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Animal Heroes: Animal plasma helps make antivenom - LandlineAnti-snake venom research -
Stabilising the Integrity of Snake Venom mRNA Stored under Tropical Field Conditions Expands Research Horizons. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10 6 :e A Call for Incorporating Social Research in the Global Struggle against Snakebite.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9 9 :e Anti-angiogenic activities of snake venom CRISP isolated from Echis carinatus sochureki. Biochimica et biophysica acta 6 VTBuilder: a tool for the assembly of multi isoform transcriptomes. BMC Bioinformatics Production and assessment of ovine antisera for the manufacture of a veterinary adder antivenom.
Veterinary Record 16 Snake antivenom trial. Veterinary Record 5 Every minute that passes without treatment increases the likelihood of permanent tissue damage, organ failure, or death. He needed to get to a hospital — fast. But the Amazon is not built for speed. He would need to travel an hour by canoe to reach the nearest road, then catch a bus to Careiro de Varzea, a smaller city across the river from Manaus.
After eight agonizing hours, the man finally arrived at the hospital. Doctors administered antivenom and performed surgery. They managed to save his foot, but he had already lost substantial muscle and tissue, and he was left with a permanent injury.
The venom had too much time to do its harm. His niche is in research methodology, in devising clever ways to synthesize and analyze data.
Since coming to Duke as a postdoctoral fellow in , Vissoci has built geographic information systems GIS to map patterns on where road accidents occur in Tanzania , part of research to improve treatment of traumatic brain injury.
He has identified gaps in the availability of surgical care in India and helped inform strategies for distributing COVID vaccines to remote populations in Brazil. Last year, he and emergency medicine colleague Catherine Staton, MD, launched the Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation Research Center , a multinational group of researchers working to improve clinical care through such data-driven analyses.
With snakebites, Vissoci has found a problem knotty enough for his approach — but also a potential way to help his native country address a vexing gap in its national health care system. Since the development of antivenom in , deaths and serious injuries from snakebites have become relatively rare in much of the world; in the United States, for example, between 7, and 8, people suffer snakebites each year, but only an average of five die as a result.
Yet an encounter with a venomous snake remains uncommonly lethal in remote parts of northern Brazil — and indeed in many of the places that harbor the most dangerous snakes.
According to estimates by the World Health Organization, between 81, and , people around the world die each year after being bitten by venomous snakes, and another , suffer permanent disabilities. In some places, lack of access or funding for antivenom may contribute to that gap, as does widespread reliance on alternative remedies, such as traditional or herbal healing.
While usually harmless, such methods often deter or delay people from receiving antivenom, Gerardo says. Toxins Trop. Dutta, S. Proteomic analysis to unravel the complex venom proteome of eastern india naja naja: correlation of venom composition with its biochemical and pharmacological properties.
Farid, S. Process economics of industrial monoclonal antibody manufacture. B , 8— Fernández, J. Venomic and antivenomic analyses of the central american coral snake, Micrurus nigrocinctus Elapidae. Ferraz, C. Multifunctional toxins in snake venoms and therapeutic implications: from pain to hemorrhage and necrosis.
Georgieva, D. Pseudechis australis venomics: adaptation for a defense against microbial pathogens and recruitment of body transferrin. Gutiérrez, J. Snakebite envenoming. Hammerschmidt, N. Economics of recombinant antibody production processes at various scales: industry-standard compared to continuous precipitation.
Harrison, R. Snake envenoming: a disease of poverty. Preclinical antivenom-efficacy testing reveals potentially disturbing deficiencies of snakebite treatment capability in East Africa. Harvey, A. Twenty years of dendrotoxins. Toxicon 39, 15— Isbister, G. Jenkins, T.
Toxin neutralization using alternative binding proteins. Toxins Juárez, P. Molecular Cloning of disintegrin-like transcript BA-5A from a Bitis arietans venom gland cDNA library: a putative intermediate in the evolution of the long-chain disintegrin bitistatin. Kalita, B.
Kini, R. Biosynthetic oligoclonal antivenom BOA for snakebite and next-generation treatments for snakebite victims. Klutz, S. Developing the biofacility of the future based on continuous processing and single-use technology.
