Public Health Nutr. Memoty on aupplements plant-based diet Reduce muscle inflammation have a much higher risk of a true B12 Antioxiadnt, so talk to your doctor or dietitian about whether or not a B12 supplement is right for you. Take Home Message. So, neuronal cells are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage because of their high oxygen consumption, the weak antioxidant defense Cobley et al. Science59—63

Antioxidant supplements for memory and cognition -

A study conducted by Jelinek et al. reported that omega-3 supplementation reduces perceived cognitive impairment in MS patients It is recommended to use an antioxidant-containing regimen diet accompanied by the administration of a healthy diet and lifestyle in these patients.

This was well shown in Lee et al. In this study patients with MS were prescribed the home-base intervention consisting of 1 a modified Paleolithic diet; 2 exercise; 3 neuromuscular electrical stimulation; 4 stress management.

According to the results of this study, the combination of a healthy lifestyle and diet could improve mood and cognition in MS patients To report the limitations of this study, we did not include case reports and non-English studies.

Each study measured cognitive domains using different cognition scales with different sensitivity to track cognitive function in MS patients. Furthermore, some of the included studies did not use an antioxidant as monotherapy but rather used a multimodal such as a Mediterranean diet that is consisted of other neuroprotective factors and non-pharmacological interventions.

Therefore, we cannot conclude that cognition improvement was solely dependent on the antioxidant itself. It is complicated to draw a conclusion regarding the effect of antioxidant containing regimen and cognitive performance in MS patients.

Findings from included studies failed to unequivocally support the beneficial effect of antioxidant consumption on cognitive performance in MS patients. This could be due to limited available studies on each nutrient, short duration of follow-up in some studies, and small sample size.

In addition, subjects of several studies were heterogeneous, meaning that there were patients with different duration of disease onset. Furthermore, the sensitivity of each cognition test is different and may require a longer duration to detect cognitive performance in MS patients.

We do not have any financial support for this study. Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Ethical approval. Not applicable.

Availability of data and material. The datasets analyzed during the current study are available upon request with no restriction. Consent for publication. This manuscript has been approved for publication by all authors. Nabizadeh, F. Antioxidant supplements and cognition in Multiple Sclerosis: a systematic review.

Neurology Letters , 1 2 , doi: Fardin Nabizadeh; Fatemeh Sodeifian; Ali Ghaderi; Amir Mohammad Sharafi; Mohammad Balabandian. Neurology Letters , 1, 2, , Neurology Letters , ; 1 2 : Login Register.

Neurology Letters. Advanced Search. Full Text Introduction Multiple sclerosis MS is an immune-mediated, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system CNS , characterized by demyelination, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier breakdown 1, 2.

Methods and Materials This study was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis PRISMA Search strategy We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for the identification of relevant studies in November Eligibility criteria We included control trials, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies which showed the effect of any type of antioxidants on cognitive performance in MS patients.

Study selection Two investigators A. Data extraction The same reviewers A. Quality assessments Publication bias of entered studies was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool Data synthesis and analysis The extracted data were qualitatively compared and quantitative data represent as a percentage, mean, and range.

Results Study selection Our initial search yielded papers. Characteristics of included studies and quality assessments We identified eight randomized clinical trials RCT , two cohorts 28, 29 , and two open trials 30, 31 studies with a total of subjects. Main findings Our review included three studies that examined the effect of ginkgo Biloba 20, 27, 30 on cognitive performance, two examined Mediterranean dietary 24, 26 , and remained studies one each investigated the vitamin A 28 , Omega 5 21 , Omega 3 29 , estriol 22 , epigallocatechingallate EGCG 23 , Boswellia papyrifera 25 , and paleolithic diet Deceleration Funding We do not have any financial support for this study.

Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Ethical approval Not applicable Availability of data and material The datasets analyzed during the current study are available upon request with no restriction.

Consent for publication This manuscript has been approved for publication by all authors. References 1. Van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Kolbe S, Marriott M, Alexandrou E, Gresle M, et al. Neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: A therapeutic challenge for the next decade.

Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Leray E, Moreau T, Fromont A, Edan G. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Revue Neurologique. Ghasemi N, Razavi S, Nikzad E.

Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnoses and Cell-Based Therapy. Cell journal. O'Gorman C, Bukhari W, Todd A, Freeman S, Broadley SA. Smoking increases the risk of multiple sclerosis in Queensland, Australia.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. Speer G. Part I: the role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of multiple sclerosis]. Ideggyogyaszati szemle. Bagert B, Camplair P, Bourdette D. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: natural history, pathophysiology and management.

CNS drugs. Glanz BI, Holland CM, Gauthier SA, Amunwa EL, Liptak Z, Houtchens MK, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in patients with clinically isolated syndromes or newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis.

Multiple Sclerosis. Benedict RHB, Cookfair D, Gavett R, Gunther M, Munschauer F, Garg N, et al. Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis MACFIMS. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS.

Benedict RHB, Amato MP, DeLuca J, Geurts JJG. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical management, MRI, and therapeutic avenues.

The Lancet Neurology. Batista S, Zivadinov R, Hoogs M, Bergsland N, Heininen-Brown M, Dwyer MG, et al. Basal ganglia, thalamus and neocortical atrophy predicting slowed cognitive processing in multiple sclerosis.

Journal of neurology. DeLuca J, Chiaravalloti ND, Sandroff BM. Treatment and management of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nature Reviews Neurology. Carney JM, Starke-Reed PE, Oliver CN, Landum RW, Cheng MS, Wu JF, et al.

Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Beydoun MA, Fanelli-Kuczmarski MT, Kitner-Triolo MH, Beydoun HA, Kaufman JS, Mason MA, et al.

Dietary antioxidant intake and its association with cognitive function in an ethnically diverse sample of US adults. Psychosomatic Medicine. Farina N, Llewellyn D, Mgekn I, Tabet N. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

pub4 Plemel JR, Juzwik CA, Benson CA, Monks M, Harris C, Ploughman M. Over-the-counter anti-oxidant therapies for use in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.

Cutuli D, Pagani M, Caporali P, Galbusera A, Laricchiuta D, Foti F, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cognitive functions and neural substrates: A voxel-based morphometry study in aged mice.

Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Holton KF, Kirkland AE. Moving past antioxidant supplementation for the dietary treatment of multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.

b PMid PMCid:PMC Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials.

l PMid Lovera JF, Kim E, Heriza E, Fitzpatrick M, Hunziker J, Turner AP, et al. Ginkgo biloba does not improve cognitive function in MS: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Petrou P, Ginzberg A, Binyamin O, Karussis D. Beneficial effects of a nano formulation of pomegranate seed oil, GranaGard, on the cognitive function of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord.

Voskuhl RR, Wang H, Wu TC, Sicotte NL, Nakamura K, Kurth F, et al. Estriol combined with glatiramer acetate for women with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.

Lancet Neurol. Lovera J, Ramos A, Devier D, Garrison V, Kovner B, Reza T, et al. Polyphenon E, non-futile at neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis but unpredictably hepatotoxic: Phase I single group and phase II randomized placebo-controlled studies.

J Neurol Sci. Katz Sand I, Benn EKT, Fabian M, Fitzgerald KC, Digga E, Deshpande R, et al. Randomized-controlled trial of a modified Mediterranean dietary program for multiple sclerosis: A pilot study.

Sedighi B, Pardakhty A, Kamali H, Shafiee K, Hasani BN. Effect of Boswellia papyrifera on cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Iran J Neurol. Razeghi-Jahromi S, Doosti R, Ghorbani Z, Saeedi R, Abolhasani M, Akbari N, et al.

A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of a mediterranean-like diet in patients with multiple sclerosis-associated cognitive impairments and fatigue: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Lovera J, Bagert B, Smoot K, Morris CD, Frank R, Bogardus K, et al.

