Renewable energy resources -
All the hydroelectric stations in Canada generated This accounted for Canada is the second largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world. Hydroelectric stations have been developed in Canada where the geography and hydrography were favourable, particularly in Quebec.
Other areas producing large quantities of hydroelectricity include British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Manitoba, and Ontario. Bioenergy comprises different forms of usable energy obtained from materials referred to as biomass.
A biomass is a biological material in solid, liquid or gaseous form that has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. Excluded from this definition is organic material that has been transformed over long periods of time by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum.
Several types of biomass can be used, with the proper technology and equipment, to produce energy. The most commonly used type of biomass is wood, either round wood or wood waste from industrial activities. Wood and wood waste can be combusted to produce heat used for industrial purposes, for space and water heating, or to produce steam for electricity generation.
Through anaerobic digestion, methane can be produced from solid landfill waste or other biomass materials such as sewage, manure and agricultural waste. Sugars can be extracted from agricultural crops and, through distillation, alcohols can be produced for use as transportation fuels.
As well, numerous other technologies exist or are being developed to take advantage of other biomass feedstock. With its large landmass and active forest and agricultural industries, Canada has access to large and diversified biomass resources that can be used for energy production. Currently, bioenergy is the second most important form of renewable energy in Canada.
Historically, the use of wood has been very important in Canada for space and water heating, as well as for cooking.
It is still important today, as 4. Every year, over petajoules of energy from wood are consumed in the residential sector, representing more than 7 per cent of residential energy use.
The most important type of biomass in Canada is industrial wood waste, especially waste from the pulp and paper industry, which is used to produce electricity and steam.
Every year, more than petajoules of bioenergy are used in the industrial sector. The pulp and paper industry is by far the largest industrial user of bioenergy, which accounts for more than half of the energy used in this industry. At the end of , Canada had 70 bioenergy power plants with a total installed capacity of 2, megawatts, and most of this capacity was built around the use of wood biomass and spent pulping liquor, as well as landfill gas.
In , 8. Most of the biomass-fired capacity was found in provinces with significant forestry activities: British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Alberta and New Brunswick.
Biofuels — or fuels from renewable sources — are a growing form of bioenergy in Canada. In , Canada accounted for 2 per cent of world biofuels production 5 th highest in the world after the United States, Brazil, the European Union and China. There are two main biofuel types produced in Canada: ethanol a gasoline substitute and biodiesel a diesel substitute.
The principal agriculture feedstock for producing ethanol, in Canada includes corn, wheat and barley. Canada is a major world producer and exporter of these grains.
These main feedstock types used to produce biodiesel include vegetable oils, and non-edible waste greases and animal fats.
Based on Natural Resources Canada NRCan program estimates, Canada produced 1. The Government of Canada currently has several measures in place to support the production and use of renewable fuels:. There are provincial renewable fuel mandates in effect in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario.
British Columbia also has a Low Carbon Fuel Standard in place. The kinetic energy in wind can be converted into useful forms of energy such as mechanical energy or electricity. Wind energy has been harnessed for centuries to propel sailing vessels and turn grist mills and water pumps.
Today, wind is used increasingly to generate electricity. Wind energy is captured only when the wind speed is sufficient to move the turbine blades, but not in high winds when the turbine might be damaged if operated.
Canada has large areas with excellent wind resources and therefore a significant potential for the expansion of wind-generated power. Some of the highest quality areas are offshore and along coastlines.
The International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA in estimated that there would be about 8 million tonnes of solar PV waste by , and that the total could reach 78 million tonnes by Recycling solar PV panels is generally not economic, and there is concern about cadmium leaching from discarded panels.
Some recycling is undertaken. Solar thermal systems need sunlight rather than the more diffuse light which can be harnessed by solar PV. They are not viable in high latitudes. A solar thermal power plant has a system of mirrors to concentrate the sunlight on to an absorber, the energy then being used to drive steam turbines — concentrating solar thermal power CSP.
Many systems have some heat storage capacity in molten salt to enable generation after sundown, and possibly overnight. In there was about 6. World capacity was 5. The concentrator may be a parabolic mirror trough oriented north-south, which tracks the sun's path through the day.