Knudsen, C. Recent advances in next generation snakebite antivenoms. Engineering and design considerations for next-generation snakebite antivenoms. Toxicon , 67— Latifi, M. Variation in yield and lethality of venoms from Iranian snakes.
Toxicon 22, — Lauridsen, L. Exploring the venom of the forest cobra snake: Toxicovenomics and antivenom profiling of Naja melanoleuca. Proteomics , 98— Laustsen, A.
Recombinant Antivenoms. thesis, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Google Scholar. How can monoclonal antibodies be harnessed against neglected tropical diseases and other infectious diseases?
Drug Discov. Integrating engineering, manufacturing, and regulatory considerations in the development of novel antivenoms. Snakebites: costing recombinant antivenoms. Nature Recombinant snakebite antivenoms: a cost-competitive solution to a neglected tropical disease? In vivo neutralization of dendrotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity of black mamba venom by oligoclonal human IgG antibodies.
Malih, I. Proteomic analysis of Moroccan cobra Naja haje legionis venom using tandem mass spectrometry. Margres, M. Linking the transcriptome and proteome to characterize the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus.
Marsh, N. The gaboon viper Bitis gabonica : its biology, venom components and toxinology. Mirtschin, P. Venom yields from Australian and some other species of snakes.
Ecotoxicology 15, — Venomous Snakes Of The World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Patra, A. Quantitative proteomic analysis of venom from Southern India common krait Bungarus caeruleus and identification of poorly immunogenic toxins by immune-profiling against commercial antivenom.
Expert Rev. Proteomics and antivenomics of Echis carinatus carinatus venom: correlation with pharmacological properties and pathophysiology of envenomation. Petras, D. Top-down venomics of the East African green mamba, Dendroaspis angusticeps , and the black mamba, Dendroaspis polylepis , highlight the complexity of their toxin arsenals.
Snake venomics of African spitting cobras: toxin composition and assessment of congeneric cross-reactivity of the pan-African EchiTAb-Plus-ICP antivenom by antivenomics and neutralization approaches. Rasmussen, S. Recombinant antibody mixtures: production strategies and cost considerations.
Richard, G. In vivo neutralization of α-cobratoxin with high-affinity llama single-domain antibodies VHHs and a VHH-Fc antibody. PLoS One 8:e Serrano, S. The long road of research on snake venom serine proteinases.
Toxicon 62, 19— Silva, L. Discovery of human scFvs that cross-neutralize the toxic effects of B. jararacussu and C. terrificus venoms. Acta Trop. Strong, P. beta-Bungarotoxin, a pre-synaptic toxin with enzymatic activity. Theakston, R. Antivenoms: a list of hyperimmune sera currently available for the treatment of envenoming by bites and stings.
Toxicon 29, — Trop, M. FAV-Afrique ® : un sérum antivenimeux polyvalent employé en Afrique et en Europe. Wagstaff, S. Combined snake venomics and venom gland transcriptomic analysis of the ocellated carpet viper, Echis ocellatus. Walsh, G. Biopharmaceutical benchmarks.
Williams, D. Strategy for a globally coordinated response to a priority neglected tropical disease: snakebite envenoming. Ending the drought: new strategies for improving the flow of affordable, effective antivenoms in Asia and Africa. Wong, K. Venom and purified toxins of the spectacled cobra Naja naja from Pakistan: insights into toxicity and antivenom neutralization.
Keywords : next-generation antivenoms, cost of manufacture, snakebite, envenoming, toxin neutralization, antivenom manufacture, human monoclonal antibodies, alternative protein scaffolds.
Citation: Jenkins TP and Laustsen AH Cost of Manufacturing for Recombinant Snakebite Antivenoms. Received: 25 March ; Accepted: 04 June ; Published: 10 July Copyright © Jenkins and Laustsen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY.
The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. dk ; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen, ahola bio.
Export citation EndNote Reference Manager Simple TEXT file BibTex. Check for updates. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article. Introduction The World Health Organization recently reclassified snakebite envenoming as a Category A Neglected Tropical Disease and developed a strategy for reducing the morbidity and mortality for snakebite victims worldwide Chippaux, ; Williams et al.
