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There is an increased risk of breast cancer with factors such as rapid early growth, greater adult height and weight gain in adulthood. The rate of breast cancer also increases with age. Postmenopausal women who are carrying too much weight, particularly around their middle, have more than twice the average risk of breast cancer.
Diets high in foods containing mono-unsaturated fat, such as olive oil, canola oil, some nuts and seeds, and high in vegetables may reduce the risk.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Australian men. Men over the age of 50 are at greater risk. However, it can be seen in younger men as well.
Vegetables soyin particular may decrease the risk, while a high-fat diet that comprises mostly of animal fat sources such as dairy products, fatty meats and takeaway foods may increase the risk. Maintaining a healthy body weight may reduce the effwcts of prostate cancer. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant found in tomatoes, tomato-based products, watermelon and strawberries that may help lower the risk of prostate cancer.
Evidence suggests that consuming one to 2 serves of tomatoes per day where a serve is ½ a cup or 75 grams is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer. Bowel cancer colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in Australia.
Keeping a healthy weightbeing physically active and having a diet high in vegetables and fibre are protective, while consuming a large amount of red meat, processed meat and alcohol may increase the risk.
The World Cancer Research Fund suggests high-dose dietary supplements are not recommended for cancer prevention, and the best approach to preventing cancer is to aim to meet nutrition needs through whole foods.
Studies may show that foods containing certain nutrients have a protective effect. However, this does not mean that these nutrients will provide the same benefits for cancer prevention if taken as supplements.
In some cases, there has been an increased risk of cancer in those people who take nutrient supplements at doses higher than the usual amount of that nutrient normally eaten in foods. For example, the use of beta-carotene and vitamin E supplements has not been proven to be effective in either prevention or treatment of lung cancer.
In fact, several studies have shown that beta-carotene supplements actually increase the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke. These include:. While food plays an important role in preventing some cancers, the therapeutic value of food in treating existing cancer is less clear.
It is true that a person with cancer needs excellent nutrition in order to better cope with the physical demands of the illness and the rigours of medical treatment. Claims that particular foods, vitamins or micronutrients can kill cancer cells should be viewed with scepticism.
To date, there is little scientific proof that a particular food or supplement can cure cancer or destroy cancer cells. Nutrition for the person with cancer is important for many reasons, including:. Achieving or maintaining a healthy weight is all about balancing energy we take in and energy we burn.
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Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website.
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The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Home Cancer. Cancer and food. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page.
About cancer and food Grains help to protect against cancer Meat and bowel cancer Fats and cancer Fruits, vegetables and cancer Common cancers and food Protecting against cancer — foods and drinks to limit Protecting against cancer — foods to eat Supplements are not the answer to preventing cancer Foods that may increase cancer risk Treating cancer with food Energy and maintaining a healthy body weight Where to get help.
About cancer and food The Protecitve we eat can affect our risk of developing certain types of cancer. Grains help to protect against cancer Eating 7 or more serves daily of a variety of grains, grain products, legumes, roots and tubers will also provide protective benefits against cancer.
Meat and bowel cancer There is now convincing scientific evidence that eating processed meat increases bowel cancer risk. The World Cancer Research Fund WCRF recommends that people avoid eating processed meat.
Fats and cancer There has been a great deal of interest in a possible link between fat and cancer. Fruits, vegetables and cancer Eating fruit and vegetables has long been known to provide many health benefits. Common cancers and food Some common cancers may be affected by what we eat, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer and bowel cancer.
Lung cancer Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in the world, and most lung cancers are caused by smoking. Breast cancer Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world.
High alcohol consumption may increase the risk of breast cancer. Prostate cancer Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Australian men. Bowel cancer Bowel cancer colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in Australia. Protecting against cancer — foods and effecst to limit Foods and drinks to limit in your diet or have less of include: fatty red meats and processed meats highly processed foods that are low in fibre heavily salted and pickled foods alcohol.
Protecting against cancer — foods to eat The strongest protective anti-cancer effect has been shown with: vegetables, especially raw vegetables or salads, such as leafy green vegetables and carrots foods high in dietary fibre, such as grains and cereals tomatoes citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruit, lemons, limes cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok choy and other Asian greens.
