Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Byrne Afteg, Eston BCAA and muscle repair after injury The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on anx and dynamic knee extensor strength and vertical jump performance. SG contributed to data interpretation, data presentation and manuscript drafting and editing. The repair of exercise-induced muscle damage EIMD is closely related with inflammation.

BCAA and muscle repair after injury -

Staining of different types of macrophages in the damaged muscle may be of help. The current study demonstrated that BCAAs promoted C2C12 proliferation and differentiation via enhancing the macrophage polarization in vitro. On the other hand, when BCAAs intake was increased in vivo , the SCs were exposed to a large number of factors, including the elevated BCAAs and inflammatory factors.

Whether BCAAs exert direct impacts on myoblasts remains to be investigated. It is also possible that there are additive impacts from elevated BCAAs and inflammatory factors.

Nevertheless, our data show that macrophages mediate, at least partially, the impacts of BCAAs on SCs and thus the repair of EIMD.

One limitation of our study is that, although we demonstrate that BCAAs promote the function of SCs via macrophages in cultured cells, direct evidence for this occurring in vivo is lacking, which could be provided by macrophage depletion animal model and the staining for SCs to assess their numbers in the damaged muscle.

In summary, the current study shows that BCAAs improve EIMD repair by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of muscle SCs through macrophage polarization.

The results highlight the critical role of macrophage in BCAA-induced repair of EIMD and indicate new approaches for the treatment of muscle-related diseases. The raw data supporting the conclusion of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of Beijing Sport University. YD, XZ, HS, and JQ designed the study. YD, WC, and HW performed the in vitro experiments.

YD, XZ, and WJ performed in vivo experiments. XZ, YY, and RG contributed to data analysis. YD drafted the manuscript. HS and JQ reviewed and edited the manuscript.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China YFA , the National Natural Science Foundation of China , , , , the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University YB, QN , the Collaborative Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission CXJQ01 , the Scientific Research Fund of Shanxi Datong University K33 , and the Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Specialty Construction Project TJYXZDXKA.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the excellent assistance of Yunlong Shi, Yan Chen, and Yan Cheng. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

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Citation: Dong Y, Zhang X, Miao R, Cao W, Wei H, Jiang W, Gao R, Yang Y, Sun H and Qiu J Branched-chain amino acids promotes the repair of exercise-induced muscle damage via enhancing macrophage polarization.

doi: Received: 05 September ; Accepted: 24 November ; Published: 06 December Copyright © Dong, Zhang, Miao, Cao, Wei, Jiang, Gao, Yang, Sun and Qiu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY.

The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. haipeng tmu. cn ; Junqiang Qiu, qiujunqiang bsu. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Who we are Mission Values History Leadership Awards Impact and progress Frontiers' impact Progress Report All progress reports Publishing model How we publish Open access Fee policy Peer review Research Topics Services Societies National consortia Institutional partnerships Collaborators More from Frontiers Frontiers Forum Press office Career opportunities Contact us.

Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. Branched-chain amino acids promotes the repair of exercise-induced muscle damage via enhancing macrophage polarization.

Introduction High intensity or unaccustomed strenuous exercise can cause exercise-induced muscle damage EIMD. Materials and methods Animals Male Sprague—Dawley rats 8-week-old; Charles River Laboratories China, Inc.

ELISA to assess cytokine release in serum The serum was collected from abdominal aorta of rats at each indicated time. Primary peritoneal macrophage culture and BCAA intervention Primary peritoneal macrophages M0 were isolated from mice as previously described Bisgaard et al.

Co-culture of C2C12 cells and macrophages M0 macrophages were stimulated with LPS or IL-4 in the presence or absence of BCAAs in culture medium for 24 h, respectively. C2C12 cell proliferation assay C2C12 cells proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 CCK8, Dojindo, Japan.

Real-time quantitative PCR The total RNA were extracted from cells using Trizol reagent Invitrogen, United States and reverse transcribed into cDNA using RT SuperMix kit Promega, United States.

TABLE 1. Primers for quadriceps qPCR. S PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Keywords: branched-chain amino acids, macrophage, exercise-induced muscle damage, mTORC1, muscle satellite cell Citation: Dong Y, Zhang X, Miao R, Cao W, Wei H, Jiang W, Gao R, Yang Y, Sun H and Qiu J Branched-chain amino acids promotes the repair of exercise-induced muscle damage via enhancing macrophage polarization.

Edited by: Ning Chen , Wuhan Sports University, China. Reviewed by: Lucas Robert Smith , University of California, Davis, United States Zhenjun Tian , Shaanxi Normal University, China. Resources Issue Library. Search the site Search. My Account. My Library. Search the site. Remember Login.

Register Reset Password. x You are viewing 1 of your 1 free articles. Branched chain amino acids: feel the force Recovery strategies by Andrew Hamilton. New research on branched chain amino acid supplementation suggests significant recovery benefits for muscles following intense bouts of exercise.

New research on branched chain amino acid supplementation suggests significant recovery benefits for muscles following intense bouts of exercise All athletes know or should know!

that protein is an essential nutrient for recovery and muscle repair following exercise. Proteins are built from amino acid building blocks and our bodies synthesize chains of amino acids in various combinations to provide the unique structure and function of different proteins. Essential amino acids are those that must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot synthesize them.

BCAAs and exercise Why are BCAAs important for athletes? Firstly, muscle tissue contains a high content of BCAAs. Also, research suggests that BCAAs stimulate muscle tissue recovery and regeneration, and some studies have reported on a decrease in exercise-induced muscle injury following BCAA supplementation, an increase in endurance capacity during an exercise by delaying muscle fatigue and a reduction in muscle pain following exercise Therefore, supplementation of BCAAs has been advocated for many purposes, including enhancing exercise performance and recovery.

