BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation adaptxtion 13Article number: Cite this Superiorr. Metrics details. Superior shoulder motion with rotator cuff activation are essential for the performance of the throwing athletes.
The Superior training adaptation study compared asaptation novel beginning movement load training Supedior and popular throwers ten program regarding adaptqtion training efficacy adaptaton baseball throwers.
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Forty adult baseball players were randomized into study Superoor Creatine for bodybuilding control trainibg equally. In adwptation group, the cyclic shoulder motion trsining repeatedly trainkng 3 days in adaptatin week and lasted for 6 weeks using three different BMLT training machines.
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It could be a favourable training for the overhead activity. Peer Trainibg reports. Overhead motion is a very common activity in daily life. In qdaptation, many sports involve overhead motion, Manage hunger cravings as baseball, javelin, tennis, badminton.
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This adaptatikn comparative randomized adatpation was approved by the Skperior Review Yraining IRB of Adaptatio Gung Satisfy your thirst cravings Foundation IRB Graining No.
Forty adult, asymptomatic trainingg active amateur baseball players were enrolled in this study. These athletes were randomized in equal numbers into the study group and control group. Players with musculoskeletal disorders in the last 3 months were excluded due to safety concerns.
All the evaluators and training were performed in sports performance training center of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial hospital. All participants read and signed an informed consent form approved by the Institutional Review Board of our hospital. Pre- and post-training evaluation of the throwing shoulders included measurement of static range of motion ROMdynamic surface electromyography of pectoralis major, middle deltoid and supraspinatus, and throwing velocity.
All these parameters were recorded before and after 6-week training. The shoulder range of motion related to throwing activity was recorded before and six weeks after the training. All the measurements were conducted by one sports-specialized physical therapist that had involved in the study for more than 3 years.
Throwing velocity was measured using speed radar gun Stalker sport 2 radar gun, Stalker, USA. Surface electromyography sEMG was adopted to assess muscle recruitment and outcomes under different training modalities.
The maximal voluntary isometric contractions MVICs, Newton meter, Nm of the affected muscles were investigated by performing sequential motion mimicking the cocking phase on the different training machines. The muscles that were investigated that contribute to the cocking phase were the pectoralis major, middle deltoid and supraspinatus.
To minimize cross-interference in the myoelectrical signal, the investigation was limited to these 3 muscles simultaneously. The EMG signal using a standard surface sensor by the computer-based EMG system was recorded as the amplitude.
The system has an active electrode that locating the amplifier allows artifacts to be canceled and transferring the signal. The limiting factors, such as noise ratio, sEMG interference signal, and artifacts, in the EMG technique with the spectral variables signaling did not observe in this study.
Skin preparation of the affected shoulder was performed prior to sEMG sensor tagging. The pectoralis major was located medial to the axillary fold while the athlete medially rotated the arm against resistance. The electrodes were placed horizontally on the chest wall over the muscle approximately 6 cm below the clavicle.
The electrodes for the middle deltoid were placed on the lateral aspect of the upper arm and 3 cm below the acromion, parallel to the muscle fibers.
The myoelectrode signal of the supraspinatus was detected by placing of the electrode just above the spine of the scapula and 2 cm from its medial border. Players in the study group were asked to perform shoulder degree coronal abduction with external rotation from 0 degrees to maximum horizontal adduction on the BMLT machine SCA.
BACKS 4D, Worldwing, Tottori, Japan under a 5 kg weight load. The motion simulated the shoulder motion in the cocking phase.
Players in the control group were also asked to perform the same motion, but on a commercialized Cable machine Dual adjustable pully L, BH, Spain. In the study group, players were asked to discontinue all upper extremity training except BMLT using the ScapulaScapula and Clavicle machines Figs.
It also emphasized concomitant scapular motion from the upward rotation to scapular retraction. The training sequence of Scapula started from the position of Fig. The Scapula Fig. The training on Clavicle stared from the position of Fig.
All the sequences emphasized the relaxation in the starting position followed by lengthening and contraction of shoulder. On each machine, the cyclic motion was repeated 15 times per session; the player completed 5 sessions on each machine per day, 3 days a week.
BMLT lasted for 6 weeks: it started with a 0 kg load on each machine in the first week, which was increased to 5 kg in the 2nd week, followed by increases of 5 kg per week until reaching 25 kg in the 6th week.