Include more of these vegetables and fruits in your diet, along with other varieties. Supplements are not the answer to preventing cancer The World Cancer Research Fund suggests high-dose dietary supplements are not recommended for cancer prevention, and the best approach to preventing cancer is to aim to meet nutrition needs through whole foods.
These include: artificial sweeteners — such as aspartame, saccharin and cyclamate. Laboratory rats can develop bladder cancer if fed huge amounts of saccharin or cyclamate, although this is at levels thousands of times greater than a normal diet.
International studies have shown that humans are not affected in the same way. Artificial sweeteners are considered safe to eat cured, pickled or salty foods — bacon and other cured or pickled meats contain a substance called nitrate, which has the potential to cause cancer, and in particular bowel cancer, when eaten in large doses.
To be on the safe side, it is best to limit the amount of cured meats in the diet, because they are also generally high in fat and salt.
Salt has also been associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer and should be consumed in limited amounts burnt or aainst foods — a group of carcinogenic substances called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs can be produced if foods are overheated or burnt.
Although charred or smoked foods could contain traces of PAHs, experts agree that the amount in the average Australian diet is too low to be considered a significant cancer risk.
Low-temperature cooking methods include steaming, boiling, poaching, stewing, casseroling, braising, baking, microwaving and roasting peanuts — some laboratory animals can develop cancer after eating peanuts that are contaminated with toxin-producing moulds.
: Protective effects against cancer| Common Questions About Diet, Activity, and Cancer Risk | American Cancer Society | Adapt your recipes to include more vegetables, e. add carrot, celery and zucchini to bolognaise sauce. Include at least three different coloured vegetables with your main meal. For interest and variety, cook vegetables in different ways e. steamed, oven roasted, grilled or barbequed. Enjoy fruit as a snack or for dessert. Munch on some vegie sticks and dip as a snack. Use frozen, dried or canned no added salt vegetables and fruit if fresh is not available. Have a meat-free meal at least once a week. Try a vegetable-based pasta , risotto , frittata , soup or curry. Consumption of both cooked and raw vegetables is recommended. Nutritional supplements Scientists are still discovering the many beneficial protective substances found in vegetables and fruit, and a tablet cannot possibly replace the real thing. Featured Resource Eat fruit, vegetables, wholegrains and fibre Learn how to reduce your cancer risk by eating fruit, vegetables, wholegrains and fibre. Many of the trials were sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. The results of these nine trials are summarized below. Initial: no effect on risk of developing either cancer; decreased risk of dying from gastric cancer only Later: no effect on risk of dying from gastric cancer. Initial: lower total cancer and prostate cancer incidence and all-cause mortality among men only; increased incidence of skin cancer among women only. Later: no evidence of protective effects in men or harmful effects in women within 5 years of ending supplementation. Initial: no reduction in incidence of prostate or other cancers—trial stopped early. Overall, these nine randomized controlled clinical trials did not provide evidence that dietary antioxidant supplements are beneficial in primary cancer prevention. In addition, a systematic review of the available evidence regarding the use of vitamin and mineral supplements for the prevention of chronic diseases, including cancer, conducted for the United States Preventive Services Task Force USPSTF likewise found no clear evidence of benefit in preventing cancer It is possible that the lack of benefit in clinical studies can be explained by differences in the effects of the tested antioxidants when they are consumed as purified chemicals as opposed to when they are consumed in foods, which contain complex mixtures of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals 3. Therefore, acquiring a more complete understanding of the antioxidant content of individual foods, how the various antioxidants and other substances in foods interact with one another, and factors that influence the uptake and distribution of food-derived antioxidants in the body are active areas of ongoing cancer prevention research. Several randomized controlled trials , some including only small numbers of patients, have investigated whether taking antioxidant supplements during cancer treatment alters the effectiveness or reduces the toxicity of specific therapies Although these trials had mixed results, some found that people who took antioxidant supplements during cancer therapy had worse outcomes, especially if they were smokers. In some preclinical studies, antioxidants have been found to promote tumor growth and metastasis in tumor-bearing mice and to increase the ability of circulating tumor cells to metastasize 29 — Until more is known about the effects of antioxidant supplements in cancer patients, these supplements should be used with caution. Cancer patients should inform their doctors about their use of any dietary supplement. Home About Cancer Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors Diet Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention. Cancer Causes and Prevention Risk Factors Age Alcohol Cancer-Causing Substances Chronic Inflammation Common Cancer Myths and Misconceptions Diet Hormones Immunosuppression Infectious Agents Obesity Radiation Sunlight Tobacco Genetics Cancer Prevention Overview Research. Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention On This Page What are free radicals, and do they play a role in cancer development? What are antioxidants? Can antioxidant supplements help prevent cancer? Having either too little or too much vitamin D can cause health problems. Current evidence suggests that taking a supplement of IU of vitamin D a day may help reduce your risk of cancer with the least chance of harm. Antioxidants are chemical substances found naturally in many foods. Certain vitamins and minerals found in many foods, especially vegetables and fruit, act as antioxidants. Some types of antioxidants are:. Phytochemicals are natural compounds found in plants. All vegetables and fruit and many grains contain phytochemicals. They are what give vegetables and fruit their vibrant colours. Some phytochemicals act like antioxidants. Some types of phytochemicals are:. Free radicals can damage cells, which may lead to cancer. Antioxidants are thought to help protect cells by removing free radicals before they cause damage. Phytochemicals may help reduce the risk of cancer, but there is still a lot to learn about the activity of phytochemicals and their protective effects. The best way to benefit from different antioxidants and phytochemicals is to eat a variety of vegetables, fruit and grains each day. Wouldn't it be great if a daily pleasure helped reduce your cancer risk? In some cases, that might be true! Research suggests that drinking coffee may help protect against uterine and liver cancer. This is true for both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee. Herbal teas are made up of a combination of different flowers, herbs and spices. Herbal teas do not have the same antioxidant benefits as green or black tea, but drinking them can help you stay hydrated. Drinking very hot beverages might increase your cancer risk. |
| Foods to Lower Your Cancer Risk | Non-extractable polyphenols from cranberries: potential anti-inflammation and anti-colon-cancer agents. However, the current research is limited to animal studies and studies that show association but not causation. According to the evidence provided by the World Cancer Research Foundation, processed foods, such as those smoked, pickled, or preserved with chemical preservatives, and red meat will increase the possibility of inducing CRC. Try adding one tablespoon 10 grams of ground flaxseed into your diet each day by mixing it into smoothies, sprinkling it over cereal and yogurt, or adding it to your favorite baked goods. Mol Nutr Food Res. |
| Publication types | Physical activity and cancer. Annals of Agriculture and Environmental Medicine. American Cancer Society. A study of men showed that a higher intake of garlic was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer Eur J Cancer. |
| Top bar navigation | The Panel is confident that for most people consumption of the right food and drink is more likely to protect against cancer than consumption of dietary supplements. Written by. Search for:. Click here for an email preview. Featured Resource Eat fruit, vegetables, wholegrains and fibre Learn how to reduce your cancer risk by eating fruit, vegetables, wholegrains and fibre. |
| related stories | HPV is most often associated with cervical cancer, but it might also increase the risk of cancer of the anus, penis, throat, vulva and vagina. Doing regular self-exams and having screenings for cancers — such as cancer of the skin, colon, cervix and breast — can raise the chances of finding cancer early. That's when treatment is most likely to succeed. Ask a health care provider about the best cancer screening schedule for you. There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview. Error Email field is required. Error Include a valid email address. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. 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Healthy Lifestyle Adult health. Sections Basics Maintaining good health Dental care Skin care Nail care Eye care Sleep Mental health Healthy relationships LGBTQ health Healthy at work In-Depth Expert Answers Multimedia Resources News From Mayo Clinic What's New. Products and services. Cancer prevention: 7 tips to reduce your risk Concerned about cancer prevention? By Mayo Clinic Staff. Thank you for subscribing! Sorry something went wrong with your subscription Please, try again in a couple of minutes Retry. Show references Cancer prevention overview PDQ — Patient version. National Cancer Institute. Accessed Oct. Lewandowska AM, et al. Cancer prevention — Review paper. Annals of Agriculture and Environmental Medicine. Colditz GA. Overview of cancer prevention. Fletcher GS. Evidence-based approach to prevention. Patel AV, et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable report on physical activity, sedentary behavior and cancer prevention and control. Health