Role of flavonoids in weight management -
The focus of this chapter is to highlight the cost-effective health benefits of flavonoid-rich-foods and dietary supplements containing flavonoids for the prevention and cure of obesity linked cardiovascular diseases CVDs.
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Obesity 16 9 — Panchal SK, Poudyal H, Arumugam TV, Brown L Rutin attenuates metabolic changes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular remodeling in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats. J Nutr 6 — In normal individuals, insulin, produced by the pancreatic β-cells, maintains normal blood glucose levels by the activation of hepatic glycogen synthesis, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing cellular glucose transporter 4 GLUT4 mediated glucose uptake by the muscle and adipose tissue 64 , The skeletal muscle was once considered the central tissue for insulin-mediated glucose uptake and maintaining glucose homeostasis However, studies have revealed that the adipocytes play a major role in insulin-stimulated GLUT 4-mediated glucose uptake into the fat tissue Selectively knocking down GLUT4 in adipocytes resulted in insulin resistance similar to that observed when knocking down the glucose transporter in skeletal muscle cells On the other hand, overexpression of GLUT4 in fat tissue increased glucose tolerance and improved overall sensitivity to insulin In obese individuals, GLUT4 was significantly downregulated in adipocytes compared to non-obese individuals.
It was linked to impaired glucose uptake in the fat tissue, while levels of GLUT4 in the skeletal muscle remain unchanged Impairment of GLUT4 translocation, docking, and fusion with vesicles contributed to defective cross-membrane glucose transport. Interestingly, oxidative stress repressed GLUT4 mRNA expression and protein levels in adipocytes while using antioxidants such as lipoic acid protected against oxidative stress-mediated in GLUT4 While LDL-C levels remain within the normal range, the increased formation of pro-atherogenic small dense LDL-C particles is observed in obese individuals compared to normal individuals The various abnormalities that lead to dyslipidemia seen in patients with obesity are triggered and driven by the increased availability of free fatty acids FFA to the liver due to increased adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammation 74 , Increased basal levels of lipolysis and circulating free fatty acids are hallmarks of altered lipid metabolism in obese individuals The enlarged adipocytes in obese individuals are known to secrete the serum amyloid A SAA protein causing insulin resistance which, via an autocrine feedback loop, upregulates SAA-dependent lipolysis in the adipose tissue either directly via the ERK signaling pathway or indirectly via the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFα 64 , 76 , Obesity-related increase in FFA flux in the adipose tissue due to increased TG breakdown owing to insulin resistance , increased de-novo synthesis of FFA in the liver, and uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by the liver are the major sources of excess FFA in obese individuals 74 , Obesity-related excessive ROS production and oxidative stress increase the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in obese individuals and thus contribute to the severity of the metabolic syndrome 78 — It is well-known that obesity-related insulin resistance and oxidative stress alter normal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
However, much less appreciated is the fact that obesity and insulin resistance can change protein metabolism in obese individuals Although protein metabolism at the whole-body level is less sensitive to insulin action, the obesity-related effect related to insulin resistance and its impact on the locomotor, weight-bearing, and skeletal muscle protein cannot be ignored Studies have reported aberrant protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle in the post-absorptive state in obese subjects Mechanistically, insulin secretion-related increase in the plasma amino-acid concentrations stimulates overall muscle protein synthesis via the activation of the mTOR pathway and vice versa 82 , In addition, impaired vasodilation in obese insulin-resistant individuals and blood flow restriction can negatively impact amino acid delivery into the skeletal muscle and thus reduce protein synthesis 88 — Obesity-related insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress impair anabolic stimulant-responsive protein remodeling in skeletal muscles, thus contributing to poor muscular health and fitness in obese subjects 81 , Several dietary flavonoids improve insulin sensitivity, inhibit obesity-related oxidative stress, improve the redox balance in affected individuals and thus improve macronutrient metabolism Table 1.
Table 2. Research and clinical studies have provided evidence for the health benefits of flavonoids in treating and preventing diabetes due to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties A study done in Korea on 23, adult individuals provided evidence that flavonoid intake was associated with a lower prevalence of abdominal obesity and percent body fat in women A separate trial conducted by Munguia et al.
