Glutamine and inflammation -
However, in metabolically stressed individuals there is an increased demand for glutamine, making supplementation essential. This includes people with acute or chronic bowel disease, burns, trauma, sepsis, or immune disorders, and can include people with temporary increased metabolic needs resulting from extreme physical activities.
You should consult a physician for the supplemental use of glutamine for the support of serious health conditions. In both healthy and stressed individuals, glutamine is a fuel source for cells in the small intestine and large bowel. It is the preferred fuel source by the gut and is necessary for the maintenance of gut villi therefore preventing bacteria from entering the small intestine or bowel wall.
You can purchase oral glutamine in health food stores, some pharmacies, and via the internet. One such product is Resource GlutaSolve® that you can take with foods and beverages, or as a flush through a feeding tube.
Depending on the disease condition, the recommended daily dose of glutamine ranges from 15 to 45 grams average recommendation is 30 grams , for a minimum of five days. GlutaSolve® contains 15 grams glutamine and 90 kilocalories per packet in a tasteless, quick-dissolving powder.
It dissolves best in clear liquids juice, water and moist foods pudding, yoghurt, applesauce. As a naturally occurring amino acid, glutamine is thought to be a safe supplement when taken at recommended dosages.
However, those who are hypersensitive to monosodium glutamate MSG should use glutamine with caution, as the body metabolizes glutamine into glutamate. Also, because many anti-epilepsy drugs work by blocking glutamate stimulation in the brain, high dosages of glutamine may overwhelm these drugs and pose a risk to people with epilepsy.
In one report, high doses of the supplement L-glutamine may have triggered episodes of mania in two people not previously known to have bipolar disorder.
The rats were allowed free access to food and water. Maximum running times were attained for each rat, and the maximum running time was 30 min. Exhaustion was defined in accordance per previous studies Ke et al. Specifically, exhaustion was concluded to have occurred when the rat was unable to maintain pace with the treadmill and when the rat lay flat on the treadmill and remained on the grid at the back of the treadmill for a period of 30 s despite being gently pushed with sticks or breathed upon.
The blood samples were collected before exercise, 12 h and 24 h after exercise. These samples were placed into heparinized tubes and measured immediately for blood cell counts Sysmex K, NY, United States. The samples were then centrifuged at 3, × g for 10 min.
After centrifugation, supernatant was collected and the level of CK-MM was measured within 1 hour by using an automatic biochemical analyzer COBAS INTEGRA , Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland. Euthanasia was conducted 24 h after treatments. The rats were deeply anesthetized using isoflurane inhalation and then blood withdrawal was performed for euthanasia.
The heart, kidneys, and liver were removed immediately. An observer blinded to the group allocations performed the tissue analysis and scored the severity of organ injury. The severity of liver injuries observed in the tissue sections was scored as follows: 0, minimal or no evidence of injury; 1, mild injury consisting of cytoplasmic vacuolation and focal nuclear pyknosis; 2, moderate to severe injury with extensive nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, and loss of intercellular borders; and 3, severe necrosis with disintegration of the hepatic cords, hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration Ke et al.
All evaluations were performed on five fields per section and five sections per organ by a blinding observer. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows v The continuous variables have been expressed in Mean ± SD, and an independent t -test was employed to analyze and compare the tissue injury score between prevention and treatment group.
The analysis of variance ANOVA was applied to examine the differences of CK-MM and blood cell count between three groups. The significance level for all statistical comparisons was set as α less than or equal to 0. The skeletal muscle damage biomarker CK-MM was analyzed.
The data showed that timing of the oral intake affects the reduction of serum CK-MM level. The CK-MM level of untreated vehicle group was elevated after exhaustive exercise and reached its highest point at 24 h after exercise Figure 1.
The serum CK-MM level of the prevention group was elevated at 12 h. The treatment group exhibited almost no elevation. FIGURE 1. The comparison of CK-MM levels between groups. The CK-MM levels of treatment group were lower than those in prevention group at 12 and 24 hs.
Complete blood count analysis was performed at various time points after exercise treatment. Hematocrit showed a similar trend to RBC. The average HCT was significantly higher in the treatment group 12 h after exercise and reached a maximum difference at 24 h.
We also observed that PLT improved to a similar extent as RBC did. The average PLT was considerably higher in the treatment group after exercise 12 h and had a maximum improvement at 24 h.
The average PLT of the treatment group in p24 was In this part, we found that oral intake of glutamine elevated RBC, HCT, and PLT amounts only in the treatment group. FIGURE 2. The comparison of blood count levels between groups. Treatment group had higher RBC A , HCT B and PLT C values than those in prevention group at 24 hs.
The HE staining results indicated tissue injuries in the cardiac muscles Figure 3A , kidneys Figure 3B , and liver Figure 3C in the prevention group, with average respective scores of 1. The treatment group had less tissue injury in the cardiac muscles Figure 3D , kidneys Figure 3E , and liver Figure 3F , with average respective scores of 0 Figure 3G , 1.
