Read An Excerpt. Listen To A Sample. There are so many things I want to say. But more than anything, I must say what often goes unsaid to anyone hopelessly struggling with problematic eating: You have good reason to hope. Yes, you — not everyone but you — you have good reason to hope for the end of the vicious cycle that is weight loss and regain, hope to put down the heavy burden of guilt, regret and shame you carry, hope to get beyond unstuck and on to unstoppable living.

Whatever your ultimate destination, The Self-Compassion Diet will help you find your way. Combining the best of four proven weight-loss methods—self-love, mindfulness, self-hypnosis, and group support—this unique mind-body approach cultivates true self-acceptance, which paradoxically produces remarkable physical change.

The Self-Compassion Diet is available in two complementary formats. The book describes the four weight-loss methods. The audio edition guides listeners through exercises described in the book. Toggle navigation. Toggle navigation 0. Global Search. Digital Seminar Disordered Eating: Somatic, Self-Compassion, and Mindfulness Interventions for Lasting Recovery Speaker: Ann Saffi Biasetti, PhD, LCSWR, CEDS, CIAYT Duration: 6 Hours 20 Minutes Format: Audio and Video Copyright: Jul 29, Other great resources - exclusive savings when you add now!

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Objectives Determine the neurobiological impact of chronic disordered eating patterns on the brain for purposes of providing accurate and effective psychoeducation to clients. Develop evidence-based somatic interventions for reducing negative self-talk and poor body image in clients with disordered eating.

Integrate self-compassion and somatic interventions into existing treatment approaches, including CBT and DBT. Appraise and manage potential countertransference issues that may arise during treatment with clients with disordered eating.

Evaluate the empirical literature around self-compassion and somatic interventions for disordered eating recovery. Outline Embodiment: Setting the Stage for Self-Compassion and Recovery What is embodiment and why does it matter?

Stay in the moment, contain the moment, move on from the movement Strategies to help your client: Stay in the moment, regardless of how it feels Build distress tolerance and emotional regulation Manage body image triggers Cope with challenging moments Experiential Strategy: Two Wings of a Bird; Compassionate Teacher Clinical Considerations Integrating somatic interventions into existing frameworks CBT, DBT, etc.

Does my client need a specialist or higher level of care? Countertransference issues; when to seek supervision Limitations of the research and potential risks. Reviews 5. Overall: 5 Total Reviews: 6. Comments David F " Very powerful presentation.

Her office had flooded and she still managed to present an excellent program. She is very organized, knowledgeable, and articulate. A very top notch trainer! Take away very helpful for my clients.

Ann was a wonderful teacher. I learned a great deal. Cancel Ok. Bundles Pricing This product is part of a bundles which includes special pricing as displayed below. Cancel Just add my Product to the Cart Add Bundle to the Cart. Additional Participant CE Test.

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Attention Registered Dietitians David F " Very powerful presentation. Jan S " Andreana Biaseti is one of the best presenters ever! Donna C " wonderful program and wonderful speaker! The present research explored whether body esteem could explain i.

mediate the relationship between mindful eating and self-compassion. Two hundred participants were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between mindful eating, self-compassion, and body esteem.

The present study highlights a positive correlation between mindful eating and body esteem, with a mediation effect being observed for mindful eating on self-compassion via the appearance subscale of body esteem. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed further with an emphasis on the need for more empirical work.

In addition, suggestions are provided regarding the inclusion of body esteem within weight management interventions focusing upon mindful eating and self-compassion. Erin M. Fekete, Rose E. Michail Mantzios, Helen Egan, … Henna Bahia.

Hania Rahimi-Ardabili, Rebecca Reynolds, … Nicholas Zwar. The practice of mindfulness is defined as an awareness that emerges through purposefully paying attention in the present moment, non-judgmentally Kabat-Zinn, , with a large amount of research focusing upon the impact mindfulness can have upon mental and physiological health e.

Rizal et al. Whilst research has focused upon the potential impact of mindfulness on eating behaviours e. Dutt et al. Mindful eating is the application of mindfulness fundamentals on food-related experiences, that is, purposeful attention to the present moment with a non-judgement or accepting attitude Allirot et al.

Mindful eating has been integrated into treatment programs for maladaptive eating behaviours that are inclusive of eating behaviour education and contemplative practices Gale et al.

