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The electricity produced from a solar panel or array is in the form of direct current DC. Although many electronic devices use DC electricity, including your phone or laptop, they are designed to operate using the electrical utility grid which provides and requires alternating current AC.

Therefore, in order for the solar electricity to be useful it must first be converted from DC to AC using an inverter. This AC electricity from the inverter can then be used to power electronics locally, or be sent on to the electrical grid for use elsewhere.

In addition to the solar panels, there are other important components of a photovoltaic system which are commonly referred to as the " balance of system " or BOS.

A solar panel consists of many solar cells with semiconductor properties encapsulated within a material to protect it from the environment.

These properties enable the cell to capture light, or more specifically, the photons from the sun and convert their energy into useful electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. On either side of the semiconductor is a layer of conducting material which "collects" the electricity produced.

The illuminated side of the panel also contains an anti-reflection coating to minimize the losses due to reflection. Many other semiconductor materials and solar cell technologies have been developed that operate at higher efficiencies, but these come with a higher cost to manufacture.

An inverter is an electrical device which accepts electrical current in the form of direct current DC and converts it to alternating current AC. For solar energy systems, this means the DC current from the solar array is fed through an inverter which converts it to AC.

This conversion is necessary to operate most electric devices or interface with the electrical grid. Inverters are important for almost all solar energy systems and are typically the most expensive component after the solar panels themselves. These shut down the PV system when there is a loss of grid power.

Racking refers to the mounting apparatus which fixes the solar array to the ground or rooftop. Typically constructed from steel or aluminum , these apparatuses mechanically fix the solar panels in place with a high level of precision.

Another important feature of racking systems is to electrically bond and ground the solar array to prevent electrocution. Rooftop racking systems typically come in two variations including flat roof systems and pitched roof systems.

For flat rooftops it is common for the racking system to include weighted ballast to hold the array to the roof using gravity. On pitched rooftops, the racking system must be mechanically anchored to the roof structure.

Ground mounted PV systems, as shown in figure 4, can also use either ballast or mechanical anchors to fix the array to the ground. Some ground mounted racking systems also incorporate tracking systems which use motors and sensors to track the Sun through the sky, increasing the amount of energy generated at a higher equipment and maintenance cost.

The remaining components of a typical solar PV system include combiners, disconnects, breakers, meters and wiring. A solar combiner , as the name suggests, combines two or more electrical cables into one larger one.

Combiners typically include fuses for protection and are used on all medium to large and utility-scale solar arrays. Disconnects are electrical gates or switches which allow for manual disconnection of an electrical wire. Typically used on either side of an inverter, namely the "DC disconnect" and "AC disconnect" these devices provide electrical isolation when an inverter needs to be installed or replaced.

Circuit breakers or breakers protect electrical systems from over current or surges. Designed to trigger automatically when the current reaches a predetermined amount, breakers can also be operated manually, acting as an additional disconnect.

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