Activify authors Appetite control journey like to acknowledge Antifungal activity of plant extracts support of the technical staff of the Anhifungal Department, Navrongo Health Research Centre Liver healing herbs. Species s f p SIV Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão 20 77 Antimicrobial evaluation of Huilliche plant medicine used to treat wounds. Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds: A Review. IntechOpen Medicinal Plants Use in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Edited by Bassam Hassan. Uma B, Prabhakar K, Rajendran S Anticandidal activity of Asparagus racemosus.

abbad uit. Fungal diseases have always been a major problem for tomato poant. Growers generally Liver healing herbs chemical fungicides to treat this type of diseases. However, these products are extravts to the Ajtifungal and the Antufungal, especially Lifestyle changes for ulcer prevention the activihy interval is activigy respected.

The Amtifungal study aims avtivity find non-polluting alternatives. Five Energy boosting pills extracts Anhifungal harmala, Actviity Antifungal activity of plant extracts, Caralluma europaea, Antifungal activity of plant extracts oleander and Eucalyptus globulus are tested Antifunval their in vitro Liver healing herbs against Antifungal activity of plant extracts pathogenic fungi: Alternaria fxtracts, Botrytis cinerea, Botrytis cinerea taken from fruit, Phytophthora infestans and Oïdium oxysporum.

The obtained results reveal that the extract Liver healing herbs Ocimum basilicum is the most effective on the studied fungi. Indeed, at a concentration of 0. The phytochemical screening showed that the plants extracts are rich in polyphenols especially Ocimum basilicum, Peganum harmala and Nerium oleander.

This leads us to deduce that the antifungal activity may be due to this. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4. Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