Ginkgo biloba for the improvement of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Mult Scler. Ruschil C, Dubois E, Stefanou MI, Kowarik MC, Ziemann U, Schittenhelm M, et al. Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis with high-dose all-trans retinoic acid - no clear evidence of positive disease modifying effects.

Neurol Res Pract. Jelinek PL, Simpson S, Jr. Self-reported cognitive function in a large international cohort of people with multiple sclerosis: associations with lifestyle and other factors. Eur J Neurol. Noroozian M, Mohebbi-Rasa S, Tasviechi AK, Sahraian MA, Karamghadiri N, Akhondzadeh S.

Ginkgo biloba for Improvement of Memory and Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: an Open Trial. Lee JE, Bisht B, Hall MJ, Rubenstein LM, Louison R, Klein DT, et al. A Multimodal, Nonpharmacologic Intervention Improves Mood and Cognitive Function in People with Multiple Sclerosis.

J Am Coll Nutr. Guimarães J, Sá MJ. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in neurology. Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Bitzer-Quintero OK, Ramírez-Anguiano AC, Flores-Alvarado LJ, Ramírez-Ramírez V, et al. Immunology and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: clinical and basic approach.

Clinical and developmental immunology. Mirshafiey A, Mohsenzadegan M. Antioxidant therapy in multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. Radd-Vagenas S, Duffy SL, Naismith SL, Brew BJ, Flood VM, Fiatarone Singh MA.

Effect of the Mediterranean diet on cognition and brain morphology and function: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The American journal of clinical nutrition. Sand IK, Benn EK, Fabian M, Fitzgerald KC, Digga E, Deshpande R, et al. Randomized-controlled trial of a modified Mediterranean dietary program for multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Abdolahi M, Yavari P, Honarvar NM, Bitarafan S, Mahmoudi M, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. Anthoni C, Laukoetter MG, Rijcken E, Vowinkel T, Mennigen R, Muller S, et al.

Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of boswellic acid derivatives in experimental colitis. Other diseases were not looked at.

Nuts, fish, and other foods have also all been shown to have brain-boosting benefits. And the earlier you begin to eat a nutrient-rich diet, the better, this and other studies show.

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To date, the only effective Antioxidant supplements for memory and cognition for cognitive decline are cognitive rehabilitation and exercise training. While previous studies reported the beneficial effect of antioxidants on MS patients, several other anx investigated Respiratory system functions Antioxidant supplements for memory and cognition of antioxidant supplements vor the cognitive performance Reduce muscle inflammation Suplpements patients. We aimed to conduct congition systematic Antioxidaht to examine whether there is an association between antioxidants supplements and cognitive performance in MS patients. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for the identification of relevant studies in November We included control trials, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies which showed the effect of any type of antioxidants on cognitive performance in MS patients. Results: After screening 12 papers were included in our study. Our review included three studies that examined the effect of ginkgo Biloba on cognitive performance, two examined the Mediterranean diet, and remained studies each investigated the vitamin A, Omega 5, Omega 3, estriol, epigallocatechingallate EGCGBoswellia papyrifera, and paleolithic diet.

Antioxidant supplements for memory and cognition -

The other omega-3 fatty acid in fish oil, EPA, has anti-inflammatory effects that may protect the brain against damage and aging 4. Taking DHA supplements has been linked with improved thinking skills, memory and reaction times in healthy people who have low DHA intakes.

It has also benefitted people experiencing a mild decline in brain function 5 , 6 , 7. However, in people with depression, it has been associated with benefits like improved mood 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , Taking fish oil, which contains both these fats, has been shown to help reduce the decline in brain function associated with aging 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , Overall, the best way to get the recommended amount of omega-3 fatty acids is by eating two portions of oily fish per week You can find many supplements online.

More research is required to find out how much and what ratios of EPA and DHA are beneficial. But taking 1 gram per day of combined DHA and EPA is generally recommended to maintain brain health Resveratrol is an antioxidant that occurs naturally in the skin of purple and red fruits like grapes, raspberries and blueberries.