Mindful eating assists in the gradual change of external to internal eating and influences of external factors such as a desirable smell becoming less of a trigger to eat when there are no physical signals of hunger. Literature suggests that such practices promote healthier eating behaviours Dutt et al.

Research has found a negative association between mindful eating and grazing Mantzios et al. Mindful eating laboratory experiments have highlighted the potential of reducing consumption through different mindful eating interventions and in environments that are known to promote mindless eating see Mantzios et al.

Recently, mindful eating has gained attention within the study of weight management alongside self-compassion, with research illustrating that high levels of self-compassion are associated with individuals eating in a mindful way Keyte et al. Self-compassion consists of three main elements: self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness Neff, a , b.

Whilst previous research acknowledges the relationship between mindful eating and self-compassion e. Keyte et al.

Research reports that higher self-compassion is related to a greater body acceptance and appreciation and lower body dissatisfaction Ferreira et al. Literature further suggests a protective role of self-compassion in buffering against low body esteem and negative eating behaviours Braun et al.

Individuals can find it challenging to accept their self-image Neumark-Sztainer et al. Carbonneau et al. Neumark-Sztainer and colleagues found in a population sample an association between yoga and mindful eating when compared to non-yoga users , although this did not signify an association to body image.

Contrary, Webb et al. Whilst the association of mindful eating to body image is not clear, the difference in measuring mindful eating between those two studies, as well as the differences between mean age and female versus mixed gender samples, can add to potential explanations.

Considering the relationship between self-compassion and body esteem and self-compassion and mindful eating, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between body esteem, self-compassion, and mindful eating in an attempt of supporting literature around the positive association of mindful eating and body esteem.

Furthermore, previous findings propose that adopting a healthier perception of oneself through self-compassion is associated to body esteem, and the underpinning of mindfulness that exists within self-compassion may explain the potential association to mindful eating.

In other words, mindful eating, and the potential of being a behavioural interpretation of kindness, compassion, and understanding towards oneself, is largely an unexplored area, and mindful eating predicting self-compassion may derive from the adaptive relationship of mindful eating to body esteem Webb et al.

Therefore, it was hypothesised that a body esteem, mindful eating, and self-compassion would positively relate to each other and b body esteem would mediate the relationship between mindful eating and self-compassion. Two hundred participants females biological sex , ; males, 43 were recruited via volunteer sampling.

Participants responded to an advertisement placed on social media via Facebook and Instagram as well as the Research Participation Scheme RPS used at a West Midlands University participants were students at the West Midlands University , to participate in a study investigating eating behaviours and attitudes.

Individuals were excluded if they were under 18 years of age. Participants reported an average age of Frequencies and percentages for sex and ethnicity are presented in Table 1.

Participants recruited via RPS were awarded research credits upon completion of the study. Participants recruited via social media did not receive any benefits or rewards for taking part in this research. There were no significant differences between rewarded and non-rewarded participants in demographic characteristics and scale measurements.

Participants were requested to report their age, sex, and ethnicity. The MEBS was used to measure the level of four domains of the attention element of mindful eating: focused eating 5 items, e.

Higher scores indicate a higher level of mindful eating. The SCS consists of 26 items and utilises a 5-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 1 almost never to 5 almost always. Scores for this scale range from 26 to The scale contains 23 items and utilises a 5-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 0 never to 4 always.

Scores for this scale range from 0 to Potential participants, who were all above the age of 18 years, responded to online invitations via social media and RPS to take part in the present study. Those who wished to participate were then directed to a consent form.

Upon providing written informed consent, participants were presented with the demographic form and the questionnaires; contact details were not collected from participants; however, they did have the option of contacting the researchers via email if they had any questions or wished to discuss the research further.

Once the study was complete, participants were presented with a debriefing sheet, informing them of the study, and again providing participants with the contact details of the researchers if they wanted to withdraw or wished to find out the results of the study at a later date; in order to withdraw their data, participants would have needed to email the researcher containing the personalised code they created at the start of the research no participants withdrew their data.

Bivariate correlations were conducted to explore the relationships between variables. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate.

Inter-correlations for all study variables are presented in Table 2. All variables were significantly correlated in the predicted direction. Mindful eating related negatively to BMI, with body esteem displaying a significant positive correlation with self-compassion and mindful eating.

An initial mediation was conducted to examine whether the relationship between the Overall Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale and Self-Compassion Scale was mediated by overall body esteem.