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Medicinal Plants Having Antifungal Properties | IntechOpen	Mucosal infection : oral and esophageal candidiasis, Candida vaginitis are examples of this group. The epidemiological data suggest that the incidence and prevalence of serious mycoses continues to be a public health problem. The increased use of antifungal agents has resulted in the development of resistance to these drugs. The spread of multidrug-resistant strains of fungus and the reduced number of drugs available make it necessary to discover new classes of antifungals from natural products including medicinal plants. Medicinal plants have also been reported in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of both human and animal mycoses, and are considered to be a valuable source for the discovery of new antifungal drugs. Many books have also reported and recorded the use of medicinal plants in the traditional system of medicine. Therefore, we have focused here mainly on the antifungal plants and their use against pathogenic fungi. The antifungal activity associated plants are illustrated in Table 3. Plants and their biologically active chemical constituents, sometimes called secondary metabolites or bioactives, present numerous opportunities for the improvement of livestock production by inclusion in the diet. Several papers and reviews have been published on the occurrence of antifungal compounds in plant. However, literature and systematic reviews on the natural products as an alternative to antifungal drugs are still scanty. The distribution of antifungal compounds can be defined either on the basis of their taxonomic distribution or on the basis of their chemical classes. Table 4 shows the antifungal natural products belonging to all major classes of secondary metabolites such as phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, proteins, and peptides, etc. List of plant components having antifungal property [ 29 ]. Novel drug delivery system has shown tremendous potential to deliver herbal drugs in the form of microcapsules, implants, nanoparticles micro particles sustained release tablets or extended release forms. Many herbal drugs using novel drug delivery system has made a mark in the market and few of them are in the developmental stage in the laboratory [ 30 ]. Active herbal components such as curcumin, digoxin, atropine, bromelain can be promising prospects for treatment of conditions like cancer or inflammation [ 31 ]. The popularity experienced by novel drug delivery system is due to its ability to deliver the herbal drugs in a better way providing enhanced therapeutic efficacy with lower toxicity [ 32 ]. In addition to this it also counteract the limitations of lower absorption and lack of specificity experienced by the available formulation of drugs. Advantages of novel drug delivery system over the presently available drug therapy is that it is specific, has rapid onset of action with faster absorption due to enhanced surface area and lastly nanoparticles provides better penetration in Blood Brain Barrier BBB [ 33 ]. For any herbal drugs to show expected therapeutic efficacy optimum amount of active constituent must reach the target tissues. Herbal drugs are prone to be degraded by first pass metabolism of by the pH difference of GIT. Various novel drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, phytosomes, transferosomes and liposomes by passes all the hurdles of acidic pH as well as first pass metabolism to carry optimum amount of drugs to target tissues. Being smaller in size nano carriers also provides rapid onset of actions [ 34 ]. For delivery of drug by using novel drug delivery system, herbal drugs present themselves as potential candidate because of following reasons: The side effects that are seen with other drugs are absent with natural compounds. Natural compounds have traditional backing for their action and safety potential whereas modern medicines are more toxic even if they are experimentally proven for their action [ 35 ]. The major benefit provided by novel drug delivery system is to elicit better therapeutic response with minimum doses. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows:. Phytosomes contains lipid soluble complex of phospholipids and phyto-constituents. Some literatures also referred Phytosomes as ribosome [ 36 ]. Green tea phytosomes, Ginkgo biloba phytosomes, Centella phytosomes, Meriva phytosome, Zanthalene phytosomes, Sericoside phytosomes are some examples of phytosomes which are recently developed and characterized for different ailments. Among all of them Zanthalene phytosomes are prepared especially for the treatment of fungal disease. Advantages of Phytosomes Phytosomes are not degraded by bacteria or digestive secretion of guts. It has better stability because of the formation of bonds chemically connecting phytoconstituents and phosphatidylcholine molecules. Phytosomes delivers herbal drug to the respective target tissues [ 37 ]. It shows greater therapeutic benefit due to better absorption of lipid insoluble polar phytoconstituents in turn shows better bioavailability [ 38 ]. Liposomes contain microscopic vesicles made up of lipid bilayer arranged in concentric fashion and the separation is filled with aqueous medium. Lipophilic substances are inserted into the lipid bilayer whereas aqueous compartment traps hydrophilic substance. Liposomes show better bioavailability, stability and enhanced pharmacokinetic property [ 39 ]. There are various herbal and synthetic liposomes are prepared for the effective treatment of different skin diseases. In , a herbal liposomal gel containing ketoconazole and neem extract was developed for the effective treatment of seborrheic dermatitis against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results indicated that developed liposomal gel have great potential and showed synergetic effect for the treatment. Advantages of liposomes Liposome formulation is better options for producing sustained release formulations as it enhances