The absorber is located at the focal point and converts the solar radiation to heat in a fluid such as synthetic oil, which may reach °C.
The fluid transfers heat to a secondary circuit producing steam to drive a conventional turbine and generator. Several such installations in modules of up to 80 MW are now operating. Each module requires about 50 hectares of land and needs very precise engineering and control.
These plants are supplemented by a gas-fired boiler which generates about a quarter of the overall power output and keeps them warm overnight, especially if molten salt heat storage is used, as in many CSP power tower plants. A simpler CSP concept is the linear Fresnel collector using rows of long narrow flat or slightly curved mirrors tracking the sun and reflecting on to one or more fixed linear receivers positioned above them.
The receivers may generate steam directly. In mid Nevada Solar One, a 64 MWe capacity solar thermal energy plant, started up. The plant was projected to produce GWh per year and covers about hectares with mirrored troughs that concentrate the heat from the desert sun onto pipes that contain a heat transfer fluid.
This is heated to °C and then produces steam to drive turbines. Nine similar units totaling MWe have been operating in California as the Solar Energy Generating Systems. More than twenty Spanish 50 MWe parabolic trough units including Andasol , Alvarado 1, Extresol , Ibersol and Solnova , Palma del Rio , Manchasol , Valle , commenced operation in Andasol, Manchasol and Valle have 7.
Other US CSP parabolic trough projects include Abengoa's Solana in Arizona, a MWe project with six-hour molten salt storage enabling power generation in the evening. It has a ha solar field and started operation in Abengoa's MWe Mojave Solar Project near Barstow in California also uses parabolic troughs in a ha solar field and came online in It has no heat storage.
However, this became a solar PV project, apparently due to difficulty in raising finance. Another form of this CSP is the power tower , with a set of flat mirrors heliostats which track the sun and focus heat on the top of a tower, heating water to make steam, or molten salt to °C and using this both to store the heat and produce steam for a turbine.
Solucar also has three parabolic trough plants of 50 MW each. Power production in the evening can be extended fairly readily using gas combustion for heat. It comprises three CSP Luz power towers which simply heat water to °C to make steam, using , heliostat mirrors in pairs each of 14 m 2 per MWe, in operation from as the world's largest CSP plant.
The steam cycle uses air-cooled condensers. There is a back-up gas turbine, and natural gas is used to pre-heat water in the towers. It burned TJ of gas in , TJ in and TJ in EIA data which resulted in 46, tonnes of CO 2 emissions in , 66, t in and 68, t in The plant is owned by BrightSource, NRG Energy and Google.
BrightSource estimates that annual bird kill is about from incineration, federal biologists have higher estimates — the plant is on a migratory route. BrightSource plans a similar MWe plant nearby in the Coachella Valley.
Another MWe Ashalim plant developed by Negev Energy uses parabolic troughs and was also commissioned in Further phases of the project will involve solar PV. Using molten salt in the CSP system as the transfer fluid which also stores heat, enables operation into the evening, thus approximating to much of the daily load demand profile.
Spain's MWe Andasol plant stores heat at °C and requires 75 t of salt per MW of heat. It also uses diphenol oxide or oil for heat transfer and molten salt for heat storage.
Spain's Gemasolar employs tonnes of salt for both heat transfer and storage. California's MWe Solana uses , tonnes of salt, kept at °C. SolarReserve filed for bankruptcy in An MWe plant occupying 13 km 2 with six power towers is being built in Qinghai province in northwest China, by BrightSource with Shanghai Electric Group.
It will have heat storage using molten salt. Phase 1 of this Qinghai Delingha Solar Thermal Power Project is two MWe CSP plants using BrightSource power towers with up to 3.
Majority ownership is by Huanghe. The project will apply to NDRC for feed-in tariff. It is part of an international collaboration.
It and Noor 2 of MWe commissioned in use parabolic trough collectors heating diphenyl oxide or oil which produces steam in a secondary circuit, and molten salt storage enables generation beyond sunset.
Noor 3 of MWe commissioned in uses a m high central tower with MWt receiver and molten salt for heat transfer and storage. It has heliostats and is based on the 20 MWe Gemasolar plant in Spain.