The total weight-load during training was 10, kg over the 6-week course. Each cyclic motion was repeated 15 times in one session, with 5 sessions for each cyclic motion being completed in 1 day, 3 days a week. All the motions operated in full motion of the affected shoulder and the training finished within 90 min in a day.
Conventional training also lasted for 6 weeks: it started with a 0 kg load for each motion in the first week, then the weight was increased to 5 kg in the 2nd week, followed by increases of 5 kg per week, reaching 25 kg in the 6th week.
The total weight-load over the 6-week training period was 10, kg that was the same as in the study group. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version The Wilcoxon test was adopted to analyze the pre-training and post-training conditions, and comparison of the study group with the control group was performed using the Mann—Whitney U test.
Forty active college baseball players were recruited to participate in this prospective randomized comparative study. Twenty players were assigned to the study group, and twenty to the control group. No significant differences in the pre-training demographic characteristics were observed between groups Table 1.
No difference in the static ROM of the shoulder before training was observed between groups. The maximal voluntary isometric contractions MVICs of the pectoralis major, middle deltoid and supraspinatus were recorded for analysis of the differences in the muscle recruitment pattern and outcomes following the different training modalities.
The MVIC in pectoralis major were no significantly differences in both groups before and after the training Fig. The MVIC of middle deltoid and supraspinatus were significantly higher in the control group before training and became statistically insignificance after training Fig.
In addition, the ratio of the middle deltoid versus the supraspinatus became significantly higher in control group after six weeks training control group vs. In the analysis of throwing performance, throwing speed is one of the parameters that may reflect the outcome after training. The principal findings of the present study were that this BMLT yielded a greater range of motion, supraspinatus recruitment in the shoulder cocking motion, and improved the throwing velocity for the baseball players.
Hence, the results implied that BMLT is an applicable training alternative for the baseball throwers or overhead activities. This involves greater scapular movement in the cyclic motion from shoulder elevation to horizontal abduction.
Previous studies have demonstrated enhancement of training actions and functional activities by BMLT exercise with a greater range of motion [ 1115 ]. The results of the present study also revealed that a greater range of motion was obtained using this novel weight training modality.
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit has been related to the throwing injury [ 16 ], and the BMLT could serve as a solution owing to the significant improvement of internal rotation for the throwing shoulder.
Synchronization of the middle deltoid and supraspinatus is believed to be critical during shoulder abduction [ 1718 ] especially in cocking phase. In general, the deltoid muscle plays a major role in shoulder abduction, rather than the supraspinatus. However, the supraspinatus lesion is a much more common injury than the deltoid and the conventional training is difficult in changing rotator cuff activation [ 19 ].
In the present study, BMLT resulted in the superior training efficacy of the supraspinatus on the same shoulder loading, which serves as a substantial contribution to the range of motion and overhead performance Fig.
The superior supraspinatus contractions were believed to be positive in improving rotation range of motion and performance in the overhead activity. The middle deltoid contributes most to movement, while the shoulder abduct in internal rotation and abducts horizontally with external rotation [ 202122 ].
The co-operative mechanism contributes most greatly in the cocking phase [ 202122 ]. The supraspinatus works synchronously with the middle deltoid for shoulder abduction [ 23 ]. It has been reported that the supraspinatus is the common injured tendon in the throwing athletes, in particular, partial-thickness tears [ 89 ].
Most of the strategies employed for the prevention of supraspinatus injury aim to enhance training or conditioning [ 24 ], introduce a proper throwing mechanism [ 2526 ], and specify an adequate throwing interval program with appropriate rest.
As compared with conventional training, the contribution of the supraspinatus increased after 6 weeks of training which indicated that BMLT improved the supraspinatus contribution in the cocking motion over that resulting from conventional training.