Simple mediation analysis looking at the mediating effects of the overall body esteem questionnaire BESAA on the relationship between mindful eating MEBS and self-compassion SCS. A parallel mediation was conducted to examine whether the relationship between the Overall Mindful Eating Behaviour Scale and Self-Compassion Scale was mediated by the subcomponents of the body esteem questionnaire.

Parallel mediation analysis looking at the mediating effects of the three subcomponents of body esteem BESAA on the relationship between mindful eating MEBS and self-compassion SCS. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between mindful eating, self-compassion, and body esteem, as well as whether body esteem mediates the relationship between mindful eating and self-compassion.

It was hypothesised that a body esteem, mindful eating, and self-compassion would positively relate to each other and b body esteem would mediate the relationship between mindful eating and self-compassion.

In line with previous research Jordan et al. In line with predictions, the findings illustrated that participants who demonstrated higher levels of body esteem reported that they ate in a mindful way, whilst both related positively to self-compassion. When findings were explored further, a mediation effect was observed for mindful eating on self-compassion via the appearance subcomponent of body esteem, thus supporting the hypothesis.

Previous research focusing on emotional eating had suggested that body esteem is a mechanism that links self-compassion to eating behaviours Carbonneau et al.

Further research is required to investigate the effect that body esteem, alongside self-compassion and mindful eating, has upon eating behaviours such as grazing Mantzios et al.

The potential of appearance and body esteem as influential factors in interventions that are targeting eating behaviours and healthy or moderated eating may be an element to which participants can readily relate and may potentially influence the uptake of eating interventions.

Whilst current interventions focus on mindful eating and mindfulness Gale et al. Work is now needed to investigate the impact of incorporating a focus on body esteem within such interventions and the potential impact this would have on reducing the consumption of palatable and unhealthy foods.

Whilst these findings provide suggestions for future interventions, limitations do need to be acknowledged. Firstly, the average reported BMI for participants within this research was within the optimal range albeit on the limit of the optimal range ; therefore, replications within obese and bariatric populations, as well as amongst disordered eaters and dieters, would provide a wider picture of determining the impact body esteem has upon eating behaviours and self-compassion.

In addition, it does have to be acknowledged that there is wide agreement in the medical literature that BMI is seriously flawed as it does not distinguish fat from fat-free mass e. muscle and bone ; consequently, future research should consider alternate specifications of weight and height and more accurate measures of obesity as suggested by Burkhauser and Cawley Furthermore, males were underrepresented, with ethnicity also containing unequal representation; this was as a consequence of volunteer sampling being utilised, meaning that the researchers could not control for demographic characteristics.

Additionally, the cross-sectional nature of this research mandates further research that can highlight the predictability and potential impact of self-compassion through changes in body esteem on mindful eating.

The researchers acknowledge that in online studies, it cannot be checked whether the participants are self-reporting correct information. Future research needs to investigate males as well as all ethnicities in an attempt to explore the potential of body esteem being incorporated within mindful eating and self-compassion interventions; further variables which could also influence the reported relationships include the place of residence, lifestyle, and psychiatric conditions.

The findings from this research could inform interventions, suggesting that mindful eating and self-compassion interventions should also focus on body esteem.

Nonetheless, further research is required within this area. Allirot, X. Effects of a brief mindful eating induction on food choices and energy intake: External eating and mindfulness state as moderators.

Mindfulness, 9 , — Article Google Scholar. Braun, T. Self-compassion, body image, and disordered eating: A review of the literature.

Body Image, 17 , — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Burkhauser, R. Beyond BMIL The value of more accurate measures of fatness and obesity in social science research.

Whether someone has questions about meal planning, special dietary needs, weight management, or general nutrition, the Food and Nutrition Hotline serves as a trusted resource to promote informed and healthy food choices for individuals and families.

ASDAH is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting size-inclusive healthcare, body respect, and ending weight stigma. They advocate for the Health at Every Size HAES approach, emphasizing the importance of holistic health and well-being independent of body size.

Their website offers resources, webinars, and information on body positivity and HAES principles. NEDA is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting individuals affected by eating disorders.

While not solely focused on body positivity, they promote body acceptance and work towards eliminating body image issues. They offer helplines, resources, and educational materials on eating disorders and body image concerns.

The Body Positive is a non-profit organization that empowers individuals to cultivate self-love and a positive body image. They offer workshops, educational programs, and online resources to promote body acceptance and resilience.