The whole complex is reported to use 2. The areas occupied are , , and ha respectively so the full plant covers 21 km 2. A small portable CSP unit — the Wilson Solar Grill — uses a Fresnel lens to heat lithium nitrate to °C so that it can cook food after dark.
Another CSP set-up is the Solar Dish Stirling System which uses parabolic reflectors to concentrate heat to drive a Stirling cycle engine generating electricity.
A Tessera Solar plant uses 25 kWe solar dishes which track the Sun and focus the energy on the power conversion unit's receiver tubes containing hydrogen gas which powers a Stirling engine. Solar heat pressurizes the hydrogen to power the four-cylinder reciprocating Solar Stirling Engine and drive a generator.
The hydrogen working fluid is cooled in a closed cycle. Waste heat from the engine is transferred to the ambient air via a water-filled radiator system. The stirling cycle system is as yet unproven in these large applications, however.
A Tessera Solar plant of MWe was planned at Imperial Valley in California and approved in , but a year later AES Solar decided to build the plant as solar PV, and the first phase of MWe was commissioned in as Mount Signal Solar. Power costs are two to three times that of conventional sources, which puts it within reach of being economically viable where carbon emissions from fossil fuels are priced.
Large CSP schemes in North Africa, supplemented by heat storage, are proposed for supplying Europe via high voltage DC links. One proposal is the TuNur project based in Tunisia and supplying up to MWe via HVDC cable to Italy. The Desertec Foundation was set up in as an NGO to promote the Desertec concept.
It comprised 55 companies and institutions and is active in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The first Dii-fostered project was to be the Noor-Ouarzazate MWe CSP plant in Morocco see above. Morocco is the only African country to have a transmission link to Europe. In mid the Desertec Foundation left the Dii consortium.
Bosch and Siemens had left it in The Desertec Industrial Initiative then announced that it would focus on consulting after most of its former backers pulled out in The remaining members of the Munich-based consortium are Saudi company ACWA Power, German utility RWE and Chinese grid operator SGCC.
The Mediterranean Solar Plan MSP targeted the development of 20 GWe of renewables by , of which 5 GWe could be exported to Europe. The OECD IEA's World Energy Outlook says: The quality of its solar resource and its large uninhabited areas make the Middle East and North Africa region ideal for large-scale development of concentrating solar power, costing 10 to in In its project preparation initiative was being funded by the EU.
In UK-based Xlinks announced plans to build 7 GW of solar PV capacity and 3. Solar energy producing steam can be used to boost conventional steam-cycle power stations.
Australia's Kogan Creek Solar Boost Project was to be the largest solar integration with a coal-fired power station in the world. A hectare field of Areva Solar's compact linear Fresnel reflectors at the existing Kogan Creek power station would produce steam fed to the modern supercritical MWe coal-fired unit, helping to drive the intermediate pressure turbine, displacing heat from coal.
The solar boost at 44 MW peak sunshine would add 44 million kWh annually, about 0. After difficulties and delays, the project was aborted in The MWe Liddell coal-fired power station has a 2 MWe equivalent solar boost 9 MW thermal addition.
In the USA the federal government has a SunShot initiative to integrate CSP with fossil fuel power plants as hybrid systems. The US Department of Energy says that 11 to 21 GWe of CSP could effectively be integrated into existing fossil fuel plants, utilizing the turbines and transmission infrastructure.
While CSP is well behind solar PV as its prices continue to fall and utilities become more familiar with PV. However, CSP can provide thermal storage and thus be dispatchable and it can provide low-cost steam for existing power plants hybrid set up.
Also, CSP has the potential to provide heating and cooling for industrial processes and desalination. Another kind of solar thermal plant is the solar updraft tower, using a huge chimney surrounded at its base by a solar collector zone like an open greenhouse.
The air under this skirt is heated and rises up the chimney, turning turbines as it does so. The 50 MWe Buronga plant planned in Australia was to be a prototype, but Enviromission's initial plans are now for two MWe versions each using 32 turbines of 6.
Thermal mass — possibly brine ponds — under the collector zone means that some operation will continue into the night. A 50 kWe prototype plant of this design operated in Spain In China the A significant role of solar energy is that of direct heating.