: Superior training adaptation| Oregon Real Estate License Exam Prep - Superior Training Systems | Journal of aging and physical activity. Effect of traditional resistance and power training using rated perceived exertion for enhancement of muscle strength, power, and functional performance. High-speed circuit training vs hypertrophy training to improve physical function in sarcopenic obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental gerontology. Strength versus muscle power-specific resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. Effect of strength and power training on physical function in community-dwelling older adults. High-speed resistance training is more effective than low-speed resistance training to increase functional capacity and muscle performance in older women. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. Residual effects of muscle strength and muscle power training and detraining on physical function in community-dwelling prefrail older adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC geriatrics. Comparison between strength and power training on elderly force-generating ability. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation. Power training improves balance in healthy older adults. Comparative effects of light or heavy resistance power training for improving lower extremity power and physical performance in mobility-limited older adults. Velocity specificity of resistance training: Actual movement velocity versus intention to move explosively. Effect of leg muscle contraction velocity on functional performance in older men and women. High-velocity resistance training as a tool to improve functional performance and muscle power in older adults. Experimental Gerontology. A comparison of high-speed power training and traditional slow-speed resistance training in older men and women: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. High-speed power training in older adults: A shift of the external resistance at which peak power is produced. Power training: can it improve functional performance in older adults? A systematic review. International Journal of Exercise Science. Skip to content. Mini-Review By Tiffany Tiu As a strength and conditioning coach and future physiotherapist, I am interested in how varying training regime can elicit different outcomes. Yulissa Tagle Unsplash This photo shows two hands with a light skin tone holding two pink weights. The background of the photo is blurred to emphasize the hands in the photo. Share this: Twitter Facebook. Like Loading Post navigation. Episode Orthopaedic Biomechanics. Search for: Begin typing your search above and press return to search. While there were no issues reported by the participants in this study, safety should be a top priority for anyone adding HIIT to their training regimen. Health and exercise professionals should remind clients to focus on proper lifting technique and breathing patterns, not only when first learning the movements, but also when performing them during exercise sessions. Daniel J. In addition to his work with organizations including the International Association of Fire Fighters and Agriculture Future of America, Daniel writes an ongoing blog series covering lifestyle change for NBCbetter. He has also written feature articles for local publications in Western North Carolina WNC , including WNC Parent and WNC Magazine. Get answers to all your questions! Things like: How long is the program? ACE-SPONSORED RESEARCH: Is HIIT Resistance Exercise Superior to Traditional Resistance Training? by Daniel J. Green Contributor. View All Articles. 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By Lance C. Dalleck, Ph. Smith, M. Prototypical Influence Function for Fully Test-time Adaptation. Juhyeon Shin , Jonghyun Lee , Saehyung Lee , Uiwon Hwang , Sungroh Yoon. Keywords: test-time adaptation. Abstract: Test-time adaptation TTA addresses domain shift issues in real-world applications. TTA adapts the model considering real-world constraints: 1 TTA does not have access to the training data or the labels of the test data and 2 TTA has limited computational resources for adaptation since it adapts model while performing inference. Due to the constraints, it has been established that model updates based on model-trusting data whose predictions closely aligned with one-hot vectors are effective. Hence, we propose a PIF regularizer utilizing the influence function to assess the influence of adapting a test data point on the loss for model-trusting data. The influence function is impractical for TTA due to computational complexity and the unavailability of model-trusting data. However, by introducing reasonable approximations, we can feasibly use the PIF for TTA. |
| ACE-SPONSORED RESEARCH: Is HIIT Resistance Exercise Superior to Traditional Resistance Training? | Adwptation looking Creatine for bodybuilding the eccentric dip—available in both trainiing GymAware Superior training adaptation app and the Hydration monitoring in youth sports Stronger app—you can also control the eccentric adqptation during flywheel training. Consequently, the body often tries to use as little muscular energy as possible to maximise the efficiency of our movement and take advantage of the free return of kinetic energy available from the inherently visco-elastic fascia. Genes are part of DNA molecules in every cell of the body. Code Availability Not applicable. twitter facebook linkedin youtube instagram soundcloud. |
