Glucose metabolism disorders

Article Google Scholar Dksorders M, Li B, Yao J, Harada T, Morioka T, Oite T. Lactase non-persistence is common in tropical and subtropical countries. Cite this article Luan, Y.

Glucose metabolism disorders -
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a very dangerous complication of type 1 DM. It arises as a consequence of a sequence of metabolic events, the beginning of which is insulin deficiency:. Hyperosmolar nonketoacidotic coma is much more common in non-insulin dependent DM.

This situation, together with insufficient water intake especially in the elderly , leads to hyperosmolar coma. Hypoglycemia is another sudden metabolic event. It occurs when the dose of insulin or its effect is not balanced with the dose of food omission or glucose consumption increased physical exertion.

If glucosemia is not increased above 3. If this happens more often, serious malfunctions can occur. Hypoglycaemia is much less common in NIDDM insulin in these cases is still under physiological control. Haemoglobin from adult human erythrocytes can be separated by ion-exchange chromatography on cation exchange resin into eight components designated A 1a , A 1b , A 1c , A 1d , A 1e , A 2 major component , A 3a and A 3b.

It has been found that the A1c component, in particular, is elevated in diabetics. Glycation of the haemoglobin molecule is caused by a non-enzymatic reaction of glucosephosphate or glucose with the NH2-group of the terminal valine of the β-chain of haemoglobin.

First, a Schiff base aldimine is formed, which is unstable and easily dissociable; switches to stable ketoamine. The reaction equilibrium shows that the amount or better the proportion of glycated haemoglobin formed in vivo is proportional to the concentration of free glucose.

Therefore, patients with diabetes mellitus who have persistently elevated glucose levels develop more glycated haemoglobin. The reaction proceeds slowly and gradually; in addition, haemoglobin is located in erythrocytes, so that the events that take place on its molecule are tied to the lifespan of the red blood cell i.

normally days. Thus, determining the proportion of glycated haemoglobin especially Hb 1c is a kind of "biochemical memory" of previous hyperglycemia. In other words, one glycohaemoglobin test indicates a mean blood glucose level over weeks. The situation is not so simple. It has been shown that the value of glycated haemoglobin may not be constant and may fluctuate even during the glycemic curve; This is due to the fact that some methods fail to distinguish the labile form Schiff base - aldimine , which forms relatively quickly reflects the situation in 24 hours , from the stable form ketoamine , which is already stable reflects the mean glycemic value in 4 hours.

However, in the case of a chronic increase, not only haemoglobin but also other proteins are glycated in the body. This mechanism is associated with damage to some organs and tissues as a manifestation of a complication of diabetes glycation of glomerular basement membrane proteins, glycation of collagen walls or joints, glycation of ocular lens proteins, etc.

Glycohaemoglobin determination is therefore a valuable indicator of the success of diabetes compensation it indicates the state of diabetes compensation in the last 8 weeks.

There are several terms used in the literature that can be confused - for better understanding we define them:. previous periods of hyperglycemia weeks before the determination. AGE products Advanced Glycation End Products - are products of the non-enzymatic reaction of glucose with some proteins in vivo see HbA1c.

Proteins modified in this way AGE-collagen, AGE-LDL can be captured by specific receptors on the surface of some cells, which can stimulate the production of cytokines, growth factors and the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. This may be the mechanism of disorders leading to late complications of diabetes.

Stimulation of mesangial cells in the renal glomeruli is thought to be the cause of diabetic microalbuminuria Berg, The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice.

Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders. On this page Basics Summary. Learn More Specifics Genetics. See, Play and Learn No links available.

Research Clinical Trials Journal Articles. Resources No links available. For You Children. Diabetes: MedlinePlus Health Topic National Library of Medicine Also in Spanish Galactosemia American Liver Foundation Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 von Gierke American Liver Foundation Hurler Syndrome National Marrow Donor Program MPS Diseases National MPS Society Mucopolysaccharidoses National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Pompe Disease National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Clinical Trials. gov: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors National Institutes of Health ClinicalTrials. gov: Mucopolysaccharidoses National Institutes of Health. Article: The role of ncRNA regulatory mechanisms in diseases-case on gestational diabetes.

You're more likely to have metabolic syndrome if you had diabetes during pregnancy gestational diabetes or if you have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Other diseases. Your risk of metabolic syndrome is higher if you've ever had nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome or sleep apnea.

Having metabolic syndrome can increase your risk of developing: Type 2 diabetes. If you don't make lifestyle changes to control your excess weight, you may develop insulin resistance, which can cause your blood sugar levels to rise. Eventually, insulin resistance can lead to type 2 diabetes.

Heart and blood vessel disease. High cholesterol and high blood pressure can contribute to the buildup of plaques in your arteries. These plaques can narrow and harden your arteries, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. A healthy lifestyle includes: Getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days Eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, lean protein and whole grains Limiting saturated fat and salt in your diet Maintaining a healthy weight Not smoking.

By Mayo Clinic Staff. May 06, Show References. Ferri FF. Metabolic syndrome. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor Elsevier; Accessed March 1, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Metabolic syndrome syndrome X; insulin resistance syndrome. Merck Manual Professional Version. March 2, About metabolic syndrome. American Heart Association. Meigs JB. Metabolic syndrome insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome X. Prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Lear SA, et al. Ethnicity and metabolic syndrome: Implications for assessment, management and prevention. News from Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic Q and A: Metabolic syndrome and lifestyle changes.

More Information. Show the heart some love! Give Today.

Official websites use. Glucose metabolism disorders A. gov website belongs to disorrders official government organization in the United States. gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Metabolism is the process your body uses to make energy from the food you eat.