Much of our energy need is for heat below 60 o C, eg. in hot water systems. A lot more, particularly in industry, is for heat in the range o C. Together these may account for a significant proportion of primary energy use in industrialised nations.
The first need can readily be supplied by solar power much of the time in some places, and the second application commercially is probably not far off. Such uses will diminish to some extent both the demand for electricity and the consumption of fossil fuels, particularly if coupled with energy conservation measures such as insulation.
With adequate insulation, heat pumps utilising the conventional refrigeration cycle can be used to warm and cool buildings, with very little energy input other than from the sun. Eventually, up to ten percent of total primary energy in industrialised countries may be supplied by direct solar thermal techniques, and to some extent this will substitute for base-load electrical energy.
The core of the Earth is very hot, and temperature in its crust generally rises 2. See also information paper on The Cosmic Origins of Uranium.
Where hot underground steam can be tapped and brought to the surface it may be used to generate electricity. Such geothermal sources have potential in certain parts of the world such as New Zealand, USA, Mexico, Indonesia, the Philippines and Italy.
Geothermal energy is attractive because it is low-cost to run and is dispatchable, unlike wind and solar. Global installed capacity was about 14 GWe in , up from 13 GWe in when it produced 88 TWh IRENA data — i.
Capacity includes 2. Iceland gets one-quarter of its electricity from around MWe of geothermal plant. Europe has more than geothermal power plants with about 1.
The largest geothermal plant is The Geysers in California, which currently operates at an average capacity of MWe, but this is diminishing. See also Geothermal Energy Association website. The Iceland Deep Drilling Project IDDP launched in aims to investigate the economic feasibility of extracting energy and chemicals from fluids under supercritical conditions, with much higher energy content.
Drilling reached a depth of 4, metres and encountered fluids at supercritical conditions. The measured temperature was °C and the pressure 34 MPa. Potential utilization is being assessed.
There are also prospects in certain other areas for hot fractured rock geothermal, or hot dry rock geothermal — pumping water underground to regions of the Earth's crust which are very hot or using hot brine from these regions.
The heat — up to about °C — is due to high levels of radioactivity in the granites and because they are insulated at km depth. South Australia has some very prospective areas.
The main problem with this technology is producing and maintaining the artificially-fractured rock as the heat exchanger. Only one such project is operational, the Geox 3 MWe plant at Landau, Germany, using hot water ºC pumped up from 3.
A 50 MWe Australian plant was envisaged as having 9 deep wells — 4 down and 5 up but the Habanero project closed down in after pilot operation at 1 MWe over days showed it was not viable.
Ground source heat pump systems or engineered geothermal systems also come into this category, though the temperatures are much lower and utilization is for space heating rather than electricity. Generally the cost of construction and installation is prohibitive for the amount of energy extracted.
The UK has a city-centre geothermal heat network in Southampton where water at 75°C is abstracted from a deep saline aquifer at a depth of 1. Customers for the heat include the local hospital, university and commercial premises. The Geoscience Australia building in Canberra is heated and cooled thus, using a system of pumps throughout the building which carry water through loops of pipe buried in boreholes each metres deep in the ground.
Here the temperature is a steady 17°C, so that it is used as a heat sink or heat source at different times of the year. See year report pdf. This falls into three categories — tidal, wave and temperature gradient, described separately below. The European Commission's Strategic Energy Technology SET plan acknowledges the potential role of ocean energy in Europe's future energy mix and suggests enhancing regional cooperation in the Atlantic region.
The EU Ocean Energy Forum was to develop a roadmap by Harnessing the tides with a barrage in a bay or estuary has been achieved in France MWe in the Rance Estuary, since , Canada 20 MWe at Annapolis in the Bay of Fundy, since , South Korea Sihwa , MWe, since , and Russia White Sea, 0.
The trapped water can be used to turn turbines as it is released through the tidal barrage in either direction. Worldwide this technology appears to have little potential, largely due to environmental constraints.
It was expected to start construction in but is now unlikely to proceed. Natural Energy Wyre in the UK has set up a consortium to develop the Eco-THEP, a 90 MW tidal barrage plant with six turbines on the River Wyre near Fleetwood in northwest England by The planned Cardiff Tidal Lagoon involves a 20 km breakwater with turbines in at least two powerhouse units, total MWe, producing GWh per year at low cost.