What is less well known however is how BCAA supplementation might affect muscle function following strenuous exercise. Some studies have found reductions in delayed onset muscle soreness DOMS and blood markers of muscle damage with chronic 4 and acute 5 BCAA supplementation in conjunction with endurance cycling exercise.

There is also a report of reduced soreness following squat exercise with ingestion of BCAAs 6. However, there is actually very little data on how BCAAs can affect maximum muscle strength and the indicators of DOMS-induced muscle damage following strenuous training.

But now, new research has analyzed the maximum muscle strength and indicators of muscle damage to examine the effects of BCAA supplementation on DOMS — by first inducing DOMS using very intense exercise and then investigating the changes of peak torque generated by the quadriceps muscles around the knee joint, as well as investigating markers of muscle damage.

The research In this study, which was published in the Journal of Physical Activity and Nutrition , twelve fit men with majors in physical education were assigned to a BCAA supplementation group and placebo group in a double-blinded design.

The BCAA group took BCAA supplements, which were administered twice daily from five days before a bout of severe exercise to induce DOMS and for 72 hours after the exercise, for a total of 8 days.

The supplements were consumed twice daily — a pouch before breakfast and one before lunch. Each pouch contained 3 grams BCAAs. The placebo group meanwhile took inert supplements containing no BCAAs.

On day five, DOMS was induced with an isokinetic exercise routine performed using an isokinetic testing system Cybex CSMi Humac NORM, The maximum quadriceps muscle strength and hamstring was measured at the baseline, immediately before and after the isokinetic exercise bout, and then again three days later when muscle strength was retested see figure 1.

Blood samples to measure markers of muscle damage were also taken immediately before the exercise bout then every 24 hours. Figure 1: Experiment design protocol —D5: 5 d before exercise; —D4: 4 d before exercise; —D3: 3 d before exercise; —D2: 2 d before exercise; —D1: 24 h before exercise; D0: immediately after exercise; D1: 24 h after exercise; D2: 2 d after exercise; D3: 3 d after exercise.

The findings The placebo group demonstrated a significant reduction of the peak torque three days after the initial bout day 0 of exercise, falling from Nm at baseline day 0 to Nm on day three. By contrast, The BCAA group displayed a much smaller reduction of the knee extension peak torque from Nm at the baseline to Nm at day three see figure 2.

This reduction was small enough to be considered statistically insignificant, whereas the reduction in peak torque in the placebo group was very significant. Likewise, the placebo group showed a significant reduction in the flexion hamstring peak torque from Nm at the baseline to Nm at post-treatment.

The BCAA group however displayed an insignificant reduction from Nm at the baseline to Nm at post-treatment. Another finding was that the BCAA group had lower levels of creatine kinase - a marker of muscle damage — at day three compared the placebo group, and also lower levels of an enzyme known as lactate dehydrogenase which helps to break down accumulated muscle lactate.

These results suggest the BCAA experienced less muscle damage and less biochemical fatigue. Figure 2: A comparison of the flexion PT following an exercise-induced DOMS The BCAA group dark bars experienced no significant drop in peak hamstring torque — unlike the placebo group. Practical implications One significant limitation of this study was the small subject numbers used.

Ideally, a larger number of subjects would give even more robust data. Nevertheless, these findings add further evidence to the notion that BCAA supplementation may reduce muscle damage, and accelerate recovery.

This is something that could be especially useful for athletes competing in strenuous events where repeated bouts are required in a short timescale eg multi-day events and competitions.

Given that BCAA supplements are safe, completely legal, relatively inexpensive and readily available from sports supplement retailers, athletes have nothing to lose by experimenting with the protocol outlined in this study as described above.

If you are tempted to try BCAA supplementation, bear in mind that buying in a pure powder form is much cheaper than capsule form. The downside however is the taste, which will need disguising in a flavored drink to make it palatable! References Med Sci Sports Exer ; Nutrients ; Journal of Nutrition ; J Sports Med Phys Fitness ; Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab ; J Nutr ; SS.

Read More Amino acid supplements: should you branch out for performance? Amino acids and performance: brain vs. L-Citrulline: what can the watermelon nutrient do for you? Andrew Hamilton Andrew Hamilton BSc Hons, MRSC, ACSM, is the editor of Sports Performance Bulletin and a member of the American College of Sports Medicine.

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The repair of exercise-induced ijnury damage EIMD BCAA and muscle repair after injury closely BCAA and muscle repair after injury anc inflammation. Exercise for heart health amino acids Injurtas a nutritional supplement, promote EIMD repair; however, the underlying mechanism BCAA and muscle repair after injury unclear. Protein expression of macrophages CD68 and CD and myogenic regulatory factors MYOD and MYOG in gastrocnemius was analyzed. Inflammatory cytokines and creatine kinase CK levels in serum was also measured. In vitroperitoneal macrophages from mice were incubated with lipopolysaccharide LPS or IL-4 with or without BCAAs in culture medium. For co-culture experiment, C2C12 cells were cultured with the conditioned medium from macrophages prestimulated with LPS or IL-4 in the presence or absence of BCAAs. You are viewing 1 BCAA and muscle repair after injury nijury 1 free articles. For unlimited access Nutritious eating approach a risk-free reapir. Andrew Nuscle BSc Hons, MRSC, ACSM, is the Anti-oxidants of Sports Performance Bulletin and a member of the American College of Sports Medicine. Andy is a sports science writer and researcher, specializing in sports nutrition and has worked in the field of fitness and sports performance for over 30 years, helping athletes to reach their true potential. He is also a contributor to our sister publication, Sports Injury Bulletin.

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