Oxidative stress is a feature of many pathologies, including obesity. Excessive lipid accumulation leads to increased markers of oxidative stress and metabolic changes in adipose tissue Reactive oxygen species ROS can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue, resulting in increased triacylglycerol accumulation and a reduction in energy expenditure; the accompanying increase in pre-adipocyte differentiation into mature adipocytes means that ROS can lead to obesity , In this condition, the liver is a target tissue for ROS because the increased influx of free fatty acids into the liver leads to oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation, contributing to the formation of ROS , Flavonoids can act as natural antioxidants, modulating oxidative stress, neutralizing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and thus helping prevent obesity The phenolic flavonoid compounds have a well-detailed antioxidant activity and can act to scavenge ROS and RON, either directly or indirectly through activating endogenous antioxidant defense pathways, such as the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway There is also evidence to suggest that ingesting flavonoids can elevate PPAR- α gene expression, which regulates hepatic lipid metabolism by enhancing beta and omega oxidation PPAR- α can also promote the oxidation of fatty acids by enhancing the transcription of the carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 CPT-1 gene, the main regulatory enzyme in the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids LCFA The upregulation of the genes PPAR-α, and CPT-1 can also increase fatty acid oxidation in the liver and activation of lipogenic enzymes, such as CPT, that help accelerate lipid influx into mitochondria for oxidation A biochanin Table 3 , isoflavone helps mitigate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and IR by decreasing lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis and increasing the expression of proteins involved in the oxidation of fatty acids in the livers of obese mice Another flavonoid cyanidinglucoside C3G Table 3 improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity by reducing hepatic fat accumulation through modulating genes involved in the synthesis PGC1α and oxidation Cpt-1α of fatty acids Table 3.
In-vivo effects of flavonoids on oxidation in various models of obese mice. An increase in liver expression of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT was also seen. The authors of this research suggested that the antioxidant activity of Silymarin was responsible for mitigating body weight gains, improving glucose intolerance and IR in the HFD mice Feng et al.
In mice supplemented with apigenin, an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px was observed compared to the non-supplementary group A Naringenin Table 3 supplementation showed to increase the expression of genes involved in the mobilization and oxidation of fatty acids, leading to reduced lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and attenuating hepatic steatosis- one of the contributors to the progression of atheromatous plaque A reduction in oxidative stress mediated by the Nrf2 pathway was observed, accompanied by an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GP-x which were reduced by a high-fat diet Another study showed that a flavonol, epicatechin Table 3 , supplementation reduced oxidative stress parameters in the intestine, giving rise to the possibility that antioxidant protection leads to the preservation of intestinal permeability This is significant since HFD increases intestinal permeability, which can also lead to an increased inflammatory response Zhang et al.
Adipose tissue is directly related to the inflammatory process; excess adipose tissue leads to obesity and lipo-inflammation- a low-grade chronic inflammation process Obesity can trigger inflammation through increased intestinal permeability, leading to increased circulating LPS content from the walls of the intestinal bacteria.
The increase in LPS levels can trigger an inflammatory cascade Flavonoids have been postulated to possess and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties attributed to their antioxidant mechanisms, inhibition of enzymes involved in eicosanoid synthesis or through the activation of gene expression of proinflammatory molecules- reducing the inflammatory process Several groups of flavonoids, such as cyanidinglycoside, nobiletin, quercetin, troxerutin, and wogonin Table 4 , help mitigate obesity.
These flavonoids promote the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can worsen oxidative stress and reduce concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines Table 4.
In-vivo effects of flavonoids on inflammation in various models of obese mice. Supplementation with the flavone eriodyctiol ED; Table 4 reduces plasma leptin levels and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-c, IL-1b, IL-6 as well as increasing levels of IL, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in the plasma Another flavone, Baicalin Table 4 , was shown to have a protective effect against liver steatosis fatty liver disease through the reduction of levels of a pro-inflammatory cytokine: TNF- α.