drug solubility. It is easy to load phytoconstituents of any chemical nature whether it is hydrophilic, amphiphilic or lipophilic [ 40 ]. This carrier system has particle size within the range between 1 and nm. The particles which are of nano size are made up of polymer of synthetic or semisynthetic origin. Nanoparticles are microencapsulated to protect them from any kind of losses. Nanoparticles were made to encounter the problem of solubility and toxicity associated with triptolide [ 41 ]. Advantages of herbal nanoparticle delivery system: Nanoparticles having smaller size shows better dissolution in turn enhances solubility of dosage form and it also delivers drug with specificity thereby enhancing the efficacy [ 42 ]. In this drug delivery system inner phase stores the drugs and because of its contact with tissue directly drug release is slow. As per few reports oil of Pterodon emarginatus are considered to have property to enhance anti-inflammatory activity [ 43 ]. Formulation, development and evaluation of microemulsion gel of hydroalcoholic extract of Quercus infectoria in the treatment of different skin ailments was successfully prepared. Tannins which are prime constituent of galls can be effectively treat different skin conditions. This drug delivery system have matrix and the drug is dispersed in a polymer which are present inside this matrix. Particle size that can be used is in between 1 and μm. The release of drug is dependent on the dissolution and degradation rate of the said matrix. Release of drug occurs according to first order kinetic. For example, development and evaluation of floating microspheres of curcumin prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method for treatment of onychomycosis. The result shows improved absorption kinetics of curcumin. Advantages of microsphere formulations The major advantage of this kind of formulation is that it taken orally or parentally and their site of release can also be targeted [ 44 ]. Niosomes are similar as liposomes bjt are far more stable than liposomes. Niosomes are made up of surfactant like dialkyl polyglycerol which is noninonic in nature and are able encapsulate variety of drugs. Niosomes are more economical than liposomes [ 32 ]. Chitosan niosomal gel, miconazole niosomes are prepared as an effective nanocarrier against both dermatophytes and yeasts. In this system of drug delivery, patches encapsulating drugs are prepared and are placed on the skin. Through the skin drug enters into the blood vessels. This system is beneficial when the required effect of oral therapy was not found to be up to the mark. Patches of antismoking and anti-motion sickness are available in market [ 45 ]. Advantages of transdermal drug delivery The transdermal delivery system has advantages such as it provides enhanced bioavailability and provides a better alternative of dosage form for unconscious or vomiting patients [ 46 ]. Ethosomes are composed of phospholipids and ethanol and are in the form of sac. Ethanol present in ethosomes acts as permeability enhancer. Ethosomes are found in the form of cream and gel for better patient compliance [ 47 ]. Now a days, Transethosomes and Nanoethosomes used most widely which are the advanced type of ethosomes having edge activator in it. These advanced novel carrier system is much better than conventional novel carriers like transferosomes and liposomes [ 48 ]. Clotrimazole, Itraconazole, Miconazole are synthetic drugs which are prepared and evaluated successfully for the treatment of dermatophytosis or ringworm. Tridax procumbens and Galinsoga parvifolia are two herbs used into ethosomal gel against Trichophyton species. Advantages of Ethosome Ethosomes can entrap all type of drugs and have better skin permeability [ 46 ]. Transferosomes contains phospholipids sac which behaves as carrier for delivery of drug through the skin. As Transferosomes are flexible in nature they cross the skin through the intracellular space found within the skin. Transferosomes of Colchicines shows lesser side effect than its oral form [ 49 ]. Advantages of Transferosomes: Transferosomes being flexible can pass through narrow openings of skin. The problem associated with herbal drug formulation is their solubility. To counter this solubility problem, complex formation is done which gives particulates with well-defined stoichiometry. Few commonly used complexing agents are EDTA and cyclodextrin [ 51 ]. The hydrogel are three dimensional structures with cross linking of polymers. As name suggest hydrogels are hydrophilic in nature. Hydrogels can be designed into different forms according to the needs. The form can be of slabs, films and nanoparticle coating [ 52 ]. Hydrogels have the potential to bind both herbal as well as synthetic drug, this ability can be treated as avenue for further research [ 53 ]. There are many marketed formulation of novel drug delivery available in the market [ 46 , 54 ] Here are list of some novel carriers used with their plant components or synthetic drugs combinations for different fungal infections Table 5. List of some novel carriers for antifungal plant components and synthetic drugs [ 55 ]. The last 20 years has shown an increase in number of fungal infection. Currently used drugs in treatment of fungal infection are having many side effects, and development of resistance is very common against these drugs. Plants have been considered as traditional source of antifungal medicines for past many years. Plant bioactive with antifungal activity can be considered as an option for development of new and improved alternative formulations in antifungal therapy. Development of improved formulations with plant phytcompounds is the need of the hour for efficient treatment of fungal diseases. Further research on this field can provide us with increased number of options in treatment of fungal diseases that will give the patients with a better quality of life. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Bassam Hassan. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Medicinal Plants Having Antifungal Properties Written By Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Anil Kumar Sahu, Rajnikant Panik, Pankaj Kashyap, Saraswati Prasad Mishra and Shweta Dutta. DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter:. Choose citation style Select style Vancouver APA Harvard IEEE MLA Chicago Copy to clipboard Get citation. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation. IntechOpen Medicinal Plants Use in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Edited by Bassam Hassan. From the Edited Volume Medicinal Plants - Use in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Edited by Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan Book Details Order Print. Chapter metrics overview 2, Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract In the past few decades, a worldwide increase in the incidence of fungal infections has been observed as well as rise in the resistance of some species of fungi to different fungicidal used in medicinal practice. Keywords antifungal phytocompounds fungicidal antifungal therapy fungal infections. Introduction to fungal disease Fungal infections are one of the most deadly infections accounting in excess of 1. No Class Drugs Uses 1. Azole antifungals Clotrimazole, Econazole, Isoconazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole Topical fungal infections, Candidiasis, aspergillus and candida infections, vaginal yeast infections 2. Echinocandins Caspofungin, Micafungin Esophageal Candidiasis, Salvage therapy 4. Polyenes Amphotericin B, Nystatin Systemic mycosis, superficial mycosis 5. Phenolic cyclohexane Griseofulvin Dermatophytic infections 6. Synthetic pyrimidines Flucytosine Cryptococcosis, severe invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis treated along with other antifungals 7. Morpholines Amorolfine Topical fungal infections 8. Pyridines Buthiobate, Pyrifenox Dermatophytic infections, Tinea conditions 9. Phthalimides Captan Invasive dermatophytic conditions and candida infections. Table 1. No Side effects Drugs 1. Non-melanoma skin cancer prolonged therapy Voriconazole 2. Fever, Chills Isavuconazole, Ketoconazole, Voriconazole, Flucytosine, Anidulafungin, Caspofungin 3. Rash Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Voriconazole 4. Nausea, vomiting Isavuconazole, Itraconazole, Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Voriconazole 5. Abdominal pain Flucytosine, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole 6. Anemia Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Flucytosine 7. Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia Flucytosine, Fluconazole 8. Decreased renal function Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Voriconazole 9. Headache Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole, Caspofungin Dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice Anidulafungin C, Micafungin. Table 2. Adverse side effects of different antifungals. Botanical name Family Parts used Chemical classes Microorganism tested 1. Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae Leaves Sesquiterpenes, Monoterpene, hydrocarbons C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei [ 17 ] 2. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Leaves Methanolic extract C. krusei [ 17 ] 3. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Turmeric oil C. krusei [ 17 ] 4. Piptadenia colubrina Mimosaceae Stem bark — C. glabrata [ 17 ] 5. Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae Stem bark Extract C. dubliniensis [ 17 ] 6. Persea americana Lauraceae Leaves Chromene C. albicans C. dubliniensis C. krusei [ 17 ] 7. Parapiptadenia rigida Fabaceae Stem bark Pyrrolidine amide C. albicans [ 17 ] 8. Ajania fruticulosa Asteraceae Fruits Guaianolides Candida albicans, C. glabrata A. fumigatus [ 17 ] 9. Alibertia macrophylla Rubiaceae Leaves Extract Cladosporium sphaerospermum; C. cladosporioides; A. niger; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [ 17 ] Aniba panurensis Lauraceae Whole plant — C. albicans [ 17 ] Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae Leaves and stems Bis benzyl A. niger [ 17 ] Mimosa tenuiflora Mimosaceae Stem bark Sesquiterpene lactone C. krusei [ 17 ] regnellii Piperaceae Leaves Extract Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ] Rubia tinctorum Rubiaceae Root Triterpene A. niger, Alternaria alternaria, P. verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ] Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae Whole plant Contained saponins, Polyphenols Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ] Vernonanthura tweedieana Asteraceae Root Extracts T. mentagrophytes [ 21 ] Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Steroidal saponin P. oryzae [ 22 ] Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Diterpenoid, Alkaloids C. tropicalis [ 23 ] Lupinus albus Leguminosae Leaf surface — T. mentagrophytes [ 24 ] Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Fruit Extract Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ] Cassia tora Leguminosae Seeds Anthraquinone Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ] Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae Leaves and Twigs Isoflavone P. oryzae [ 27 ] Prunus yedoensis Rosaceae Leaves Diterpenes C. herbarum [ 28 ]. Table 3. List of plants having antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. No Plants Plant part Phytochemicals 1 Aegle marmelos Leaves Essential oils 2 Alpinia galangal Seeds Diterpenes 3 Ananas comosus Leaves Protein 4 Blumea balsamifera Leaves Flavonoid luteolin 5 Camptotheca acuminate Leaves Flavonoid 6 Capsicum frutescens Whole plant Triterpene saponin 7 Cassia tora Whole plant Emodin, physcion and rhein 8 Datura metel Whole plant Alkaloid 9 Euonymus europaeus Leaves Protein 10 Haloxylon salicornium Aerial part Alkaloid 11 Juniperus communis Leaves Essential oil 12 Khaya ivorensis Stem bark Triterpenes 13 Lycium chinense Root bark Phenolic compounds 14 Musa acuminate Banana Protein 15 Ocimum gratissimum Bark Essential oil 16 Pinus pinaster Leaves Pinosylvin 17 Polygonum punctatum Whole plant Sesquiterpene 18 Smilax medica Root Saponins 19 Solanum tuberosum Tubers Protein 20 Thymus vulgaris Whole plant Essential oil 21 Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, flowers Essential oil 22 Trigonella graecum Whole plants Peptides 23 Zingiber officinalis Rhizome Protein. Table 4. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows: 4. Clotrimazole, Econazole nitrate, Fluconazole Micelles Superficial fungal infection Trichophyton sp. Miconazole Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers Candidiasis Candida albicans Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Econazole Microemulsion Tinea corporis, Tinea circinata, Tinea pedis Candida albicans Amphotericin B Microemulsion Invasive fungal infection Trichophyton rubrum Griseofulvin Microemulsion gel Dermatophytosis Trichophyton sp. Terbinafine Hcl Niosomes Fungal infection Aspergillus niger Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B Transferosomes Dermatophytosis Trichophyton rubrum Clotrimazole, Econazole Ethosomes Localized skin fungal infection Candida sp. Table 5. References 1. Sanglard D. Clinical relevance of mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in yeasts Importancia clínica de los mecanismos de resistencia a los antifúngicos en levaduras. Enfermedades Infecciosasy Microbiología Clínica. Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, et al. The global burden of skin disease in An analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. DOI: Arif T, Bhosale JD, Kumar N, Mandal TK, Bendre RS, Lavekar GS, et al. Natural products—antifungal agents derived from plants. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. Fischer MC, Henk DA, Briggs CJ, Brownstein JS, Madoff LC, McCrwa SL, et al. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Resistance and tolerance mechanisms to antifungal drugs in fungal pathogens. Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Cuesta I, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Monzon A, Mellado E, et al. Clinical relevance of resistance to antifungals. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Manavathu EK, Vazquez JA, Chandrasekhar PH. Reduced susceptibility in laboratory-selected mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus to itraconazole due to decreased intracellular accumulation of the antifungal agent. Resistance of human fungal pathogens to antifungal drugs. Current Opinion in Microbiology. Pfaller MA, Casatanheira M, Messer SA, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. Odds FC. Resistance of clinically important yeasts to antifungal agents. Clinical relevance of mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in yeasts. Odda FC. Beck-Sague C, Banerjee S, Jarvis WR. American Journal of Public Health. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. The phytochemical screening showed that the plants extracts are rich in polyphenols especially Ocimum basilicum, Peganum harmala and Nerium oleander. This leads us to deduce that the antifungal activity may be due to this. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4. Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform. Data correspond to usage on the plateform after The current usage metrics is available hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days. All issues Volume E3S Web Conf. Open Access. Issue E3S Web Conf. Current usage metrics About article metrics Return to article. Initial download of the metrics may take a while. Table of Contents. Next article. Article contents Abstract PDF 2.
JavaScript is disabled	Phytother Res — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Slusarenko AJ, Longland AC, Whitehead IM Convenient, sensitive and rapid assay for antibacterial activity of phytoalexins. niger [ 17 ]. Few commonly used complexing agents are EDTA and cyclodextrin [ 51 ]. J Pharm Res — Continue reading from the same book View All.
Article contents	Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Turmeric oil C. krusei [ 17 ] 4. Piptadenia colubrina Mimosaceae Stem bark — C. glabrata [ 17 ] 5. Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae Stem bark Extract C. dubliniensis [ 17 ] 6. Persea americana Lauraceae Leaves Chromene C. albicans C. dubliniensis C. krusei [ 17 ] 7. Parapiptadenia rigida Fabaceae Stem bark Pyrrolidine amide C. albicans [ 17 ] 8. Ajania fruticulosa Asteraceae Fruits Guaianolides Candida albicans, C. glabrata A. fumigatus [ 17 ] 9. Alibertia macrophylla Rubiaceae Leaves Extract Cladosporium sphaerospermum; C. cladosporioides; A. niger; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [ 17 ] Aniba panurensis Lauraceae Whole plant — C. albicans [ 17 ] Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae Leaves and stems Bis benzyl A. niger [ 17 ] Mimosa tenuiflora Mimosaceae Stem bark Sesquiterpene lactone C. krusei [ 17 ] regnellii Piperaceae Leaves Extract Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ] Rubia tinctorum Rubiaceae Root Triterpene A. niger, Alternaria alternaria, P. verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ] Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae Whole plant Contained saponins, Polyphenols Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ] Vernonanthura tweedieana Asteraceae Root Extracts T. mentagrophytes [ 21 ] Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Steroidal saponin P. oryzae [ 22 ] Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Diterpenoid, Alkaloids C. tropicalis [ 23 ] Lupinus albus Leguminosae Leaf surface — T. mentagrophytes [ 24 ] Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Fruit Extract Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ] Cassia tora Leguminosae Seeds Anthraquinone Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ] Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae Leaves and Twigs Isoflavone P. oryzae [ 27 ] Prunus yedoensis Rosaceae Leaves Diterpenes C. herbarum [ 28 ]. Table 3. List of plants having antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. No