CLA and cholesterol -
Many long-term observational studies have assessed disease risk in people who consume larger amounts of CLA. Notably, people who get a lot of CLA from foods are at a lower risk of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cancer 31 , 32 , Additionally, studies in countries where cows predominantly eat grass — rather than grain — show that people with the most CLA in their bodies have a lower risk of heart disease However, this lower risk could also be caused by other protective components in grass-fed animal products, such as vitamin K2.
Of course, grass-fed beef and dairy products are healthy for various other reasons. Many studies show that people who eat the most CLA have improved metabolic health and a lower risk of many diseases.
However, the CLA found in supplements is made by chemically altering linoleic acid from vegetable oils. They are usually of a different form than the CLA found naturally in foods. Supplemental doses are also much higher than the amounts people get from dairy or meat.
As is often the case, some molecules and nutrients are beneficial when found in natural amounts in real foods — but become harmful when taken in large doses. Large doses of supplemental CLA can cause increased accumulation of fat in your liver, which is a stepping stone towards metabolic syndrome and diabetes 35 , 36 , Keep in mind that many of the relevant animal studies used doses much higher than those people get from supplements.
However, some human studies using reasonable doses indicate that CLA supplements may cause several mild or moderate side effects, including diarrhea, insulin resistance and oxidative stress The CLA found in most supplements is different from the CLA found naturally in foods.
Several animal studies have observed harmful side effects from CLA, such as increased liver fat. One review concluded that a minimum of 3 grams daily is necessary for weight loss Doses of up to 6 grams per day are considered safe, with no reports of serious adverse side effects in people 41 , Studies on CLA have generally used doses of 3.
Losing a few pounds of fat may not be worth the potential health risks — especially as there are better ways to lose fat. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
CLA is found in certain foods and available as a fat-burning supplement. This article explains if CLA can help you lose weight. Countless supplements on the market claim to offer a quick way to drop excess weight by suppressing your appetite.
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A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based CLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid : A Detailed Review.
By Kris Gunnars, BSc — Updated on October 23, What It Is Sources Weight Loss Benefits Side Effects Dosage and Safety Bottom Line Studies suggest that CLA has only modest effects on weight loss. Share on Pinterest. What Is CLA? Found in Beef and Dairy — Particularly From Grass-Fed Animals. Can It Aid Fat Burning and Weight Loss?
Potential Health Benefits. Large Doses May Cause Serious Side Effects. Dosage and Safety. The Bottom Line. How we reviewed this article: History. Oct 23, Written By Kris Gunnars.
The beneficial effect of cis -9, trans CLA-enriched butter on fasting insulin level might be due to the higher supply of cis -9, trans CLA from the CLA-enriched butter diet in comparison to the control butter diet.
It was previously shown that animals fed with a 0. As observed in Table 1 , the concentrations of several fatty acids were also altered in the HF-CLAb diet as compared to the HF-Cb diet. For instance, there was a higher Furthermore, there was a lower Despite the changed parameters of HF-Cb-fed rats, the areas under the curves of oral glucose tolerance tests did not differ among NF-So, HF-Cb, HF-CLAb and HF-So-fed rats, therefore the experimental diets were not responsible for glucose intolerance.
Serum NEFA concentration is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes because the combination of excessive levels of non-esterified fatty acids and glucose leads to decreased insulin secretion, impairments in insulin gene expression and beta-cell death by apoptosis [ 32 ]. Previous studies showed that cis -9, trans- 11 CLA reduced NEFA levels [ 11 ] however, in the present investigation, there were no differences among groups.
The lack of an effect of butter enriched in cis -9, trans CLA on NEFA may be attributed to altered bioavailability and bioactivity of cis -9, trans CLA when inserted into the fat butter. A similar hypothesis was developed when it was observed less distinct effect of high-CLA beef compared to synthetic CLA on the proteome of insulin-sensitive tissues [ 33 ].
Leptin is an adipokine that plays a role in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity [ 34 ], however in the present study there were no differences among groups. Similarly, it was shown in previous studies that cis -9, trans- 11 CLA did not alter leptin levels [ 11 , 22 , 35 ].
In the present work, serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations were not modified by the HF-CLAb diet compared to the NF-So and HF-Cb diets, respectively. Similarly, no effects of cis -9, trans CLA on cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were also shown previously [ 36 , 37 ].