Moreover, supplementation of the isoflavone genistein Table 4 in mice fed an HFD showed that genistein reduced the progression of non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease NAFLD and reduced inflammation by reducing TLR-4 activation and serum levels of TNF- α Morin Table 4 , a flavonoid, has also been shown to reduce the accumulation of hepatic triglyceride TG and attenuate the hepatic inflammation-associated lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice Supplementation with naringenin Table 4 for early-phase HFD-induced obesity reduced the penetrance of Mac-2 and MCP-1 in adipose tissue; this effect is caused by inhibiting a responsible pathway for the expression of inflammatory cytokines Silymarin Table 4 decreased the relative expression level of TLR4, iNOS, and NO, which helps limit and activate the NF-kB signaling pathway and attenuate inflammation Toll-like receptors TLRs can identify patterns responsible for infection when active and can induce signaling pathways that stimulate inflammatory mediator expression and immune response Epigallocatechin gallate ECGC; Table 4 mitigates low-grade chronic inflammation by decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α and IL-6; it also suppresses TLRs, improving insulin signaling in adipose tissues Nobiletin Table 4 supplementation improved hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance via decreased levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory genes expression as well as TLR2 and TLR4 in adipose tissues Another flavonoid, quercetin Table 4 , also showed similar activity through reducing JNK phosphorylation, TLR-4 activation, and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators The human body is home to numerous microorganisms, which mainly reside on the surface of the skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
These diverse communities of microorganisms are known as the microbiome The use of high-throughput sequencing techniques linked to metagenomics has led to the discovery and detailed study of various unknown microbial communities linked to various life processes and ecosystems Various research on the human microbiome has revealed the active role of gut microbiota in regulating major host functions like immune response, the circadian system, metabolism, and response to nutrition , Variation in gut microbiota composition is also documented, and that can be attributed to host-microbiome dynamics and to various other factors, which include sex, age, genetic variations, and individual diet , They help decompose complex carbohydrates, proteins, vitamin biosynthesis, and absorption , , Thus, gut microbiota changes can negatively impact human health and are related to several diseases Among the different biochemical components of human food, flavonoids are essential to human health and can reduce the risk of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease.
Interestingly, the human gut does not absorb most plant-based flavonoids , However, these essential food components are metabolized by the gut microbiota, making them available for proper absorption in our gut. Interestingly, flavonoids act as prebiotics that can alter the diversity and profile of gut microbiota, which affect flavonoid metabolism and its absorption in the body , Flavonoids and gut microbiota can interact bidirectionally and thus affect human health.
Firstly, foods rich in flavonoids can work like prebiotics and thus affect gut microbiota profile and function. Flavonoids can lower the levels of opportunistic species while positively affecting commensal and other helpful bacteria — Flavonoid metabolites can also suppress gut inflammation and help improve epithelial tissue function , Since flavonoids and gut microbiota interaction is a two-way process, gut microbiota can also affect the bioavailability and adsorption of the flavonoids.
A minor percentage of dietary flavonoids are absorbed in our intestines without gut microbiota help. Instead, gut microbiota greatly affects the bioavailability and bioactivity of flavonoids after metabolizing them , Notably, these phenolic metabolites can have synergistic or additive effects , Probiotic supplementation in the long term could help bring gut microbiota that may enhance the bioavailability of flavonoids , Indeed, several studies have shown the positive effect of anthocyanin-rich food in controlling obesity through interaction with gut microbiota , Anthocyanins were described to control obesity through modulation of gut microbiota.
These bioactive compounds are health-promoting anti-obesity prebiotics. Furthermore, anthocyanin-treatment attenuated overweight, hyperlipemia and improved hepatic lipid metabolism by regulating the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in HFD obese mice , Anthocyanins improved glucose metabolism and attenuated weight gain in diet-induced obese mice with intact gut microbiota In fact, anthocyanins from various sources purple corn, black soybean, blueberry, chokeberry, purple sweet potato, mulberry, cherry, grape or black currant were demonstrated to modulate lipid metabolism and reduce fat mass in diet-induced obese rodent models.