If this is true, this treatment could slow down the decline in brain function you experience as you get older Animal studies have also shown that resveratrol can improve memory and brain function 24 , Additionally, one study on a small group of healthy older adults found that taking mg of resveratrol per day for 26 weeks improved memory In animals, resveratrol supplements have been shown to improve memory and brain function.

Creatine is a natural substance that plays an important role in energy metabolism. Caffeine is a natural stimulant most commonly found in tea, coffee and dark chocolate.

It works by stimulating the brain and central nervous system, making you feel less tired and more alert In fact, studies have shown that caffeine can make you feel more energized and improve your memory, reaction times and general brain function 29 , 30 , For most people, single doses of around — mg per day are generally considered safe and are enough to benefit health 32 , 33 , However, taking too much caffeine can be counterproductive and has been linked with side effects such as anxiety, nausea and trouble sleeping.

Caffeine is a natural stimulant that can improve your brain function and make you feel more energized and alert.

Phosphatidylserine is a type of fat compound called a phospholipid, which can be found in your brain 35 , You can easily buy these supplements online. Studies have shown that taking mg of phosphatidylserine three times per day could help reduce age-related decline in brain function 38 , 39 , 40 , Additionally, healthy people who take phosphatidylserine supplements of up to mg per day have been shown to have improved thinking skills and memory 42 , However, larger studies need to be carried out before its effects on brain function can be fully understood.

Phosphatidylserine supplements could improve your thinking skills and memory. They could also help combat the decline in brain function as you age. However, further study is needed. Acetyl-L-carnitine is an amino acid produced naturally in your body.

It plays an important role in your metabolism, particularly in energy production. Taking acetyl-L-carnitine supplements has been claimed to make you feel more alert, improve memory and slow down age-related memory loss These supplements can be found in vitamin stores or online.

Some animal studies have shown that acetyl-L-carnitine supplements can prevent age-related decline in brain function and increase learning capacity 45 , In humans, studies have found that it may be a useful supplement for slowing the decline in brain function due to age. Its effects in healthy people are unknown.

Ginkgo biloba is an herbal supplement derived from the Ginkgo biloba tree. Despite the widespread use of ginkgo biloba, results from studies investigating its effects have been mixed.

Some studies have found that taking ginkgo biloba supplements can help reduce age-related decline in brain function 54 , 55 , One study in healthy middle-aged people found that taking ginkgo biloba supplements helped improve memory and thinking skills 57 , However, not all studies have found these benefits 59 , Ginkgo biloba may help improve your short-term memory and thinking skills.

It may also protect you from age-related decline in brain function. However, results are inconsistent. Bacopa monnieri is a medicine made from the herb Bacopa monnieri.

People generally take about mg per day and it may take around four to six weeks for you to notice any results. Studies of Bacopa monnieri also show that it may occasionally cause diarrhea and an upset stomach.

Because of this, many people recommend taking this supplement with food Bacopa monnieri has been shown to improve memory and thinking skills in healthy people and in those with a decline in brain function.

Rhodiola rosea is a supplement derived from the herb Rhodiola rosea , which is often used in Chinese medicine to promote well-being and healthy brain function.

People taking Rhodiola rosea have been shown to benefit from a decrease in fatigue and improvement in their brain function 72 , 73 , However, results have been mixed A recent review by the European Food Safety Authority EFSA concluded that more research is required before scientists can know if Rhodiola rosea can reduce tiredness and boost brain function Rhodiola rosea may help improve thinking skills by reducing fatigue.

However, more research is needed before scientists can be certain of its effects. S-Adenosyl methionine SAMe is a substance that occurs naturally in your body.

It may be useful for enhancing the effects of some antidepressants and reducing the decline in brain function seen in people who have depression 77 , 78 , More recently, a study found that, in some instances, SAMe may be as effective as some types of antidepressant medications SAMe could be useful for improving brain function in people with depression.

There is no evidence it has this effect in healthy people. However, note that many brain-boosting supplements are only effective for people who have a mental condition or are deficient in the supplemented nutrient.