Their approach emphasizes self-care, self-compassion, and body neutrality. Be Nourished is a body trust organization that offers workshops, trainings, and resources centered around body acceptance and healing from disordered eating.

They emphasize the importance of body autonomy, intuitive eating, and challenging diet culture. The Center for Mindful Eating is a non-profit organization that promotes mindful eating practices to support a healthy relationship with food and body.

They offer resources, webinars, and professional training to promote a compassionate and non-judgmental approach to eating. The information contained on or provided through this service is intended for general consumer understanding and education and not as a substitute for medical or psychological advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

All information provided on the website is presented as is without any warranty of any kind, and expressly excludes any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

Need Help - Find A Treatment Program Today. Eating Disorder Helplines The Alliance for Eating Disorders Awareness Helpline The Alliance for Eating Disorders Awareness Helpline offers support and resources for individuals dealing with eating disorders. Crisis Text Line Crisis Text Line is a confidential support service that provides help and resources to individuals in crisis.

Phone: Veterans Crisis Line The Veterans Crisis Line is a confidential support service provided by the U. Jan Feb Mar 6. View Calendar. Do you have a loved one battling an eating disorder and would like a better understanding of this disease?

Our newsletter offers current eating disorder recovery resources and information. Join Today! All Rights Reserved. Mindful eating is the practice of paying attention to your food and your body in a non-judgmental way. This approach can help you break free from old patterns of emotional or mindless eating and create a more positive relationship with food.

Self-compassion, on the other hand, is the act of treating yourself with kindness and understanding, particularly during difficult times.

For those struggling with food and body image issues, it can be all too easy to fall into self-criticism and negative self-talk. However, practicing self-compassion can help you develop a more positive self-image and build resilience against future challenges.

Mindful eating can have a wide range of benefits for both physical and mental health. Here are just a few of the ways in which it can help:. The concept of self-compassion was first introduced and established by Dr.

Kristin Neff , a professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. In her research, Dr. Neff found that self-compassion is a powerful antidote to self-criticism and negative self-talk, and can be an effective tool for reducing stress, anxiety, and depression.

She defined self-compassion as the act of treating oneself with kindness, understanding, and non-judgment during times of difficulty, and outlined three core components of self-compassion: self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness.

When speaking about self-compassion as it relates to our relationship with food, I think of one of my MNM students, Kelsey. Kelsey used self-compassion as a tool inside the Mindful Nutrition Method to support her transformation and relationship with food.

She shared:. And I used to define health by the number on the scale or how I looked, my weight, and that is not how I define it anymore at all. Do I have the energy to show up in the best way that I can every single day? Can I fulfill the goals that I want to have every single day? Can I work towards creating a better world for myself and my friends and my family and for everybody?

So much has changed as far as how I view my health, how I want to take care of myself. It was so much more on external factors and now looking at myself as a whole human being, my health as both physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, all of it.

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File type File name Number of pages PDF Manual - Disordered Eating 4. Ann Saffi Biasetti, PhD, LCSWR, CEDS, CIAYT Related seminars and products Dr. Ann Saffi Biasetti has been a practicing Psychotherapist for over 30 years.

She specializes in somatic psychotherapy and is an eating disorder specialist. She has a PhD in transpersonal psychology and is licensed as a clinical social worker. She is a certified mindfulness teacher, Mindful Self-Compassion MSC Teacher, and Certified Yoga Therapist C-IAYT.

She teaches in the Self-Compassion in Psychotherapy SCIP program, where she shares her expertise in somatic self-compassionate interventions for ED recovery.

She is the originator of the Befriending Your Body 8-Week Somatic Self-Compassion program of recovery. She has led well received retreats at Kripalu, Shambhala Mountain Center, and has led training workshops for professionals through PESI and through her Befriending Your Body BFYB certification program for eating disorder recovery.

Her first book, Befriending Your Body: A Self-Compassionate Approach to Freeing Yourself from Disordered Eating , was released through Shambhala publications in August and her most recent publication, The Awakening Self-Compassion Card Deck: 52 Practices for Self-Care, Healing and Growth , released through Shambhala Publications in December Speaker Disclosures: Financial: Dr.

Andreana Saffi Biasetti maintains a private practice. She receives a speaking honorarium and recording royalties from PESI, Inc.