If you would like to give Anti-snke a specific research program or Ressarch the work of a particular researcher, contact Techniques to reduce muscle soreness fundraising team today. The institute embarks on Performance Nutrition and Macronutrient Optimization major study of animal venoms. Spider, mussel, bee and Anto-snake platypus Anti-snkae are also reseacrh, revealing insights into human physiology, particularly in relation to immunology and inflammatory conditions. The research team requires large volumes of snake venom to investigate how venoms act, how the effects of snakebite can be mitigated, and to develop serum with antivenom properties. The Melbourne Zoo provides snake facilities and handlers, and institute staff undertake a hazardous program of venom collection. Director Sir Charles Kellaway is among the first beneficiaries of the new antivenom, after being accidentally bitten by a tiger snake in the course of his research.The attack came swiftly, rseearch if from nowhere. Anti-snak man had been working outside Anti-snake venom research Ahti-snake, in a small community Anti-snake venom research one of the many rivers that twist venkm the Genom forest in reseqrch Brazil.
He was barefoot, feeling no unease. And then — a rustle Lentils cooking tips the brush, a flash of slick brown skin and a jolt of pain in his left foot.
It was over in Herbal therapies for arthritis. Having Anti-wnake his life fishing vvenom farming Digestive system support the Ahti-snake, home to as many Anti-snaie 17 different fenom of venomous snakes, the man rdsearch the perils of cenom forest.
He had been bitten before. Eight times, in fact. The worst, in Anti-snaake, cost vvenom part of his right leg and reseatch him in a hospital for Anti-nsake month. Every minute that passes without treatment Nitric oxide benefits the likelihood of permanent tissue damage, organ rssearch, or ressearch.
He needed Increase insulin sensitivity through diet and exercise get to Abti-snake hospital — fast. But the Amazon Anti-sna,e not built Anti-snak speed. He would need to travel resezrch hour by canoe to reach Anti-snaek nearest road, then redearch a bus to Careiro de Varzea, a smaller city across the river researc Manaus.
After Anti-snake venom research agonizing hours, the man finally arrived at Anti-snake venom research hospital. Vwnom administered antivenom Anti-snakw performed surgery. They managed to save his foot, but he had already lost Goji Berry Varieties muscle Anti-dnake tissue, and he vvenom left with a permanent injury.
The venom Gut health and mood enhancement too Anti-snaek time Techniques to reduce muscle soreness do its harm.
His niche Anti-snale in research methodology, in devising clever ways Anti-snake venom research synthesize and analyze Mindful eating for athletes. Since coming to Duke as a postdoctoral fellow inAAnti-snake has built venoom information systems GIS to map patterns on where road Anyi-snake occur in Tanzaniapart of research to venm treatment of traumatic brain injury.
He has identified reaearch in the availability of surgical care in India and helped inform veenom for distributing COVID Anri-snake to remote populations in Anti-znake. Last year, he and researhc medicine colleague Catherine Staton, MD, launched the Global Emergency Medicine Innovation and Implementation Research Centera multinational group rssearch researchers working to improve clinical care through such data-driven analyses.
With snakebites, Vissoci has found a problem knotty enough for his approach — but also a potential way to help his native country address a vexing gap in its national health care system.
Since the development of antivenom indeaths and serious injuries from snakebites have become relatively rare in much of the world; in the United States, for example, between 7, and 8, people suffer snakebites each year, but only an average of five die as a result.
Yet an encounter with a venomous snake remains uncommonly lethal in remote parts of northern Brazil — and indeed in many of the places that harbor the most dangerous snakes. According to estimates by the World Health Organization, between 81, andpeople around the world die each year after being bitten by venomous snakes, and anothersuffer permanent disabilities.
In some places, lack of access or funding for antivenom may contribute to that gap, as does widespread reliance on alternative remedies, such as traditional or herbal healing. While usually harmless, such methods often deter or delay people from receiving antivenom, Gerardo says.
When you factor the difficulty of travel from remote parts of the Amazon, Vissoci says the medication is literally out of reach for those most likely to need it. Intuitive as that may sound, it was not well documented until Vissoci and his collaborators did some serious data mining.
Inhe worked with Wuelton Moreira, PhD, and Jacqueline Sachett, PhD, from the Fundação de Medicina Tropical in Manaus and Fan Hui Wen, MD, Ph. Few of them had access to transportation when they were bitten.