| Micro-dosing of resistance training in soccer players | Am J Sports Med. Conway JE. Arthroscopic repair of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears and SLAP lesions in professional baseball players. Orthop Clin North Am. Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete. Koyama Y, Kobayashi H, Suzuki S, Enoka RM. Enhancing the weight training experience: a comparison of limb kinematics and EMG activity on three machines. Eur J Appl Physiol. Koyama Y. Tokyo: Kodansha; Google Scholar. van den Tillaar R, Marques MC. Effect of different training workload on overhead throwing performance with different weighted balls. Wilk KE, Yenchak AJ, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR. The Advanced Throwers Ten Exercise Program: a new exercise series for enhanced dynamic shoulder control in the overhead throwing athlete. Phys Sportsmed. Kobayashi H, Koyama Y, Enoka RM, Suzuki S. A unique form of light-load training improves steadiness and performance on some functional tasks in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Gouveia K, Kay J, Memon M, Simunovic N, Ayeni OR. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in the adolescent overhead athlete: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Sport Med. Article PubMed Google Scholar. McMahon PJ, Debski RE, Thompson WO, Warner JJ, Fu FH, Woo SL. Shoulder muscle forces and tendon excursions during glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane. Escamilla RF, Yamashiro K, Paulos L, Andrews JR. Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises. Sports Med. Lin YL, Karduna A. Four-week exercise program does not change rotator cuff muscle activation and scapular kinematics in healthy subjects. J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc. Kibler WB, Chandler TJ, Shapiro R, Conuel M. Muscle activation in coupled scapulohumeral motions in the high performance tennis serve. Br J Sports Med. Rosso C, Mueller AM, McKenzie B, Entezari V, Cereatti A, Della Croce U, Ramappa AJ, Nazarian A, DeAngelis JP. Bulk effect of the deltoid muscle on the glenohumeral joint. J Exp Orthop. Gowan ID, Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, Moynes DR. A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching. Professional versus amateur pitchers. Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Meron A, Saint-Phard D. Track and field throwing sports: injuries and prevention. Curr Sports Med Rep. Olsen SJ 2nd, Fleisig GS, Dun S, Loftice J, Andrews JR. Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers. Fortenbaugh D, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Baseball pitching biomechanics in relation to injury risk and performance. Sports Health. Bartlett LR, Storey MD, Simons BD. Measurement of upper extremity torque production and its relationship to throwing speed in the competitive athlete. Lehman G, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG. Correlation of throwing velocity to the results of lower-body field tests in male college baseball players. Caldwell JE, Alexander FJ, Ahmad CS. Weighted-ball velocity enhancement programs for baseball pitchers: a systematic review. Download references. We appreciate the Biostatistics Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. We would like to thank Mr. Chin-Chng Chang for the image demostrations. Grant was received in total or partial in the support of this study. The funding source is from Chang Gung Research Fund No. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. Center of Comprehensive Sports Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Department of Leisure and Sport Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. WY contributed to planning of study, recruitment of the patients, Data interpretation, writing the draft, revised, analyzed data and statistics; JY and SF contributed to the design and literature review of the study, drafting revision; CF contributed to collecting data; KT and SW analyzed data and statistics. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Wen-Yi Chou. The patients were informed about the details of the study and provided written informed consent before study enrolment. Informed consent was obtainedfrom all the participants, and procedures were conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants for publication of their individual details and accompanying images in this manuscript. The consent form is held by the authors and is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Chou, WY. et al. Superior training efficacy of beginning movement load training for the baseball throwers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 13 , Download citation. Received : 25 May Accepted : 06 October Published : 13 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Superior shoulder motion with rotator cuff activation are essential for the performance of the throwing athletes. Methods Forty adult baseball players were randomized into study group and control group equally. Introduction Overhead motion is a very common activity in daily life. a Scapula , b Scapula , c Clavicle Full size image. Materials and methods Participants This prospective comparative randomized study was approved by the Institutional Review Board IRB of Chang Gung Medical Foundation IRB Study No. Evaluations Pre- and post-training evaluation of the throwing shoulders included measurement of static range of motion ROM , dynamic surface electromyography of pectoralis major, middle deltoid and supraspinatus, and throwing velocity. Static range of motion The shoulder range of motion related to throwing activity was recorded before and six weeks after the training. Dynamic surface electromyography Surface electromyography sEMG was adopted to assess muscle recruitment and outcomes under different training modalities. Training in the study group In the study group, players were asked to discontinue all upper extremity training except BMLT using the Scapula , Scapula and Clavicle machines Figs. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version Results Forty active college baseball players were recruited to participate in this prospective randomized comparative study. Table 1 Athlete demographic characteristics Full size table. Table 2 Comparative outcomes of shoulder static range of motion and throwing speed Full size table. Availability of data and materials All the data that support the results can be found in the manuscript. Abbreviations BMLT: Beginning movement load training MVICs: Maximal voluntary isometric contractions ROM: Range of motion sEMG: Surface electromyography. References Chu SK, Jayabalan P, Kibler WB, Press J. Article Google Scholar Bradbury JC, Forman SL. Article Google Scholar Douoguih WA, Dolce DL, Lincoln AE. Article Google Scholar Roach NT, Venkadesan M, Rainbow MJ, Lieberman DE. Article CAS Google Scholar Saka M, Yamauchi H, Yoshioka T, Hamada H, Gamada K. Article Google Scholar Takagi Y, Oi T, Tanaka H, Inui H, Fujioka H, Tanaka J, Yoshiya S, Nobuhara K. Article Google Scholar Conway JE. Article CAS Google Scholar Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Article Google Scholar Koyama Y, Kobayashi H, Suzuki S, Enoka RM. Article Google Scholar Koyama Y. Google Scholar van den Tillaar R, Marques MC. Article Google Scholar Wilk KE, Yenchak AJ, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR. Article Google Scholar Kobayashi H, Koyama Y, Enoka RM, Suzuki S. Article CAS Google Scholar Gouveia K, Kay J, Memon M, Simunovic N, Ayeni OR. Article PubMed Google Scholar McMahon PJ, Debski RE, Thompson WO, Warner JJ, Fu FH, Woo SL. Article CAS Google Scholar Escamilla RF, Yamashiro K, Paulos L, Andrews JR. Article Google Scholar Lin YL, Karduna A. Article Google Scholar Kibler WB, Chandler TJ, Shapiro R, Conuel M. Article Google Scholar Rosso C, Mueller AM, McKenzie B, Entezari V, Cereatti A, Della Croce U, Ramappa AJ, Nazarian A, DeAngelis JP. Article Google Scholar Gowan ID, Jobe FW, Tibone JE, Perry J, Moynes DR. Article CAS Google Scholar Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Article Google Scholar Olsen SJ 2nd, Fleisig GS, Dun S, Loftice J, Andrews JR. Article Google Scholar Fortenbaugh D, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Article Google Scholar Bartlett LR, Storey MD, Simons BD. Article CAS Google Scholar Lehman G, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG. Article Google Scholar Caldwell JE, Alexander FJ, Ahmad CS. Article Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements We appreciate the Biostatistics Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Funding There are no funds supporting this research. Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung Dist. Open Discussion. Open Recommendations. Open Directory. Open API. Open Source. Prototypical Influence Function for Fully Test-time Adaptation. Juhyeon Shin , Jonghyun Lee , Saehyung Lee , Uiwon Hwang , Sungroh Yoon. Keywords: test-time adaptation. Abstract: Test-time adaptation TTA addresses domain shift issues in real-world applications. TTA adapts the model considering real-world constraints: 1 TTA does not have access to the training data or the labels of the test data and 2 TTA has limited computational resources for adaptation since it adapts model while performing inference. Due to the constraints, it has been established that model updates based on model-trusting data whose predictions closely aligned with one-hot vectors are effective. Hence, we propose a PIF regularizer utilizing the influence function to assess the influence of adapting a test data point on the loss for model-trusting data. The influence function is impractical for TTA due to computational complexity and the unavailability of model-trusting data. However, by introducing reasonable approximations, we can feasibly use the PIF for TTA. |
| Prototypical Influence Function for Fully Test-time Adaptation | OpenReview | Sure it may not be the essential info but I love hearing the thought process of pros, geeks, and experienced coaches when discussing a debated topic. My guess, why tyre inserts might be a too big of a sacrifice for safety in pro racing would be, that maybe they cause too much rolling resistance. At least in Triathlon racing, not the safest tires are used but the fastest. Even a thin race light inner tube causes a higher rolling resistance due to friction between the tyre and the inner tube. This is also why I prefer the shorter format. I want the discussion like this without the other stuff. Agree, but maybe put in in the successful athletes podcast? Seems like it might fit better there. The CushCore is more like running less pressure with high ramp up at the end of your travel, the noodles Pepi PTN in my experience so far ramps up quicker and is like hitting the bump stop. I have a tubolight in the post right now to go on with my new wheels so I will see if that is different. It certainly looks like a different foam. The tannus tubed inserts restrict tire carcass movement and as a result are very slow with poor ride feel. The point of running lower pressures is to let your tire move and conform to the surface in order to move faster forward instead of up and down. The foam directly against the tire works really poorly but is great for flat protection. They make more sense on a commuter or other non-performance setting if you just really hate flats. That fancy new adjustable tire pressure system was actually not used in Paris-Roubaix. They were going to use it but ended up not. I am assuming along with those who are much more knowledgeable about cycling tech that it was just not quite ready. RHCP is one of those bands that directly affected the music industry. High Heart Rate, Elevation and Tapering, AWC and More — Ask a Cycling Coach Ask a Cycling Coach Podcast. MaxinePhilavong April 21, , pm 1. Tune in Thursday at am Pacific! Youtube Live Video:. Joelrivera April 21, , pm 2. Ellis April 21, , pm 3. An application of strength and conditioning principles to older adults training regimes. Resistance training for older adults: position statement from the national strength and conditioning association. Training for strength and hypertrophy: an evidence-based approach. Current Opinion in Physiology. High-speed power training: A novel approach to resistance training in older men and women: A brief review and pilot study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity. Effect of high versus low-velocity resistance training on muscular fitness and functional performance in older men. European journal of applied physiology. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. Lower extremity muscle function after strength or power training in older adults. Journal of aging and physical activity. Effect of traditional resistance and power training using rated perceived exertion for enhancement of muscle strength, power, and functional performance. High-speed circuit training vs hypertrophy training to improve physical function in sarcopenic obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental gerontology. Strength versus muscle power-specific resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. Effect of strength and power training on physical function in community-dwelling older adults. High-speed resistance training is more effective than low-speed resistance training to increase functional capacity and muscle performance in older women. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences. Residual effects of muscle strength and muscle power training and detraining on physical function in community-dwelling prefrail older adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC geriatrics. Comparison between strength and power training on elderly force-generating ability. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation. Power training improves balance in healthy older adults. Comparative effects of light or heavy resistance power training for improving lower extremity power and physical performance in mobility-limited older adults. Velocity specificity of resistance training: Actual movement velocity versus intention to move explosively. Effect of leg muscle contraction velocity on functional performance in older men and women. High-velocity resistance training as a tool to improve functional performance and muscle power in older adults. Experimental Gerontology. A comparison of high-speed power training and traditional slow-speed resistance training in older men and women: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. These machines allow us to target certain muscles through a specific and controlled range of motion. Isotonic movement involves the overcoming of resistance during the concentric phase , where the muscles shorten to produce movement and then succumb to the resistance by lengthening under mechanical tension during the eccentric phase. Isotonic muscular contraction against resistance creates favourable muscular adaptations such as increase in size and strength. But does it have a positive crossover to life and sport? The limit to this style of classic resistance-training exercise is that it isolates the contractile element of the muscle to generate forces. During functional movements, such as those we see in life and sport, it is the non-contractile, elastic component of the fascia and connective tissue responsible for generating the forces that produce movement. This is especially true during higher intensity dynamic movements. This energy is then released when the passive, connective tissue returns to its normal resting length. Our skin, fascia, tendons and ligaments are often overlooked as trainable, adaptable tissues but they are of paramount importance when looking to best prepare the body for optimal performance. They are capable of capturing and returning energy. They do not require metabolic energy, such as ATP adenosine triphosphate , as in the case of muscles. The body is aware of this and self-organises, by means of the neuromuscular system, to find the most economical movement solution to perform the given task. Consequently, the body often tries to use as little muscular energy as possible to maximise the efficiency of our movement and take advantage of the free return of kinetic energy available from the inherently visco-elastic fascia. Vector variability , a term coined by Dr Gary Gray, describes the various directions in which we can move a load through three-dimensional space to perform a given task. Triangulation takes into consideration not only the angle or direction in which we move but also the verticality or height and horizontal distance. This terminology allows us to better articulate the way we move in three-dimensional space and measure the three-dimensional forces that enter our body. What effect does this have? Essentially, the tissues remodel themselves in a morass myriad different directions to create greater resiliency to innumerable sources of mechanical load. When there is more than a single force vector, force enters our body from various angulations and directions as well as different sources, such as gravitational, ground reaction and, of course, the external load. We can manipulate the way in which our bodies resist these forces by modifying the way we stand, the direction in which we move, the way we hold an external load and the speed at which we move. Training possibilities become numerous and positive adaptations limitless. Loaded movement training is described as task-orientated movement patterns with load. This training methodology fully embraces triangulation and manipulation of force vectors to strengthen our bodies. A hip hinge is an ideal movement to lengthen under load the tissues of the superficial back line and stress the bi-articulate hamstrings. Flexion at the hip is accompanied by relative extension at the knee and consequentially the hamstring is put under stress. It is also the position from which hip extension begins in the open chain during the running cycle, just prior to foot strike, and is thus, an ideal exercise for improving athletic performance. The hip hinge can be effectively performed strictly in the sagittal plane, as in the previous photos, or we can spice it up with some thoracic rotation in the transverse plane! These movements now look a little more authentic! The position we find ourselves in is similar to that of bending down and reaching across the body to get something out of the cupboard or cutting and changing direction on the football pitch. |
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