risks of smokeless tobacco. American Cancer Society. Diet and physical activity: What's the cancer connection? Physical activity and cancer. HPV vaccines. How do I protect myself from ultraviolet UV rays? Recommended vaccines for healthcare workers. When ionizing radiation hits an atom or a molecule in a cell, an electron may be lost, leading to the formation of a free radical. The production of abnormally high levels of free radicals is the mechanism by which ionizing radiation kills cells. Free radicals that contain the element oxygen are the most common type of free radicals produced in living tissue. Antioxidants are chemicals that interact with and neutralize free radicals , thus preventing them from causing damage. The body makes some of the antioxidants that it uses to neutralize free radicals. These antioxidants are called endogenous antioxidants. However, the body relies on external exogenous sources, primarily the diet, to obtain the rest of the antioxidants it needs. These exogenous antioxidants are commonly called dietary antioxidants. Fruits, vegetables, and grains are rich sources of dietary antioxidants. Some dietary antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements 1 , 3. Examples of dietary antioxidants include beta-carotene , lycopene , and vitamins A, C, and E alpha-tocopherol. The mineral element selenium is often thought to be a dietary antioxidant, but the antioxidant effects of selenium are most likely due to the antioxidant activity of proteins that have this element as an essential component i. In laboratory and animal studies , the presence of increased levels of exogenous antioxidants has been shown to prevent the types of free radical damage that have been associated with cancer development. Therefore, researchers have investigated whether taking dietary antioxidant supplements can help lower the risk of developing or dying from cancer in humans. Many observational studies , including case—control studies and cohort studies , have been conducted to investigate whether the use of dietary antioxidant supplements is associated with reduced risks of cancer in humans. Overall, these studies have yielded mixed results 5. Because observational studies cannot adequately control for biases that might influence study outcomes, the results of any individual observational study must be viewed with caution. Randomized controlled clinical trials , however, lack most of the biases that limit the reliability of observational studies. To date, nine randomized controlled trials of dietary antioxidant supplements for cancer prevention have been conducted worldwide. Many of the trials were sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. American Cancer Society medical information is copyrighted material. For reprint requests, please see our Content Usage Policy. 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Cancer Risk and Prevention Understanding the Causes of Cancer. Download Section as PDF. Common Questions About Diet, Activity, and Cancer Risk. On this page. Antioxidants What are antioxidants, and what do they have to do with cancer? Arsenic What is arsenic? Does it cause cancer? This tends to be the more toxic form of arsenic and has been linked to cancer. Organic arsenic compounds are thought to be much less toxic than the inorganic arsenic compounds and are not thought to be linked to cancer. The main sources of human exposure to arsenic are water and food. Water in some areas of the United States, especially in the Southwest, New England, and the Upper Midwest, may be higher in arsenic. Natural arsenic levels tend to be higher in drinking water that comes from ground sources, such as wells. For most people, food is the largest source of arsenic, although much of this is likely to be in the less dangerous, organic form. The highest levels of arsenic in foods are found in seafood, rice and other rice products, mushrooms, and poultry, although many other foods, including some fruit juices, can contain arsenic. Coffee Does drinking coffee affect cancer risk? Genetically modified crops What are genetically modified crops, and are they safe? Gluten-free diet Does eating a gluten-free diet help reduce cancer risk? Gluten is a protein in wheat, rye, and barley. In most people, it causes no ill effects. Glycemic index and glycemic load What are these, and do they impact cancer risk? Inflammation and anti-inflammatory strategies Do anti-inflammatory diets reduce cancer risk? Irradiated foods Why are foods irradiated, and can these foods increase cancer risk? Microwaving food and general food preservation, preparation, and storage Can using microwave ovens or other cooking methods increase cancer risk? Pesticides and herbicides Do pesticides in foods cause cancer? Sleep How does sleep affect diet, physical activity, and cancer risk? Increasing evidence suggests important interactions among sleep, diet, physical inactivity, and cancer risk: Disordered sleep has been linked with higher cancer risk, and sleep deprivation usually defined as less than 7 hours a night has been linked with a higher risk for obesity and overeating, as well as metabolic syndrome, which is a known risk factor for several types of cancer. Alternately, a healthy sleep pattern has been linked with better weight maintenance after weight loss. |
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