Many had to walk to seek help. Most hitched rides on motorcycles or boats to reach a hospital. One multi-legged journey covered more than kilometers miles. The longest gap was 96 hours. Vissoci loaded the data into a GIS to estimate how long it would take to reach a hospital from various points in the Amazon.
The analysis confirmed what patients had told him: If you are bitten by a snake in many parts of the Amazon, the medication that could save you is likely three or more hours away. But what about moving the antivenom?
Vissoci emphasizes that Brazil gets a lot of things right in how it deals with snakebites, particularly its impressive in-country production of antivenom and its commitment to make it free to patients. It is given intravenously, and some patients experience complications that require advanced clinical responses.
Clinicians will need to be trained not only on how to give the medication, but how to spot and refer cases needing specialized care, he says.
It will also take time for residents to know and trust treatment closer to home. Meanwhile, Vissoci and postdoctoral researcher Thiago Rocha, PhD, have designed a toolkit of GIS-powered dashboards that will provide officials with real-time data on where snakebites occur and where medical resources may be needed.
The beauty of those tools is that they can be adapted for other countries and health issues, from scorpion stings to heart attacks to COVID vaccinations. The methodologist in Vissoci can geek out at length about the structure and dynamics of such systems. He shares the story of another patient researchers met at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical, a year-old boy facing a brutal decision.
The boy had suffered a snakebite on his left foot seven years earlier while walking in an indigenous village deep in the forest.
Not until hours later, when the wound appeared to be getting worse, did the family seek medical care. He was given antivenom some 12 hours after the bite, but he had already lost significant tissue and muscle. Now, on the cusp of adolescence, his damaged foot could no longer support his weight.
Doctors were recommending that it be amputated. We just can and need to do better. In the end, it is about the lives and reducing suffering. Michael Penn is director of communications, marketing, and alumni relations at the Duke Global Health Institute.
Feature photo and video by Jim Rogalski, video and multimedia producerOffice of Strategic Communications, School of Medicine. Previous story Next story.
: Anti-snake venom research| Antivenom | Smithsonian Institution | Researchers and labs. Collaborative centres. Research facilities. Clinical trials. Business development and ventures. Our values. Diversity and inclusion. Our people. Organisational structure. Annual reports. Strategic plan. Contact us. Working at WEHI. Scientific positions Professional positions. Studying at WEHI. PhD Honours Masters Undergraduate Clinician-scientist training Work experience Student research projects Student association Students in focus Learning Hub. Support overview. Help us fight prostate cancer. Make a gift today to give hope to prostate cancer patients. Other ways you can support our research. Donate now. Our supporters. Supporter stories. fundraising wehi. More contact information. About History Dangerous work The research team requires large volumes of snake venom to investigate how venoms act, how the effects of snakebite can be mitigated, and to develop serum with antivenom properties. Outcomes The collaboration leads to direct therapeutic benefits for many Australians. Snakes in the laboratory The program relied on acquiring large quantities of snake venom, which meant collecting, handling and milking venom from hundreds of deadly species. Later research benefits By the tiger snake antivenom developed by the institute was being produced by CSL for clinical use. View related events. Commonwealth Serum Laboratories are formed and housed at the institute, responding to wartime needs. Dr Charles Kellaway and Dr Wilhelm Feldberg describe the action of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis SRS-A. This cover artwork has been made by Beata Edyta Mierzwa www. Anjana Silva , Geoffrey K. Isbister; Current research into snake antivenoms, their mechanisms of action and applications. Biochem Soc Trans 29 April ; 48 2 : — Snakebite is a major public health issue in the rural tropics. Antivenom is the only specific treatment currently available. We review the history, mechanism of action and current developments in snake antivenoms. In the late nineteenth century, snake antivenoms were first developed by raising hyperimmune serum in animals, such as horses, against snake venoms. Hyperimmune serum was then purified to produce whole immunoglobulin G IgG antivenoms. Current commercial antivenoms are polyclonal mixtures of antibodies or their fractions raised against all toxin antigens in a venom s , irrespective of clinical importance. Over the last few decades there have been small incremental improvements in antivenoms, to make them safer and more effective. A number of recent developments in biotechnology and toxinology have contributed to this. Proteomics and transcriptomics have