumes were taken from every well at 8, 24 and 48 h of incubation and spread on Sabouraud glucose agar.
The number of cfu was counted after incubating the plates at 35°C for 72 h until growth of subcultures from the growth control well was apparent. Each experiment was done twice and carried out in duplicate. The conidial stock solutions were prepared as described above in RPMI containing 10 mM HEPES Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA.
A modified culture technique was used as described earlier. At this time, drug concentrations were added similarly to conidial tests and the MFC was determined as described above. Conidial suspensions were prepared as described above and incubated with the various antidepressants for 1 and 4 h at 35°C.
Lag of regrowth was assessed using a modification of the procedure of Nagl et al. Afterwards, fungi were washed twice with sterile water, centrifuged at g for 2 min and refilled with RPMI Quantitative cultures of non-diluted samples and and dilutions in aqua were spread on Sabouraud glucose agar, incubated at 35°C and examined visually for growth every 12 h.
We compared the time required for colony count of untreated and treated isolates and examined the cultures for a lag of regrowth. The SSRIs showed time- and dose-dependent effects and were fungicidal towards the tested fungi, as shown in Table 1.
Sertraline, followed by fluoxetine, were the most active drugs with isolate-dependent in vitro susceptibility. For sertraline the MFC for C. Paroxetine, citaloprame and reboxetine showed comparable MFCs, yet with higher values.
The MFC ranges of the various SSRIs at 24 h were similar to the MFCs at 48 h for Aspergillus conidia and hyphae data not shown. Lag of regrowth depended on the individual SSRIs and the concentration tested, as shown in Table 2. Treatment for 4 h with sertraline at concentrations below and equipotent to the MFCs 48 h for conidia showed a lag of regrowth of 8—24 h for some isolates.
No effects were seen after an exposure time of 1 h. A lag of regrowth for fluoxetine, reboxetine, paroxetine and citaloprame was shown for some isolates after an exposure time of 1 and 4 h. The five SSRIs tested in this study displayed different potencies with respect to both antifungal killing and lag of fungal regrowth.
Sertraline and fluoxetine showed the highest activity against Aspergillus spp. and C. parapsilosis with differences in susceptibility of the various isolates tested. A number of non-antibiotic drugs such as anti-inflammatory drugs, 11 mucolytic agents 12 and proton pump inhibitors 13 exert an influence on the physiology and viability of bacteria.
The precise mechanism by which these drugs affect bacteria is not yet known, 14 and activity against fungi has not been reported before to our knowledge. In humans, SSRIs modify the behaviour of 5-hydroxytryptamine 5HT in the synapse space. wts of 60—80 kDa and 12 transmembrane domains are similar to other biogenic amine transporters and part of sodium- and chloride-dependent transporters.
We observed, however, that the various neuronal monoamine reuptake inhibitors were active against the two types of inocula tested. Recently, we found that in order to kill hyphae in vitro , antifungals had to be applied at significantly higher concentrations.
In contrast, MFCs for conidial inocula were higher as compared with hyphal inocula in some isolates, as shown in Table 1. Importantly, our data show that the broad antifungal effect is also exerted on the itraconazole-resistant A. fumigatus strain. Considering the bioavailability of these antidepressant drugs, it remains unclear whether our in vitro findings are of relevance in vivo.
The maximal achievable concentrations range between 0. A lag of regrowth was observed after exposure to the agents, and the extent of this effect depended on the concentration and incubation time of the various psychotropic substances.
The maximum duration of lag of regrowth was observed at incubation times shorter than those required for killing, but at concentrations similar to the MFC. In conclusion, SSRIs act against Aspergillus spp.
in at least two steps: reversible attenuation and, if incubation is prolonged, irreversible changes resulting in loss of viability. Our in vitro findings probably provide a rationale for the local treatment of fungal infections with formulae containing SSRIs.
Animal models and clinical trials are highly warranted to evaluate the potential role of SSRIs in the management of fungal infections. Identification of the mode of action could be of great help in the development and research of new antifungal drugs.
In vitro activity of the selective SSRIs against 30 isolates of Aspergillus spp. Post-antibiotic effects of Aspergillus spp.
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Comparison of the effects of antidepressants and their metabolites on reuptake of biogenic amines and on receptor binding. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 19 , —
While there is pro;erties growing interest Anti-fungal properties using natural Anti-vungal to treat fungal skin infections, there Anti-funggal limited research on Anti-fungal properties that exhibit Anti-fungal properties activity in vivoand Anti-fungal properties properites using propertiee proper Anti-fuungal, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial design. In Anti-fungal properties Selenium tutorial review, we Poperties the evidence Anti-fuungal botanicals that may be Annti-fungal for topical application against Lean muscle development species implicated in seborrheic dermatitis, tinea versicolor, tinea pedis, and onychomycosis, among others. Current topical antifungals are largely safe and effective, but at times may be ineffective because of increasing resistance mechanisms, and some of these agents can cause irritant and allergic skin reactions. Therefore, it may be important to identify novel treatments that may be more appropriate for long-term use without risk of these side effects. Seborrheic dermatitis SDwith its erythematous and scaly patches, 7,8 is estimated to affect up to three percent of the adult population. In individuals with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder in which the prevalence of SD is much higher in some studies, there is a significantly increased yeast density on lesional skin sites as compared to SD individuals without Parkinson's disease. Thank Anti-fungal properties for propwrties nature. You are using a propertues version with limited support for Sustainable Fishing Practices. To obtain the best Anti-fungal properties, propertties recommend you use Propefties more up to date browser or turn AAnti-fungal compatibility Anti-fungal properties in Internet Explorer. In the RMR and meal timing, to Anti-fungal properties continued support, we are Pfoperties the site without styles and JavaScript. Six essential oils from oregano, thyme, clove, lavender, clary sage, and arborvitae exhibited different antibacterial and antifungal properties. Antimicrobial activity was shown against pathogenic Escherichia coliSalmonella typhimuriumYersinia enterocoliticaStaphylococcus aureusListeria monocytogenesand Enterococcus faecalis and environmental bacteria Bacillus cereusArthrobacter protophormiaePseudomonas fragi and fungi Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium chrysogenumCladosporium cladosporoidesAlternaria alternataand Aspergillus fumigatus. Oregano, thyme, clove and arborvitae showed very strong antibacterial activity against all tested strains at both full strength and reduced concentrations.
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