In a similar study, modulation of gut microbiota using flavonoids prevented obesity in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Flavonoid extracts decreased the abundance of the bacterial family, Erysipelotrichaceae but did not affect the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes The growth of gut microbiota is also dependent on the types of flavonoids.
Studies have shown that the flavonoids such as cyanidin-glycosylrutinoside and quercetin-rutinoside from tart-cherries supported the growth of Collinsella and Bacteroides and acted as prebiotics. Furthermore, flavonoids from Ougan juice and mulberry leaves were demonstrated to improve gut microbiota diversity, preventing obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice.
Ougan juice flavonoids promoted short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria Blautia , Lactobacillaceae, and Bacteroidetes while repressing Firmicutes and Erysipelatoclostridium. Mulberry flavonoid administration promoted acetic acid-producing bacteria and reduced adipose tissue weight in HFD-fed mice.
Acetic acid production was mainly correlated to Bacteroidetes. Cranberry extracts are useful in controlling intestinal inflammation by supporting the Akkermansia spp. while inhibiting the Bifidobacteria Similarly, the associated health benefit of green tea, rich in flavonoids, is attributed to a positive effect on Bifidobacteria spp.
and Lactobacilli spp. growth Quercetin can stimulate the growth of Actinobacteria Proteobacteria and Firmicutes It also supports the growth of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus while inhibiting Salmonella typhimurium , a human gut pathogen Another flavonoid, Baicalein, was shown to regulate the general profile of gut microbiota , whereas Kaempferol inhibited the growth of Helicobacter pylori Studies have also shown the anti-bacterial effect of Anthocyanidin against human pathogens like Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Given their importance in regulating gut microbiota, flavonoids can be used as therapeutics.
Restoring and maintaining gut microbiota using flavonoid supplementation to target health-beneficial microbiota could be a good approach. The WHO has identified obesity as one of the leading health problems of the 21st century 1. Flavonoids are one of the most significant bioactive substances among secondary metabolites, demonstrating remarkable anti-obesity properties The effects of flavonoids on obesity can be seen via various mechanisms, including decreased calorie intake and fat absorption, increased energy expenditure, altered lipid metabolism, increased inflammation and oxidation, and altered gut microbial profile.
Flavonoids also help to restore the lost balance caused by the dysregulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis They are involved in activating the AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK , a key enzyme involved in controlling lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. However, several aspects like bioavailability and dosage, off-target toxicity, adverse side effects, impact of gut microbiota on absorption, and use in combination therapy must be appropriately investigated before these molecules could be used to prevent or treat obesity in clinical settings.
Although significant advances have been made in improving and clarifying the metabolism, bioavailability, and anti-obesity properties of flavonoids, assessing their full potential has nevertheless been challenging.
Only a few flavonoids investigated for managing weight control directly contribute to weight loss by activating multiple mechanisms. The emerging aim for treating obesity is focusing on multiple pathways. Several studies have demonstrated that the bioavailability and safety of flavonoids changed when they were included in a food matrix Although most of the assays have been done with in vitro models of digestion, it seems that the food matrices protect bioactive compounds from intestinal degradation.
Understanding how dietary flavonoids interact with the food matrix will aid in developing food products with higher positive health impacts for the consumer Furthermore, the absorption of flavonoids in the human body is dose- and type-dependent, affecting their bioavailability and pharmacokinetics.
They show a low absorption rate and limited stability when they pass through the intestinal tract, where the microbiome may contribute to their absorption.
Once absorbed, they enter the portal circulation, which brings structural changes in the molecules that alter their properties. Therefore, it is essential to consider how intestinal digestion and microbiota affect their uptake, metabolization, and bioavailability Some studies also show that flavonoids enhance the production of glucagon-like-peptide GLP-1 production, which positively affects gut bacteria More thorough investigations are needed to determine this point because the gut microbiota significantly impacts the overall physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of flavonoids In addition to metabolism, membrane transporters, primarily efflux transporters, have long been known to influence drug absorption and bioavailability.
Nevertheless, much remains about how cells handle flavonoids To improve the bioavailability of flavonoids, we must overcome several development hurdles, including solubility, permeability, metabolism, excretion, uptake, and disposition.