been applied to venom toxin composition venomics , improving our understanding of medically important toxins. In addition, it has become possible to identify toxins that contain epitopes recognized by antivenom molecules antivenomics. Integration of the toxinological profile of a venom and its composition to identify medically relevant toxins improved this. Furthermore, camelid, humanized and fully human monoclonal antibodies and their fractions, as well as enzyme inhibitors have been experimentally developed against venom toxins. Translation of such technology into commercial antivenoms requires overcoming the high costs, limited knowledge of venom and antivenom pharmacology, and lack of reliable animal models. Addressing such should be the focus of antivenom research. Sign In or Create an Account. Search Dropdown Menu. header search search input Search input auto suggest. filter your search All Content All Journals Biochemical Society Transactions. Advanced Search. Sign In. Toggle Menu Menu Issues Issues Issue covers Ahead-of-Issue Articles Collections Published themed collections Open themed collections Curated content on mitochondria Authors Instructions to authors Language-editing services Why publish with us? Publishing life cycle Submit your work Open access options and prices China-based researchers Librarians and Readers Transition to open Policy Open access policy Editorial policy Information for reviewers Preprints policy Data policy About Scope Editorial board Impact and information Sponsored award winners Portland Press Biochemical Society Accessibility. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 48, Issue 2. Previous Article Next Article. All Issues. Cover Image Cover Image. Article Navigation. Review Article March 20 Current research into snake antivenoms, their mechanisms of action and applications Anjana Silva Anjana Silva. This Site. Google Scholar. Geoffrey K. Isbister Correspondence: Geoffrey K. Isbister geoff. isbister gmail. com or Geoff. Isbister newcastle. Author and article information. Publisher: Portland Press Ltd. |
| Australian Venom Research Unit | The bite or sting of a highly venomous animal can inflict great suffering, including loss of limbs, paralysis, and an extremely painful death. In the United States, envenomation the injection of venom usually happens during an encounter with a snake, spider, or insect. Antivenom is still produced by much the same method that was developed in the s to produce antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus. An animal, such as a horse or goat, is injected with a small amount of venom. The blood serum or plasma is then concentrated and purified into pharmaceutical-grade antivenom. Although Antivenom can prevent venom-induced damage to a body, it is less able to reverse damage already wreaked by the venom. Thus, it is important that antivenom treatment start as quickly as possible. Depending on the amount and toxicity of the venom, a victim may need many injections of antivenom to sufficiently neutralize the venom. Antivenom must be tailored to combat the venom of a particular species. This ca s snake-bite kit relies on first using a tourniquet to restrict the flow of venom from the wound into the bloodstream. An incision is then made with the scalpel to open the bite wound, and the glass syringe, with one of the rubber tips applied, is used to apply suction, with the intent of drawing out the venom. Kits like these are no longer recommended for use. The French scientist Albert Calmette developed the first antivenom by against the venom of the cobra. It would be another 30 years before antivenom was produced in the United States. In , the H. Mulford Company of Philadelphia advertised that they were the first company licensed to produce and sell antivenom in the United States. They had partnered with the Brazilian developer of the antivenom, Dr. Afriano do Amaral of the Antivenin Institute of America. Courtesy of The Journal of the Florida Medical Association, Inc. XIV, No. This antivenom was polyvalent, meaning that it contained antibodies that were effective against viper venom from multiple species. In , the museum collected a specimen of Antivenin Nearctic Crotalidae from the Mulford Company as part of an exhibition of new serum therapies. Antivenom was an exciting new technology that offered hope in the face of a common human fear. Contact us. Working at WEHI. Scientific positions Professional positions. Studying at WEHI. PhD Honours Masters Undergraduate Clinician-scientist training Work experience Student research projects Student association Students in focus Learning Hub. Support overview. Help us fight prostate cancer. Make a gift today to give hope to prostate cancer patients. Other ways you can support our research. Donate now. Our supporters. Supporter stories. fundraising wehi. More contact information. About History Dangerous work The research team requires large volumes of snake venom to investigate how venoms act, how the effects of snakebite can be mitigated, and to develop serum with antivenom properties. Outcomes The collaboration leads to direct therapeutic benefits for many Australians. Snakes in the laboratory The program relied on acquiring large quantities