The high LDL cholesterol concentration in NF-So-fed rats may be due to high levels of carbohydrate Decreased total cholesterol concentration in HF-Cb or HF-So-fed rats was related to the low HDL cholesterol level in these groups, which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus [ 40 ].
Increased triacylglycerol levels in HF-CLAb-fed rats may be due to higher It has been shown that high intake of trans -9 C was correlated to increased plasma concentration of triacylglycerol [ 41 ] as well as the high intake of trans C [ 42 ].
Concerning the effect of cis -9, trans CLA on the triacylglycerol level, previous studies in animals fed with this CLA isomer did not modify triacylglycerol concentration [ 43 , 44 ]. However, rats fed with the HF-CLAb diet had an increased HDL cholesterol level, which is a potentially beneficial result because it reduces the risk of having a cardiovascular event [ 45 ] and HDL cholesterol also has a positive effect on glycemic control [ 45 ].
The high level of HDL cholesterol in HF-CLAb-fed rats may be attributed to a higher level of cis -9, trans CLA, as also reported by a previous study [ 46 ]. Similarly, it was demonstrated that high CLA enriched clarified butter increased plasma HDL cholesterol in Wistar rats [ 47 ].
Besides, there was a lower On the other hand, the HF-CLAb diet had higher Therefore, we hypothesized that fatty acids related to increased HDL cholesterol level were capable of acting synergistically, prevailing over negative effects of trans - 9 C isomers on HDL cholesterol levels, resulting in higher concentration of this lipoprotein in HF-CLAb-fed rats.
However, concerning the triacylglycerol levels, it has already been demonstrated by a previous study with animals fed with butter naturally enriched in cis -9 trans CLA that this diet had no effect on the plasma concentration of triacylglycerol [ 14 ].
Thus, it was possible to hypothesize that the higher contents of trans - 9 and trans - 10 C isomers in the HF-CLAb diet prevailed over the absence of cis -9 trans CLA effects on triacylglycerol levels, resulting in a higher concentration of triacylglycerol in HF-CLAb-fed rats.
In conclusion, the present investigation suggests that a 60 day feeding of a diet containing butter naturally enriched in cis -9, trans CLA to day-old male Wistar rats has effects on insulin, HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol metabolism. Cis -9, trans CLA-enriched butter significantly raised serum HDL cholesterol and prevented fasting hyperinsulinemia, which could be attributed to higher levels of cis -9, trans CLA, vaccenic acid, oleic acid and lower levels of short and medium-chain saturated fatty acids from CLA-enriched butter compared to control butter.
However, CLA-enriched butter was also found to cause fasting hypertriglyceridemia, which could be associated with concomitant increases in the content of trans - 9 and trans - 10 C isomers in the CLA-enriched butter.
Additional studies are still needed before conjugated linoleic acid from natural sources can be used in human diets as a functional food to decrease type-2 diabetes risk factors. This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [ 51 ].
Water and the experimental diets were offered on an ad libitum basis to the animals throughout the study. Experimental butters used in the current study were produced at Embrapa Dairy Cattle Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Standard butter and cis -9, trans CLA-enriched butter were produced from milk of cows Holstein x Gir fed diets composed of either corn silage and concentrate containing no sunflower oil, or chopped elephant grass and concentrate supplemented with sunflower oil at 4.
The butters were produced as described previously [ 52 ]. SO was included in both HF-Cb and HF-CLAb diets in order to reach the requirements of linoleic and linolenic acids to adults rats [ 53 ]. All diets were produced according to the American Institute of Nutrition AIN M [ 53 ].
Ingredients were carefully mixed in order to obtain a homogeneous mass which was used to produce handmade pellets. The pellets were prepared weekly, purged with nitrogen and stored at °C in daily portions in sealed polythene bags to minimize the oxidation of fatty acids. The composition of purified diets is presented in Table 2.
Samples of pellets 50 g from each diet were randomly collected and analyzed for chemical composition according to reference methods [ 54 , 55 ].
To determine the fatty acid composition of experimental diets, total lipids were extracted according to Hara and Radin [ 56 ] using a vol:vol mixture of hexane and isopropanol 4.
Fatty acid methyl esters FAME were obtained by base-catalyzed transmethylation using a freshly prepared methylation reagent 0. The mixture was neutralized with oxalic acid 1 g of oxalic acid in 30 mL diethyl ether and calcium chloride was added to remove methanol residues.