These data of histological examination indicated that the treatment group had a more substantial reduction in damage, especially cardiac and renal damage, compared with the prevention group Figure 3.
FIGURE 3. The histological finding and tissue injury score between prevention and treatment group. The histological examination of prevention A—C and treatment group D—F.
The prevention group had higher tissue injury score on the Heart G and kidney H than those in treatment group. There was no significant difference between groups on the liver I. We found that glutamine can reduce skeletal muscle damage caused by exhaustive exercise, and the treatment group had a greater reduction in damage than the prevention group did Figure 1.
We also found that oral intake of glutamine elevated RBC, HCT, and PLT amounts only in the treatment group Figure 2. A histological examination indicated that the treatment group had a more substantial reduction in damage, especially cardiac and renal damage, compared with the prevention group Figure 3.
The results of this study indicated that the effect of supplementing L-glutamine after exercise was more satisfactory than that before exercise. The tissue section results demonstrated that glutamine not only protected muscles under exhaustive exercise but also prevented damage to specific organs.
After exhaustive exercise, because of the continued contraction of skeleton muscles and enhanced circulation stress, both skeletal and cardiac muscles are damaged. Markers of skeletal and cardiac muscle damage, such as serum biomarker CK-MM, indicated damage after exercise, and the damage could also be found in histopathology examinations Amelink et al.
Studies have demonstrated that supplementation with glutamine has beneficial effects on reducing the parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in exercise rats Bowtell et al. Similarly, in our study, the serum CK-MM level of the untreated vehicle group was elevated after exhaustive exercise and reached its highest point at 24 h after exercise Figure 1.
Decreased glutamine concentrations typically correlate with the severity of the underlying disease process, with large amounts of glutamine catabolized in muscle at the time of damage. Concentrations only gradually recover in the later stage of healing Durkalec-Michalski et al.
During exhaustive exercise, the protein metabolism of muscles increases. At this time, glutamine can assist in gluconeogenesis, generating glucose to be used by the muscles, promoting energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity, reducing organ damage, and contributing to the synthesis and repair of muscle tissue.
Under exhaustive exercise, glutamine in the body is used in substantial quantities, resulting in a decreased glutamine concentrations Afonso et al.
We further found that the intake timing will notably affect the beneficial effect of glutamine for exhaustive exercise.
This might cause by a short half-life of glutamine. Glutamine was more effective when taken orally after rather than before exhaustive exercise.
We also found that the RBC level increased substantially upon the post-exercise intake of glutamine Figure 2. Previous researchers have demonstrated that glutamine is an essential source for glutathione synthesis in human erythrocytes Whillier et al.
During exhaustive exercise, because of elevated oxidative stress and overloaded cardiac output, RBC becomes oxidative damaged Smith, No study has discussed whether glutamine mitigates oxidative damage on RBC or enhances the regeneration of RBC after exhaustive exercise.
We found that the RBC level increase and accordingly glutamine might enhance the regeneration of RBC upon oral intake after exercise Figure 2. The differences between the prevention and treatment groups were not only with respect to RBC concentration, but also regarding tissue damage for histological examinations.
The treatment group showed more considerable damage reduction in the cardiac muscle and kidneys than the prevention group showed. Figures 3G, H The primary cause for this difference in damage reduction might be the maldigestion of glutamine during exercise.
Eating before exhaustive exercise often causes maldigestion; furthermore, body temperature increases during exercise until rest. Research has demonstrated that in a hot environment, intestinal permeability is reduced by glutamine supplementation Pugh et al.
Therefore, glutamine intake is more beneficial after rather than before exhaustive exercise. Relative to the prevention group, the treatment group had a more considerable reduction in the damage to their cardiac muscles and kidneys.
Our results revealed that the timing of glutamine oral intake influences outcomes, such as improved organs protection and elevated RBC concentration in blood. Although the conditions of sports practice in humans are far different from those that can be applied in laboratory rats, these results might suggest athletes take supplements at the proper timing after exhaustive exercise.
Daily supplementation of L-glutamine can reduce the skeletal muscle damage caused by exhaustive exercise and that the timing of the oral intake affects the reduction.
Glutamine as a treatment more considerably reduced damage than it had as a prophylactic. We also observed that the oral intake of glutamine could elevate RBC, HCT, and PLT only after exhaustive exercise. It seems like the proper timing for taking glutamine supplements is after exercise.
However, the further clinical trial is needed in the future study. The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tzu Chi University IACUC No: C-CL: Conceptualization, and prepared the original draft.
C-YK: Designed the animal study, analyzed the data, and wrote the original draft. W-TW: Performed the histological examination, supervised the study and data collection. R-PL: Conceptualization, supervised the study, completed the final manuscript.
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Rogero MM, dos Santos RVT Glutamine and exercise and immune system.
In Glutamine. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp — Shah AM, Wang Z, Ma J Glutamine metabolism and its role in immunity, a comprehensive review. Animals 10 2 Stehle P, Ellger B, Kojic D, Feuersenger A, Schneid C, Stover J, Scheiner D, Westphal M Glutamine dipeptide-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves the clinical outcomes of critically ill patients: a systematic evaluation of randomized controlled trials.