She has no relevant financial relationships with ineligible organizations. Non-financial: Dr. Andreana Saffi Biasetti is a member of the Polyvagal Institute, the Academy for Eating Disorders, the International Yoga Therapy Association, the National Association of Social Work, and the Yoga Alliance.

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Behavioral Health HealthCare Rehab Kids. Toggle navigation. Toggle navigation 0. Global Search. Digital Seminar Disordered Eating: Somatic, Self-Compassion, and Mindfulness Interventions for Lasting Recovery Speaker: Ann Saffi Biasetti, PhD, LCSWR, CEDS, CIAYT Duration: 6 Hours 20 Minutes Format: Audio and Video Copyright: Jul 29, Other great resources - exclusive savings when you add now!

Credits Planning Committee Disclosure - No relevant relationships All members of the PESI, Inc. Counselors - Counselors. Counselors - California Counselors. Counselors - Florida Counselors. Counselors - Kentucky Counselors. Counselors - Missouri Counselors.

Counselors - Montana Counselors. Counselors - Nevada Counselors. NEDA is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting individuals affected by eating disorders. While not solely focused on body positivity, they promote body acceptance and work towards eliminating body image issues.

They offer helplines, resources, and educational materials on eating disorders and body image concerns. The Body Positive is a non-profit organization that empowers individuals to cultivate self-love and a positive body image. They offer workshops, educational programs, and online resources to promote body acceptance and resilience.

Their approach emphasizes self-care, self-compassion, and body neutrality. Be Nourished is a body trust organization that offers workshops, trainings, and resources centered around body acceptance and healing from disordered eating. They emphasize the importance of body autonomy, intuitive eating, and challenging diet culture.

The Center for Mindful Eating is a non-profit organization that promotes mindful eating practices to support a healthy relationship with food and body.

They offer resources, webinars, and professional training to promote a compassionate and non-judgmental approach to eating. The information contained on or provided through this service is intended for general consumer understanding and education and not as a substitute for medical or psychological advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

All information provided on the website is presented as is without any warranty of any kind, and expressly excludes any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Need Help - Find A Treatment Program Today.

Eating Disorder Helplines The Alliance for Eating Disorders Awareness Helpline The Alliance for Eating Disorders Awareness Helpline offers support and resources for individuals dealing with eating disorders. Crisis Text Line Crisis Text Line is a confidential support service that provides help and resources to individuals in crisis.

Phone: Veterans Crisis Line The Veterans Crisis Line is a confidential support service provided by the U. Jan Feb Mar 6. No covariates were controlled for this moderation model. A multiple correlation analysis has been used to identify which scales BMI, FFMQ, MEBS, SCS-SF, EDQOL relate to ONI.

Inter-correlations between BMI, ONI, FFMQ, MEBS, SCS-SF and EDQOL, are presented in Table 1. In addition, correlational analysis on the subscales of ONI was performed results are presented in Table 2.

A further correlation analysis has been conducted between the ONI, and subscales of FFMQ, and EDQOL, the findings are presented in Table 3. All other associations were non-significant for the FFMQ scale.

The analysis also ran multiple moderation model analyses. The first moderation model analysis used ONI as the independent variable, EDQOL as a dependent variable, and SCS as a potential moderator see Table 4. Overall, this analysis suggests that SCS moderates the relationship at all levels between ONI and EDQOL.

The second moderation model analysis used ONI as the independent variable, EDQOL as a dependent variable, and FFMQ and components of FFMQ as potential moderators.

The rest of the moderators were non-significant. The results are presented in Table 5. Furthermore, the third moderation model analysis used ONI as the independent variable, EDQOL as a dependent variable, and the four components of MEBS as potential moderators.

The results indicated that none of the MEBS components were significant moderators in the relationship between ONI and EDQOL. The results are presented in Table 6. The primary aim of the current study was to explore the associations between ON, mindfulness, mindful eating, self-compassion and eating disorder QoL, as well as the potential moderation of self-compassion, mindfulness, and mindful eating.

Previous research into orthorexia and mindfulness has stated that there was a negative correlation between the two constructs [ 84 ]. The findings in the present study have confirmed the same relationship between orthorexia and mindfulness, and are in line with eating behaviours research and mindfulness, as mindfulness is associated with healthier eating [ 8 , 29 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ] and protective values against the development of disordered eating [ 67 ].

Two of the subscales were related negatively to orthorexia, non-judgement and acting with awareness. Research showed that individuals with orthorexic behaviours display high levels of distress, self-judgement, and self-punishment when dietary violations occur [ 11 , 48 ].