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Having poor memory can be frustrating. A recent study published in Neurology shows that a higher intake of flavonols—a class of flavonoids present in fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine—was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline in older adults.

The study adds to the limited but growing data showing an association between dietary flavonol intake and brain health. It is generally known that the vitamins and minerals found in these food items are important. Thomas Holland , study author, and professor at the Rush Institute for Health Aging.

Holland told Medical News Today. Flavonoids are a class of compounds produced by plants that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Flavonoids are present in commonly consumed fruits and vegetables, including berries, cherries, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, onions , apples, citrus fruits, and beans.

Beverages such as tea and red wine are also major sources of flavonoids in the diet. These effects of flavonoids have been attributed to their ability to reduce oxidative stress, decrease inflammation in the brain, and increase brain plasticity.

There are six major subclasses of flavonoids , including flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, and anthocyanins. Moreover, several compounds constitute each subclass of flavonoids. For instance, examples of flavonols include compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and myricetin.

Although animal studies suggest a beneficial impact of certain flavonols and their individual constituents on cognition, similar data from human studies are limited.

A recent study used longitudinal data to examine the impact of total dietary flavonol intake on the rate of decline in cognitive function that normally occurs in older adults.

The study also assessed the association between specific flavonol compounds and age-related changes in cognitive function. The present study included data from participants residing in retirement communities and senior public housing in Chicago and enrolled in the Rush Memory and Aging Project.

The participants were aged between 58— years and did not have a dementia diagnosis at the time of enrollment. The researchers assessed the participants to evaluate cognitive function and risk factors associated with cognitive decline on a yearly basis.

To assess cognitive function, a trained technician administered a battery of 19 tests encompassing five different cognitive domains. These five domains included:. On the basis of overall performance in the 19 cognitive tests, the researchers quantified the global cognitive function of each participant.

To assess the dietary intake of flavonols and individual flavonol constituents, the researchers used a standardized questionnaire to estimate the frequency of intake of foods containing flavonols in the previous year.

The researchers then examined the association between dietary flavonol intake and cognitive function after adjusting for factors associated with cognitive decline, including age, sex, educational attainment, smoking, physical activity levels, and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities.

The analyses suggested that a higher intake of flavonol was associated with a slower decline in global cognitive function. Moreover, a higher intake of the flavonols kaempferol and quercetin, but not isorhamnetin and myricetin, was associated with a slower decline in global cognitive function.

Examining the changes in specific cognitive domains, the researchers found that higher consumption of flavonols was associated with a slower decline in episodic memory, semantic memory, perceptual speed, and working memory, but not visuospatial ability. Among the individual flavonol constituents, a higher intake of kaempferol was associated with a slower rate of decline in all five cognitive domains.

In contrast, myricetin was not associated with a change in any cognitive abilities but was suggestive for working memory. Quercetin intake was associated with a more gradual decline in episodic memory and semantic memory, whereas isorhamnetin intake was correlated with a more gradual decline in episodic memory and suggestive for visuospatial memory.

Leafy vegetables are the richest source of kaempferol. Tea, onions, leek, broccoli, beans, tomatoes, and berries are some of the other major sources of the other flavanols.

Holland noted that this study highlights the importance of the consumption of a healthy diet rich in flavonoids. In addition to having beneficial effects on brain health, another recent study reported an association between a higher intake of flavonoids, including flavonols, and a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis.

This further highlights the potential protective effects of flavonoids not just on brain health but also on cardiovascular health. One of the strengths of the study was the use of a trained technician to objectively evaluate cognitive performance.

This is in contrast with subjective assessments used by previous studies examining the association between flavonoids and cognitive function. In addition, Dr.

New research shows little risk of coggnition from prostate biopsies. Discrimination at work is Antioxidant supplements for memory and cognition to supppements blood Reduce muscle inflammation. Icy fingers and toes: Poor circulation or Raynaud's phenomenon? The main issue with all over-the-counter supplements is lack of regulation. The FDA doesn't oversee product testing or ingredient accuracy — they just look out for supplements that make health claims related to the treatment of specific diseases.