of snake venom, which meant collecting, handling and milking venom from hundreds of deadly species. Later research benefits By the tiger snake antivenom developed by the institute was being produced by CSL for clinical use. View related events. Commonwealth Serum Laboratories are formed and housed at the institute, responding to wartime needs. Dr Charles Kellaway and Dr Wilhelm Feldberg describe the action of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis SRS-A. com or Geoff. Isbister newcastle. Author and article information. Publisher: Portland Press Ltd. Received: January 09 Revision Received: February 26 Accepted: February 27 Online ISSN: Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society. Biochem Soc Trans 48 2 : — Article history Received:. Revision Received:. Get Permissions. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. You do not currently have access to this content. View full article. Sign in Don't already have an account? Sign in to your personal account. You could not be signed in. Please try again. Sign In Reset password. Biochemical Society Member Sign in Sign In. Sign in via your Institution Sign in via your Institution. Get Access To This Article Buy This Article. View Metrics. Cited By Web Of Science CrossRef Get Email Alerts Article Activity Alert. Ahead-of-Issue article Alert. |
| WEHI History: First Snakebite Antivenom | WEHI | In , the decision to develop snakebite antivenom might have been construed as both a genius public relations strategy and an inspired bit of political lobbying. Certainly it stirred public and media interest in the young institute, and it galvanised the model for federal funding of medical research that endures to this day. But it also delivered a life-saving therapy to the community. This noble ambition faced plenty of obstacles, but was also helped along the way by a series of opportune encounters. Fairley was a tropical medicine specialist attached to the institute, who had spent five years in Bombay. On returning to Melbourne he persuaded Kellaway, to apply his expertise and that of his laboratories to antivenom research. The groundwork had been laid 30 years earlier. Research by Dr Charles J Martin at Sydney University and then at the University of Melbourne over the s, and by his collaborator Frank Tidswell of the NSW Department of Health, had produced a tiger snake antivenom which they had successfully tested in animals. But their project stalled for want of further research investment. Martin moved on to head the Lister Institute in London, and the antivenom work languished. Upon receipt of one of the first Australian Government medical research grants, Fairley conducted epidemiological studies of the frequency and outcomes of snakebite in Australia. He concluded that while the data was patchy, the casualties were likely in the range of dozens a year. The program evaluated the efficacy of standard treatments — ligature and excision — and determined these were insufficient, that an antivenom was required. The program relied on acquiring large quantities of snake venom, which meant collecting, handling and milking venom from hundreds of deadly species. Winkel, now recognised as a leading toxinologist, remains in the unit today. He was saved by his own antivenom and the prompt attention of doctors at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. By the tiger snake antivenom developed by the institute was being produced by CSL for clinical use. He investigated this with colleagues including Fannie Williams , Henry Holden, Everton Trethewie and Wilhelm Feldberg. By using this website, you agree to our use of cookies in accordance with our Privacy Policy and Terms of use. Skip to: Home Content Footer navigation. TV News What's on Governance and policy Information Staff and students. Additional Links. Connect with WEHI. Stay up-to date. Instagram YouTube Facebook Twitter LinkedIn. Researchers and labs. Collaborative centres. Research facilities. Clinical trials. Business development and ventures. Our values. Diversity and inclusion. Our people. Snakebite envenoming. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers doi: Preclinical antivenom-efficacy testing reveals potentially disturbing deficiencies of snakebite treatment capability in East Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11 What killed Karl Patterson Schmidt? Combined venom gland transcriptomic, venomic and antivenomic analysis of the South African green tree snake the boomslang , Dispholidus typus. Biochimica et biophysica acta 4 Stabilising the Integrity of Snake Venom mRNA Stored under Tropical Field Conditions Expands Research Horizons. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10 6 :e A Call for Incorporating Social Research in the Global Struggle against Snakebite. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9 9 :e Anti-angiogenic activities of snake venom CRISP isolated from Echis carinatus sochureki. Biochimica et biophysica acta 6 VTBuilder: a tool for the assembly of multi isoform transcriptomes. BMC Bioinformatics Production and assessment of ovine antisera for the manufacture of a veterinary adder antivenom. Veterinary Record 16 |
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