The FAME were determined by gas chromatography model N; Agilent Technologies Brasil Ltda. The FAME were identified by comparison with 4 FAME reference standards Supelco37 mix U, linoleic acid isomers mix , CLA isomers mix ; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, and Nu-Chek GLC ; minor trans isomers were identified according to their elution order reported under the same chromatographic conditions [ 59 , 60 ].
The fatty acid composition of experimental diets was expressed as a weight percentage of total fatty acids using theoretical relative response factors described by Wolff et al. The cis -9, trans CLA content in HF-Cb and HF-CLAb diets was calculated as follows: dry matter content of the diet x fat content x 0.
Based on the above-mentioned calculations, the cis -9, trans CLA contents in HF-Cb and HF-CLAb diets were 0. The rats were provided fresh food F i ad libitum daily between 11 a. m and 12 p. m and the refusals were weighed the next day F f , immediately before the provision of another F i. Individual body weight was measured every 5 days throughout the treatment period.
After the treatment period, the rats were fasted for 12 hours 7 a. and blood samples collected from a tail nick for glycemic determinations using the glucose oxidase method [ 63 ]. Glycemic determinations were performed prior to anesthesia as it was shown to induce hyperglycemia [ 64 ].
After euthanasia, blood samples, adipose tissue samples and carcasses were analyzed for parameters related to insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia in rats. The carcasses were eviscerated, sliced, stored at °C, lyophilized model Liotop L; Liobras, São Carlos, Brazil and minced in a knife-type mill.
Carcasses were weighed before and after lyophilization to determine their dry matter contents. Moisture, ash, protein and lipid contents were determined according to reference methods [ 54 ].
Protein content was quantified using the Kjeldahl method with Foss equipment model Kjeltec , Foss, Hillerød, Denmark and lipid content was determined using the Ankom procedure with an Ankom extractor model XT10, Ankom Technology, New York, USA. Retroperitoneal adipose tissue samples were homogenized in a lysis buffer [Tris—HCl: 50 mM, pH 7.
The total protein content of homogenate was determined by the BCA protein assay kit Pierce, Illinois, USA. Contents of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR γ and β-tubulin loading control proteins in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue samples were evaluated by incubating monoclonal primary antibodies anti-PPARγ and anti-β-tubulin; ; from Abcam, Cambridge, UK overnight at 4°C, followed by proper secondary antibody 1 hour; antibody from Sigma-Aldrich Co.
Area and density of the bands were quantified by Image J software Media Cybernetics, Maryland, USA. Serum insulin levels were determined using a rat insulin ELISA kit Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden.
Serum levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were determined by colorimetry using the BT equipment from Wiener laboratories. A high HOMA index denotes low insulin sensitivity [ 65 ], although it should be acknowledged that the HOMA model has not been validated for use in animal models [ 66 ].
The Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index R-QUICKI is another equation to assess insulin sensitivity [ 28 ]. After 55 days on the experimental diets, the rats were fasted for 12 hours 7 a.
Blood samples were collected from a tail nick for glycemic determinations using the glucose oxidase method [ 63 ] at 0, 30, 60, 90, and minutes post gavage. Due to reasons previously described, anesthesia was not used in the OGTT. Changes in blood glucose concentration during the oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated by estimation of the total area under the curve AUC calculated as an incremental considering the response from the starting point that was analyzed and using the trapezoidal method [ 68 ].
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Jump to main content. Contact Us. Citation Tags HERO ID. Reference Type. Journal Article. For more information cholesferol PLOS CLA and cholesterol Cholesterll, click CLA and cholesterol. PLOS Fuel Usage Tracking 5 10 ajd Trans fatty acids are produced either cholesterlo industrial hydrogenation or by BIA impedance vector analysis in the rumens of cows and cholestreol. Industrial trans fatty CLA and cholesterol lower HDL cholesterol, raise CLA and cholesterol cholesterol, and increase the risk of coronary heart disease. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids from ruminant animals are less clear. We reviewed the literature, estimated the effects trans fatty acids from ruminant sources and of conjugated trans linoleic acid CLA on blood lipoproteins, and compared these with industrial trans fatty acids. We searched Medline and scanned reference lists for intervention trials that reported effects of industrial trans fatty acids, ruminant trans fatty acids or conjugated linoleic acid on LDL and HDL cholesterol in humans.
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