Plants Plant part Phytochemicals 1 Aegle marmelos Leaves Essential oils 2 Alpinia galangal Seeds Diterpenes 3 Ananas comosus Leaves Protein 4 Blumea balsamifera Leaves Flavonoid luteolin 5 Camptotheca acuminate Leaves Flavonoid 6 Capsicum frutescens Whole plant Triterpene saponin 7 Cassia tora Whole plant Emodin, physcion and rhein 8 Datura metel Whole plant Alkaloid 9 Euonymus europaeus Leaves Protein 10 Haloxylon salicornium Aerial part Alkaloid 11 Juniperus communis Leaves Essential oil 12 Khaya ivorensis Stem bark Triterpenes 13 Lycium chinense Root bark Phenolic compounds 14 Musa acuminate Banana Protein 15 Ocimum gratissimum Bark Essential oil 16 Pinus pinaster Leaves Pinosylvin 17 Polygonum punctatum Whole plant Sesquiterpene 18 Smilax medica Root Saponins 19 Solanum tuberosum Tubers Protein 20 Thymus vulgaris Whole plant Essential oil 21 Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, flowers Essential oil 22 Trigonella graecum Whole plants Peptides 23 Zingiber officinalis Rhizome Protein. Table 4. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows: 4. Clotrimazole, Econazole nitrate, Fluconazole Micelles Superficial fungal infection Trichophyton sp. Miconazole Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers Candidiasis Candida albicans Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Econazole Microemulsion Tinea corporis, Tinea circinata, Tinea pedis Candida albicans Amphotericin B Microemulsion Invasive fungal infection Trichophyton rubrum Griseofulvin Microemulsion gel Dermatophytosis Trichophyton sp. Terbinafine Hcl Niosomes Fungal infection Aspergillus niger Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B Transferosomes Dermatophytosis Trichophyton rubrum Clotrimazole, Econazole Ethosomes Localized skin fungal infection Candida sp. Table 5. References 1. Sanglard D. Clinical relevance of mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in yeasts Importancia clínica de los mecanismos de resistencia a los antifúngicos en levaduras. Enfermedades Infecciosasy Microbiología Clínica. Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, et al. The global burden of skin disease in An analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. DOI: Arif T, Bhosale JD, Kumar N, Mandal TK, Bendre RS, Lavekar GS, et al. Natural products—antifungal agents derived from plants. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research. Fischer MC, Henk DA, Briggs CJ, Brownstein JS, Madoff LC, McCrwa SL, et al. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Resistance and tolerance mechanisms to antifungal drugs in fungal pathogens. Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Cuesta I, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Monzon A, Mellado E, et al. Clinical relevance of resistance to antifungals. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Manavathu EK, Vazquez JA, Chandrasekhar PH. Reduced susceptibility in laboratory-selected mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus to itraconazole due to decreased intracellular accumulation of the antifungal agent. Resistance of human fungal pathogens to antifungal drugs. Current Opinion in Microbiology. Pfaller MA, Casatanheira M, Messer SA, Moet GJ, Jones RN. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. Odds FC. Resistance of clinically important yeasts to antifungal agents. Clinical relevance of mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in yeasts. Odda FC. Beck-Sague C, Banerjee S, Jarvis WR. American Journal of Public Health. Tripathi KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers P Ltd. Rex JH, Rinaldi MG, Pfaller MA. Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Revankar SJ. Wayne State University School of Medicine, Merck Manual professional version, Antifungal drugs; Kobayashi GS. Chapter 74, disease mechanism of fungi. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Ferreira MRA, Santiago RR, Langassner SMZ, de Mello JCP, Svidzinski TIE, Soares LAL. Antifungal activity of medicinal plants from northeastern Brazil. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. Koroishi AM, Foss SR, Cortez DAG, Nakamura TU, Nakamura CV, Filho BPD. In vitro antifungal activity of extracts and neolignans from Piper regnellii against dermatophytes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S, Milosev M. Antifungal activity of Rubia tinctorum, Rhamnus frangula and Caloplaca cerina. Yemele-Bouberte M, Krohn K, Hussain H, Dongo E, Schulz B, Hu Q. Tithoniamarin and tithoniamide: A structurally unique isocoumarin dimer and a new ceramide from Tithonia diversifolia. Natural Product Research. Portillo A, Vila R, Freixa B, Adzet T, Canigueral S. Antifungal activity of Paraguayan plants used in traditional medicine. Endo K, Kanno E, Oshima Y. 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We selected the plants based on three groups: 1 st Group: medicinal plants that are not used for indications of infections and inflammations; 2 nd Group: plants with direct citations for inflammation, but not infections; 3 rd Group: plants with direct citations on inflammations and infections. We randomly selected 10 plant species for the first two groups using BioEstat 5. BioEstat 5. Belém, Sociedade Civil de Mamirauá. do , and the list of species of Flora do Brasil online floradobrasil. The plants of the 3 rd group were selected based on the Syndromic Importance Value SIV. The SIV considers the diversity of symptoms cited for each plant, the number of citations attributed by different sources, and the relative importance of each symptom for which the plant was cited Leduc et al. Plants used by the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee Quebec, Canada for the treatment of diabetes: A novel approach in quantitative ethnobotany. A new approach to study medicinal plants with tannins and flavonoids contents from the local knowledge. The calculation of the SIV is given by the following formula:. The weight of the indications was attributed based on the degree of association of the indication