About million m 3 of water would pass through the turbines on each tidal cycle. An application to build the project was expected in Placing free-standing turbines in major coastal tidal streams appears to have greater potential than barriers, and this is being developed.
Tidal barrier capacity installed in Europe since reached 27 MWe in , with 12 MWe of that still operational. The remainder had been decommissioned following the end of testing programmes. Production from tidal streams in was 34 GWh. Another 8 MWe of capacity is planned for Currents are predictable and those with velocities of 2 to 3 metres per second are ideal and the kinetic energy involved is equivalent to a very high wind speed.
This means that a 1 MWe tidal turbine rotor is less than 20 m diameter, compared with 60 m for a 1 MWe wind turbine. Units can be packed more densely than wind turbines in a wind farm, and positioned far enough below the surface to avoid storm damage.
A kW turbine with 11 m diameter rotor in the Bristol Channel can be jacked out of the water for maintenance. Based on this prototype, early in the 1. It produced power hours per day and was operated by a Siemens subsidiary until it was closed in after producing The next project is a The first 1.
Meygen phase 1B is known as Project Stroma and uses two 2 MWe Atlantis AR turbines. Phase 1C will use 49 turbines, total The first Atlantis 1MWe prototype was deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre at Orkney in , and a 1 MWe Andritz Hydro Hammerfest prototype is also deployed there, as is a 2 MWe turbine from Scotrenewables mounted under a barge — the SR At the North Shetland tidal array in Bluemull Sound, Nova Innovation is installing three kW turbines, the first already supplying power to the grid.
In December GFC Alliance agreed to buy At the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney, Orbital Marine Power's 2 MWe O2 floating tidal turbine was installed in mid and secured with anchors.
In France, two pilot 1 MWe tidal turbines were commissioned by EDF off the Brittany coast at the end of They are 16 m diameter to pilot the technology with a view to the installation of seven 2 MWe tidal turbines in the Raz Blanchard tidal race off Normandy in However, the company involved, OpenHydro, failed and was liquidated.
French energy company Engie has announced plans to build a tidal energy project on the western coast of the Cotentin peninsula in northwest France. It aims to install four tidal turbines with a total generating capacity of 5.
Some tidal stream generators are designed to oscillate, using the tidal flow to move hydroplanes connected to hydraulic arms sideways or up and down.
A prototype has been installed off the coast of Portugal. Another experimental design is using a shroud to speed up the flow through a venturus in which the turbine is placed.
This has been trialled in Australia and British Colombia. A major pilot project using three kinds of tidal stream turbines is being installed in the Bay of Fundy's Minas Passage, about three kilometers from shore.
Some 3 MWe would be fed to the Canadian grid from the pilot project. Eventually MWe is envisaged. The three designs are a 10m diameter turbine from Ireland, a Canadian Clean Current turbine and an Underwater Electric Kite from the USA.
In the Irish OpenHydro turbine failed and was written off and the company went into liquidation after its parent, Naval Energies, declined further support. Tidal power comes closest of all the intermittent renewable sources to being able to provide a continuous and predictable output, and is projected to increase from 1 billion kWh in to 35 billion in including wave power.
Ocean Energy Europe reported Harnessing power from wave motion has the potential to yield significant electricity. Wave energy technologies are diverse and less mature than those for tides. Only about 2. Generators either coupled to floating devices or turned by air displaced by waves in a hollow concrete structure oscillating water column are two concepts for producing electricity for delivery to shore.
Other experimental devices are submerged and harness the changing pressure as waves pass over them. Ocean Energy Europe reported that capacity installed reached Another 4.
The first commercial wave power plant is in Portugal, with floating rigid segments which pump fluid through turbines as they flex at the joints. It can produce 2. Another — Oyster — is in the UK and is designed to capture the energy found in nearshore waves in water depths of 12 to 16 metres.
Each tonne module consists of a large buoyant hinged flap anchored to the seabed. Movement of the flap with each passing wave drives a hydraulic piston to deliver high-pressure water to an onshore turbine which generates electricity.
Near Kaneohe Bay in Hawaii two test units km offshore are producing power. Azura is an American anchored buoy extending 4 m above the surface and 16 m below, and it converts wave energy into 18 kW. A kW version is planned.