However, individuals with high orthorexic tendencies displayed low levels of acting with awareness. Such a relationship with acting with awareness goes against findings in the orthorexia literature, as research suggested that such individuals engage in obsessions with nutrition, where their entire focus is on the preparation of food and ensuring the quality of food before consumption [ 48 ], which may or may not be a different description of being aware that needs further exploration.

Findings may be relevant to recent literature dictating a separation of decision-making around food from mindful eating behaviours [ 50 ], and food preparation would certainly not relate to decision-making in the present moment as described in both mindfulness and mindful eating.

Self-compassion and mindful eating have also been investigated in the present study. A previous study by Kalika et al. The finding in the present study regarding self-compassion has been in accordance with past research [ 43 ]. However, mindful eating has also been significant in the present study, which contradicts the findings by Kalika et al.

Thorne et al. Previous research has shown that self-compassion is associated with a variety of positive eating behaviours, individuals with higher levels of self-compassion tend to have lower levels of disordered eating, as well as more intuitive eating that relies on satiety cues and lower dietary restraint [ 82 ].

Furthermore, high self-compassion has been linked to more mindful eating, lower disordered eating, and lower BMI [ 53 , 54 , 88 ]. In addition, previous findings also demonstrated a clear link between self-compassion and mindful eating [ 31 , 46 ], which was replicated by the findings in the current study.

The present study looked at the constructs of mindful eating and there were three significant relationships with orthorexia. The subscales of eating with awareness, focused eating and hunger and satiety were all negatively associated with ON.

As previously mentioned, only three other studies looked at mindful eating, Kalika et al. This study replicated the findings of Thorne et al. A reason for contradicting findings of Kalika et al.

It is interesting that ON has been negatively associated with eating with awareness as individuals with orthorexic tendencies focus on the quality of their food [ 48 ].

Hunger and satiety subscale was negatively associated with ON, suggesting that individuals high with ON respond to external food cues, like other EDs such as BED [ 64 , 65 ] and do not rely on hunger and satiety.

This confirms findings on restraint eaters and attention bias, where research suggests that individuals with restraint pathology have an increased attention bias for food cues, which results in increased food cravings and food intake [ 66 ].

These findings are very interesting, however, caution needs to be taken when interpreting the findings. Keyte et al. Furthermore, Mantzios [ 50 ] has suggested that hunger and satiety may in fact not relate to mindful eating, but to the decision-making prior to engaging in eating.

While there are several limitations that have been highlighted in measuring mindful eating, and the choice of using the MEBS was the best choice available, future research should aim to develop and explore mindful eating through more valid and appropriate measures.

This is the first study that investigated the eating disorder quality of life in relation to ON. Past research has demonstrated that individuals with eating disorders display poor quality of life Agh et al.

Exploring QoL is important, especially in association with ON, as there are no known interventions for orthorexia. The current study has also utilised the use of ONI to assess the severity of ON in the current sample. Most of the research into ON has used scales such as Dusseldorf Orthorexia Scale and ORTHO e.

Only two studies to date have used ONI [ 44 , 72 ] which showed a similar mean score as the present study. The current study showed a mean of The present study had the lowest mean score compared to the other two studies, which could be a result of using specific populations such as nutrition and psychology students [ 72 ].

In addition, several moderation analyses were conducted between orthorexia and eating disorder quality of life with moderators being mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating. The current study found significant moderators to be self-compassion and the awareness aspect of mindfulness.

The findings in the present study showed that self-compassion is a moderator at all levels with higher levels of self-compassion having a higher moderating effect on the relationship between ON and EDQOL. This suggests that higher levels of self-compassion in fact strengthen the relationship between orthorexia and quality of life.

This is an unexpected finding as the associations in the present study showed that there was a negative relationship between self-compassion and orthorexia and quality of life. Taking into account what is known about self-compassion and the associations in the present study self-compassion should have weakened the relationship between orthorexia and quality of life.

Past research has demonstrated that self-compassion in fact is interlinked with better quality of life in individuals who displayed anxious and depressive symptoms [ 91 ]. The findings of the present study go against this suggesting that individuals with high orthorexic tendencies and high self-compassion will demonstrate a worse quality of life.