with the mentioned activities. For this, a literature search was performed on the signs and symptoms associated with microbial infections. The weights of the indications ranged from 0. The classification of the symptoms for the plants with direct citations, such as anti-inflammatory, was made based on information obtained from the works of Ferreira-Júnior et al. and Araújo et al. Thumbnail Table 1 Weighted p values attributed to each anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory indication attributed to the plants cited in the free list performed in a rural community located in an area of Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil. The plant material was collected in an area of Caatinga, located in the municipality of Altinho Pernambuco, NE Brazil. The exsiccates of the collected plants were identified by experts and deposited in the herbaria of the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco IPA. The plant material parts of plants used medicinally, as indicated in the database was collected from at least three individuals of each species and shade dried at room temperature. Successive extractions were performed until complete extraction of the plant material. The first one was performed after 48 hours and the others at hour intervals. After this period, the solvent was removed using the rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40 °C. The obtained extract was placed in a desiccator. The extracts were tested against C. albicans ATCC , C. neoformans ATCC , and C. gattii ATCC obtained from the Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular da Universidade Federal de Alagoas UFAL. In vitro susceptibility of yeast isolates was performed using broth microdilutions according to the methodology recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute - CLSI in MA3 protocol Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute - CLSI. CLSI document MA3. Philadelphia, Wayne. An inoculum was prepared by suspension of colonies in saline solution 0. The crude extracts were resuspended in dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO in a ratio of The concentration tested ranged from 20 to 0. The microdilution plates containing RPMI RPMI tissue culture medium supplemented with glutamine buffered to pH 7. Following this, the plates were incubated at 35 °C for h. The positive control was composed of culture medium and yeast, and the negative control contained DMSO in the concentration used to dilute the extracts. As antifungal control, we used two agents of different classes: Amphotericin B and fluconazole, with the concentrations tested ranging from 16 to 0. Antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B and fluconazole. and the CLSI manual. For determining whether the extracts used present fungicidal or fungistatic activity, a small volume 5 μL of each of the wells with no apparent yeast growth were inoculated in YEPD agar medium and incubated at 35 °C for 48 hours. To avoid antifungal carryover, aliquots were deposited as a spot onto the agar plate and allowed to soak. The result was obtained according to the formation, or not, of colonies at the inoculated site. These were included as control strains in each set of experiments. Among the 30 plants selected for the three groups of criteria mentioned, only 23 were tested due to difficulties in availability, since the Caatinga environment presents a strong seasonality, which limits the temporal supply of plant material to few months of the year Tab. Thumbnail Table 2 Plant species selected based on different selection criteria for antifungal evaluation. According to the value of the SIV, eight species were indicated as priority see Tab. The species that were calculated to possess the highest weight were M. urundeuva and A. Both had a higher frequency of citation and weight of the symptoms compared to those of the other species. Although the number of active extracts did not differ with respect to the selection criteria, it was possible to observe divergence among them with respect to the degree of inhibitory activity and the number of strains susceptible to the extracts. For example, plants cited as anti-inflammatory and selected by SIV were seen to be more effective against C. neoformans alone. The proportion of active plants has demonstrated the relevance of the ethnodirected approaches to test the in vitro activity of crude vegetal extracts against fungi. Studies have confirmed that plants which are reported to be used by local populations have higher antimicrobial potential than those which are selected by other approaches, such as random selection. For example, Svetaz et al. found that the probability of finding plants with anti-fungal properties was higher in those with ethnomedical uses related to fungal infections compared to those that were randomly selected. The plants used for indications of infections and inflammation showed interesting results against the analyzed fungi. We found that studies have previously selected plants based on these indications and have observed anti-microbial or anti-fungal properties in these plants. A study implemented in Chile has verified the antifungal action of plants which were used for injuries and associated infections against Penicillium expansum and C. Among the 40 evaluated species, 30 presented interesting antimicrobial activities, corroborating with their traditional uses Silva et al. 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Download references. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, South Preston Street Room Delia Baxter Research Building, Louisville, KY, , USA. Department of Agricultural Microbiology, AMU, Aligarh, , India. Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , India. The Himalaya Drug Company, Dehradun, Uttranchal, India.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Farrukh Aqil. Agricultural Sciences, Dept. Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , India. Biochemistry, Interdiciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , India.