A Norwegian design is an anchored metre diameter buoy which moves its tethering cables to produce 4 kW. In Australia Carnegie Wave Energy has the Perth Wave Energy Project with three kW CETO 5 units delivering power to the grid.
The CETO 5 system consists of buoys that are fully submerged and their movement drives seabed pump units to deliver high pressure fluid via a subsea pipe to standard hydroelectric turbines onshore. A three-unit plant using quite different 1 MW CETO 6 units is being deployed by Carnegie with WaveHub in the UK — these generate power inside the buoyant actuator attached to a pump tethered to the seabed, replacing the closed hydraulic loop with an export cable.
The project capacity is now reported as 5 MWe. A large vertical panel harnesses up to 2 MW of wave energy and generates power in the fixed power take-off section anchored to the near-shore seabed 8 to 20 metres deep. Numerous practical problems have frustrated progress with wave technology, not least storm damage.
Ocean thermal energy conversion OTEC has long been an attractive idea, but is unproven beyond small pilot plants up to 50 kWe, though in a kWe closed cycle plant was commissioned in Hawaii and connected to the grid.
It works by utilising the temperature difference between equatorial surface waters and cool deep waters, the temperature difference needing to be about 20ºC top to bottom. In the open cycle OTEC the warm surface water is evaporated in a vacuum chamber to produce steam which drives a turbine.
It is then condensed in a heat exchanger by the cold water. The main engineering challenge is in the huge cold water pipe which needs to be about 10 m diameter and extend a kilometre deep to enable a large water flow.
A closed cycle variation of this uses an ammonia cycle. The ammonia is vapourized by the warm surface waters and drives a turbine before being condensed in a heat exchanger by the cold water.
A 10ºC temperature difference is then sufficient. Beyond traditional direct uses for cooking and warmth, growing plant crops particularly wood to burn directly or to make biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel has a lot of support in several parts of the world, though mostly focused on transport fuel.
Homeowners and renters can use clean energy at home by buying green power, installing renewable energy systems to generate electricity, or using renewable resources for water and space heating and cooling.
Visit Energy Saver to learn more about the use of renewable energy at home. You may be eligible for federal and state tax credits if you install a renewable energy system in your home.
Visit ENERGY STAR to learn about federal renewable energy tax credits for homeowners. For information on state incentives, visit the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency. EERE is dedicated to building a clean energy economy, which means millions of new jobs in construction, manufacturing, and many other industries.
Learn more about job opportunities in renewable energy:. What Is Renewable Energy? How Does Renewable Energy Work? Bioenergy Geothermal Energy Hydrogen and Other Renewable Fuels Hydropower Marine Energy Solar Energy Wind Energy. Myth Busting with EERE. Benefits of Renewable Energy.
Renewable energy offers numerous economic, environmental, and social advantages. These include: Reduced carbon emissions and air pollution from energy production Enhanced reliability , security, and resilience of the power grid Job creation through the increased production and manufacturing of renewable energy technologies Increased U.
energy independence Lower energy costs Expanded energy access for remote, coastal, or isolated communities. Renewable Energy in the United States. Clean Energy News.
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Renewable energy is energy Renewable energy resources from natural Renewable energy resources that are replenished at a higher rate than they Subcutaneous fat cells consumed. Renewable energy resources and wind, for example, tesources such sources that are constantly fesources replenished. Renewable energy resourcea are plentiful and all around us. Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on the other hand, are non-renewable resources that take hundreds of millions of years to form. Fossil fuels, when burned to produce energy, cause harmful greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide. Generating renewable energy creates far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels. Renewables are now cheaper in most countries, and generate three times more jobs than fossil fuels. Renewable energygreen Renewabpe Renewable energy resources, or low-carbon energy is energy from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. Renewable energy resources resources include sunlight Lifestyle changes for water weight reduction, windthe movement resourcrs Renewable energy resourcesand ejergy heat. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation. Renewable energy projects are typically large-scale, but they are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countrieswhere energy is often crucial in human development. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further electrificationwhich has several benefits: electricity can move heat or objects efficiently, and is clean at the point of consumption.
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