Studies are needed to be performed to demonstrate how changes in the structure of flavonoids affect their solubility and dissolution rates and how various pharmaceutical excipients might be employed to increase dissolution rates. Methylation, acylation, glycosylation, and prenylation are common substitution patterns that afford diversity in the structure of flavonoids and modulate their properties.
Glycosylation usually modifies the metabolism and absorption of flavonoids but fetters their bioavailability. Methylation could be used to improve bioavailability, but the lack of ability to improve bioavailability other than using methylated prodrugs could impede the use of flavonoids as drugs since methylation often adversely affects the activity.
More bioavailable or extremely bioavailable formulations or derivatives are highly desirable since they will be less difficult to produce and test The pharmacokinetic characteristics of flavonoids and other natural substances are significantly improved by nanosuspension technology, and there is much room for further research in this area Nanocarriers can potentially improve flavonoid bioavailability Nanoparticles mainly include polymeric, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, micelles, liposomes, nanosuspensions, and nanoemulsions.
The pharmacokinetic parameters reveal that nanosuspension enhances absorption and increases the bioavailability of flavonoids Flavonoid glycosides show improved stability and bioavailability, and the metabolic engineering technique is an efficient and promising way to glycosylate the flavonoids.
The discovery of new glycosyltransferases and the establishment of an efficient metabolic network will be important for synthesizing specific flavonoid glycosides The complexation of flavonoids with cyclodextrins is a promising approach to improving their stability, aqueous solubility, rate of dissolution, and bioavailability A combination of flavonoids with known anti-obesity drugs or other natural products could be useful in treating obesity due to the inhibition of fat accumulation and the promotion of lipodieresis Some studies demonstrate the beneficial effects of flavonoids in combination with procyanidin 20 by inducing satiety, satisfying hunger, or reducing craving urges.
Still, little is known about the effect of combining different flavonoids or combining flavonoids with known drugs. It remains vastly unexplored whether they will have synergic, additive, or antagonistic effects.
The extent to which human diets must be tailored for maximum health is unknown, but a one-diet-suits-all appears implausible. On the other hand, personal or precision nutrition necessitates a greater focus on the peculiarities of nutrient-microbe interactions AC, NM, and DB: conceptualization, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition.
AnM, SMS, ArM, MYW, AC, and NM: literature review and resources. AnM, SMS, ArM, MYW, SG, AC, and NM: writing—original draft preparation. AC, NM, SMS, and DB: writing—review and editing. SMS, AnM, and NM: figures and tables preparations and editing.
AC: visualization. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
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Research surrounding flavonoids, the healthy chemicals found in ov fruits and vegetables as well as tea Rlle wine, Quinoa for vegetarians to numerous health benefits for various patient populations—and Role of flavonoids in weight management elder ln is no exception. How flavonoids Role of flavonoids in weight management to bone health, cancer prevention, and especially Rkle disease protection have all been flavonoies focus of recent research, which shows that eating the chemical compounds through increased fruit and vegetable consumption is by far the safest way for older adults to gain the most from them. What Are Flavonoids? Brill says the greatest amounts of flavonoids can be found in vegetables, but fruits contain copious amounts as well. Although some of the ways in which flavonoids impart their suggested health benefits remain unknown, it has been determined that their benefits result from several different mechanisms, based on the type of flavonoid, according to Ryan T. Hurt, MD, PhD, of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Metrics Role of flavonoids in weight management. Flavonoids are fllavonoids class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites and flavonoida the managemrnt common group of polyphenolic compounds Role of flavonoids in weight management the human diet. In recent Nutritional support for recovery, flavonoids have flafonoids shown Rols induce browning of Role of flavonoids in weight management adipocytes, increase flavknoids consumption, inhibit high-fat diet HFD -induced obesity and improve metabolic status. Promoting the activity of brown adipose tissue BAT and inducing white adipose tissue WAT browning are promising means to increase energy expenditure and improve glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarizes recent advances in the knowledge of flavonoid compounds and their metabolites. We searched the following databases for all research related to flavonoids and WAT browning published through March PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Web of Science.
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