Medical College, Dept. Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, , India. James Graham Brown Cancer Center, S. Preston Street , Louisville, , USA. Reprints and permissions.

Aqil, F. et al. Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds: A Review. In: Ahmad, I. eds Combating Fungal Infections. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Published : 24 June Publisher Name : Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

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regnellii Piperaceae Leaves Extract Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ] Rubia tinctorum Rubiaceae Root Triterpene A. niger, Alternaria alternaria, P.

verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ] Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae Whole plant Contained saponins, Polyphenols Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ] Vernonanthura tweedieana Asteraceae Root Extracts T.

mentagrophytes [ 21 ] Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Steroidal saponin P. oryzae [ 22 ] Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Diterpenoid, Alkaloids C.

tropicalis [ 23 ] Lupinus albus Leguminosae Leaf surface — T. mentagrophytes [ 24 ] Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Fruit Extract Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ] Cassia tora Leguminosae Seeds Anthraquinone Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ] Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae Leaves and Twigs Isoflavone P.

oryzae [ 27 ] Prunus yedoensis Rosaceae Leaves Diterpenes C. herbarum [ 28 ]. Table 3. List of plants having antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi.

No Plants Plant part Phytochemicals 1 Aegle marmelos Leaves Essential oils 2 Alpinia galangal Seeds Diterpenes 3 Ananas comosus Leaves Protein 4 Blumea balsamifera Leaves Flavonoid luteolin 5 Camptotheca acuminate Leaves Flavonoid 6 Capsicum frutescens Whole plant Triterpene saponin 7 Cassia tora Whole plant Emodin, physcion and rhein 8 Datura metel Whole plant Alkaloid 9 Euonymus europaeus Leaves Protein 10 Haloxylon salicornium Aerial part Alkaloid 11 Juniperus communis Leaves Essential oil 12 Khaya ivorensis Stem bark Triterpenes 13 Lycium chinense Root bark Phenolic compounds 14 Musa acuminate Banana Protein 15 Ocimum gratissimum Bark Essential oil 16 Pinus pinaster Leaves Pinosylvin 17 Polygonum punctatum Whole plant Sesquiterpene 18 Smilax medica Root Saponins 19 Solanum tuberosum Tubers Protein 20 Thymus vulgaris Whole plant Essential oil 21 Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, flowers Essential oil 22 Trigonella graecum Whole plants Peptides 23 Zingiber officinalis Rhizome Protein.

Table 4. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows: 4. Clotrimazole, Econazole nitrate, Fluconazole Micelles Superficial fungal infection Trichophyton sp. Miconazole Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers Candidiasis Candida albicans Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Econazole Microemulsion Tinea corporis, Tinea circinata, Tinea pedis Candida albicans Amphotericin B Microemulsion Invasive fungal infection Trichophyton rubrum Griseofulvin Microemulsion gel Dermatophytosis Trichophyton sp.

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International Journal of PharmTech Research. Lai WF, Al R. Hydrogel based materials for delivering herbal drugs. Bseiso EA, Nasr M, Sammour O, Gawad NA. Recent advances in topical formulation carriers of antifungal agents.

Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. Written By Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Anil Kumar Sahu, Rajnikant Panik, Pankaj Kashyap, Saraswati Prasad Mishra and Shweta Dutta. Continue reading from the same book View All.

Chapter 7 The Utilization of Traditional Herbal Medicine for By Ji Yeon Ryu, Jung Youn Park, Angela Dongmin Sung a Chapter 8 Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemicals of E By Klaokwan Srisook and Ekaruth Srisook downloads. Chapter 9 Plants and Cancer Treatment By Bassam Hassan downloads.

Topical fungal infections, Candidiasis, aspergillus and candida infections, vaginal yeast infections. Cryptococcosis, severe invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis treated along with other antifungals.

Eugenia uniflora. krusei [ 17 ]. Psidium guajava. Curcuma longa. Piptadenia colubrina. glabrata [ 17 ]. Schinus terebinthifolius. dubliniensis [ 17 ]. Persea americana. Parapiptadenia rigida. albicans [ 17 ]. Ajania fruticulosa. Candida albicans, C. fumigatus [ 17 ]. Alibertia macrophylla.

Cladosporium sphaerospermum; C. niger; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [ 17 ]. Aniba panurensis. Aquilegia vulgaris. niger [ 17 ]. Mimosa tenuiflora. Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ].

Rubia tinctorum. verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ]. Tithonia diversifolia. Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ]. Vernonanthura tweedieana. mentagrophytes [ 21 ]. Zingiber officinale. oryzae [ 22 ]. Datura metel.

tropicalis [ 23 ]. Lupinus albus. mentagrophytes [ 24 ]. Ecballium elaterium. Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ]. Cassia tora. Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ].

Chamaecyparis pisifera. oryzae [ 27 ].

Actjvity access peer-reviewed chapter. Atnifungal 22 May Liver healing herbs pant November Published: 04 Sports and weight loss com customercare cbspd. In the pf few decades, a worldwide Antivungal in Antifungal activity of plant extracts incidence actiivity fungal infections has been observed as well as rise in the resistance of some species of fungi to different fungicidal used in medicinal practice. Besides, fungi are the one of the most neglected pathogens as demonstrated by the fact that the amphotericin B and other sold treatments are still used as gold standard as antifungal therapy. The majority of used antifungal treatments have various drawbacks in terms of toxicity, efficacy as well as cost and their frequent use has also led to the emergence of resistant strains. lf uit. Fungal plang have always been a Beat cravings for unhealthy snacks problem for tomato Anntifungal. Growers generally use chemical fungicides to treat this type Antifungal activity of plant extracts diseases. However, acivity products Liver healing herbs toxic to the environment and the consumer, especially if the pre-harvest interval is not respected. The present study aims to find non-polluting alternatives. Five plant extracts Peganum harmala, Ocimum basilicum, Caralluma europaea, Nerium oleander and Eucalyptus globulus are tested for their in vitro efficiency against four pathogenic fungi: Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Botrytis cinerea taken from fruit, Phytophthora infestans and Oïdium oxysporum.

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Antifungal sensitivity test - AFST of Yeast