Clin Nutr ESPEN — Tanha T, Amanlo H, Fathi M Effects of glutamine on oxidative stress, nitrogen metabolism and performance of holstein dairy cows in transition period.
Exp Anim Biol 1 2 — Tomé-Carneiro J, Gonzálvez M, Larrosa M, Yáñez-Gascón MJ, García-Almagro FJ, Ruiz-Ros JA, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Conesa MT, Espín JC Grape resveratrol increases serum adiponectin and downregulates inflammatory genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, one-year clinical trial in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 27 1 — Varela L, Stutz B, Song JE, Kim JG, Liu Z-W, Gao X-B, Horvath TL Hunger-promoting AgRP neurons trigger an astrocyte-mediated feed-forward autoactivation loop in mice.
J Clin Investig. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Vázquez-Frias R, Gutiérrez-Reyes G, Urbán-Reyes M, Velázquez-Guadarrama N, Fortoul-van der Goes TI, Reyes-López A, Consuelo-Sánchez A Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Revista de Gastroenterología de México English Edition. BioMed Res Int. Yeh S-L, Shih Y-M, Lin M-T Glutamine and its antioxidative potentials in diabetes. In Diabetes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp — Yuan S, Zhang Z-W, Li Z-L Cell death-autophagy loop and glutamate-glutamine cycle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Front Mol Neurosci Download references. The authors would like to thank Baku University, Tehran University, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, and all patients who participated in this study. Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Ardabil, Iran. Energy Management Research Center, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
Correspondence to Mahsa Mohajeri. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Mohajeri, M. The effect of glutamine supplementation on serum levels of some inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and appetite in COVID patients: a case—control study.
Inflammopharmacol 29 , — Download citation. Received : 24 July Accepted : 16 September Published : 28 October Issue Date : December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Background Malnutrition is seen in COVID patients, and reducing malnutrition with appropriate therapies may improve these patients' health.
Methods In this study, patients who consented to use glutamine were considered as the case group and other patients who did not use glutamine were considered as a control group.
Conclusion Glutamine supplementation in COVID patients with respiratory infection significantly reduces serum levels of interleukin-1 β, hs-CRP, and tumor necrosis factor-α and significantly increases appetite, so glutamine supplementation may be useful for COVID patients in the hospital.
The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on clinical and biochemical parameters of critically ill patients with COVID a randomized clinical trial Article Open access 29 March Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers Article Open access 19 November Impact of vitamin D deficiency on the severity of COVID 19 infection in pediatrics: a cross-sectional study Article Open access 26 July Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction On March 11, , the World Health Organization declared the COVID as a pandemic Daniel Study population A total of COVID patients were screened and patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study.
Diagnosis of COVID Thorax CT screenings of all patients were taken at the time of hospital admission. Laboratory analysis Before giving the supplement, 2 cc blood samples were taken from both groups. Appetite In this study, a subjective index and an objective index for appetite measurement were considered.
Statistical analysis The normal distribution of the data was tested using the one-sample Kolmogorov—Smirnov test. Results Demographic characteristics of the study participants are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study groups Full size table. Table 2 Symptoms, medication for COVID, and physical examination findings of the study groups Full size table.
Table 3 Duration of hospitalization, the necessity of intensive care unit, and mortality of the study groups after intervention Full size table. Table 4 Laboratory, physical examination findings and serum stress oxidative of the study groups Full size table. Table6 Comparison of appetite after the intervention Full size table.
Discussion This study is the first study that evaluated the effect of glutamine on serum antioxidants, TNF-α, CRP, MDA, interleukin-β 1 , and the level of appetite in COVID patients admitted to the intensive care unit.
Conclusion Daily consumption of 10 g of glutamine three times per day in COVID patients with respiratory infection decreases the serum interleukin-β level, the level of alpha necrosis tumor factor, the serum hs-CRP level and increases the appetite of COVID patients, so using this supplement can prevent malnutrition of COVID patients with respiratory infectious diseases.
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Glutammine could Wellness people with obesity reduce inflammation of fat tissue and reduce Omega- for cancer prevention mass, Glutamine and inflammation to inf,ammation new study at Karolinska Inflammatiob in Wellness lGutamine the University of Oxford in the U. The ajd also show how glutamine levels can alter gene expression in several different cell types. However, more research is needed before glutamine supplementation may be recommended as a treatment for obesity. The study is published in the journal Cell Metabolism. Glutamine is an important amino acid with many key functions such as providing energy and maintaining good intestinal health. It also has anti-inflammatory effects on for example white blood cells and T-cells that are important for the immune system. 
Ich tue Abbitte, dass ich mit nichts helfen kann. Ich hoffe, Ihnen hier werden andere helfen.
Und so kommt es auch vor:)
Welche anmutige Frage
Ich denke, dass Sie den Fehler zulassen.