A reason for this could be that individuals with high self-compassion believe that engaging in healthy eating rituals and physical activity are means of improving their optimum health and a form of self-care [ 30 , 49 , 51 ], however, orthorexic tendencies have been shown to impact an individual in a social and psychological way resulting in lower quality of life.

Another significant moderator was the awareness facet of mindfulness, acting with awareness suggesting that the individual is focusing all the attention on a current activity Brown et al.

Again, this goes against the associations presented in the present study as there were negative relationships between awareness and orthorexia and quality of life.

Research has shown that individuals with high orthorexic tendencies often obsess about their eating behaviours and regimen [ 11 ]. Acting with awareness was also a moderator at all levels with higher levels of awareness having a higher effect on the relationship between ON and EDQOL.

The findings of the present study go against our understanding of utilising self-compassion and mindfulness concepts in populations with disordered eating, mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to be effective as a treatment for eating disorders e.

Research shows that self-compassion and mindfulness promote healthy eating e. A clear limitation of this study is the female-only sample, therefore the findings cannot be generalised to male populations. Gender differences are consistently observed in eating pathology [ 9 , 85 ] and some studies into ON has shown that symptomology has been greater in men than women e.

However, findings into ON research are inconsistent as other studies in fact show that the symptomology is greater in women e.

Therefore, future research should focus on equal male recruitment and conducting studies with male-only populations as there is a lack of literature across the field.

Furthermore, the present study has utilised the ONI to measure the ON severity in this sample. This is a new measure of ON that has only been used in two previous studies [ 44 , 72 ], even though this measure assesses physical impairments and emotional distress. Caution should be taken as the ONI should be used as a measure to assess the risk of ON development, rather than a diagnostic tool.

Additionally, previous research that supports and contradicts the findings of the present study have used different measures of ON such as DOS and TOS Kalika et al. For example, Kalika et al. Therefore, future research should utilise the ONI as a measure of ON to further investigate concepts of mindfulness and self-compassion.

Another limitation is that only associations of EDQOL can be made to ONI due to the sample not having been diagnosed with ON. The conclusions drawn from this measure can only be that those with higher ONI had poorer ED quality of life, and conversely, those with lower or less ON symptoms did not have better QOL, but that their eating or weight did not affect their quality of life.

Therefore, future research using the EDQOL should use a sample that consists of individuals meeting the recent diagnostic criteria for ON.

There is a need for qualitative research to be conducted on the ON populations. Exploring qualitative research will allow a further understanding of how self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating are utilised in this population.

There is limited literature available that has explored ON qualitatively e. There is also the question about the pleasure of eating, as suggested by Egan and Mantzios [ 31 ] in their qualitative study, where individuals could engage in unhealthy eating behaviours due to utilising the concept of self-kindness and treating themselves with unhealthy foods, which in turn, could lead to weight gain.

Egan and Mantzios [ 31 ] further explained that social aspects rather than actual food are derivative of individuals finding pleasure in eating, and it would be beneficial to see whether that trend also occurs in orthorexic populations when past research has indicated that they usually avoid social situations [ 15 ], Sfeir et al.

Future research should investigate self-compassion, mindfulness, and orthorexia nervosa using an experimental approach with mindfulness-based and self-compassion-based interventions to help determine their effectiveness. As orthorexia research advances, developing interventions for this disorder will become increasingly important.

The present research offers novel insight into ON, mindfulness, self-compassion, and mindful eating. This study has demonstrated that there is a negative association between mindfulness and orthorexia, and this relationship was also replicated with self-compassion and two subscales of mindful eating.

The potential benefits are apparent as these constructs could offer an effective tool in treating orthorexia in female populations. Furthermore, the present study is the first study that has explored eating disordered quality of life and orthorexia, potentially adding to the discussion of classification and addition to clinical disordered eating protocols.

Previous studies provided evidence that orthorexic eating behaviours have a relationship between mindfulness, mindful eating and self-compassion. However, the findings in relation to these constructs have been mixed, proposing the need for further research.

This study explored orthorexic behaviours by using the new Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory ONI and its relationship to self-compassion, mindfulness and mindful eating, The results supported previous findings that indicated that there was a negative relationship between orthorexia and mindfulness, self-compassion and mindful eating.

Furthermore, the present study found a positive relationship between lower quality of life and orthorexia. Moreover, the findings indicated that self-compassion and the awareness facet of the mindfulness questionnaire moderated the relationship between Orthorexia Nervosa and Quality of Life.

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