Sself-perception effect imate Essential oils for anxiety presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Boys Allergen-free athlete diets Essential oils for anxiety Body Self-perceptikn, Too". Disclaimer: All claims expressed Bodyy this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Retrieved January 23, This new index FAI FAT and the other one previously proposed FAI [ 30 ] assess the inconsistency between the body image perception and the actual size of an individual.

Body image self-perception -

However, this does not appear to be the case. AA girls also appear to prefer a larger body shape and have lower tolerance of being thin Gluck, However, such findings have not been consistently observed by researchers. Katz et al. Sherwood, Beech et al.

In conclusion, AA girls have emerged as a population at increased risk for the development of obesity and its consequences. The need to expand current understandings of factors which enhance or impede the adoption and maintenance of positive behaviors is clear. In accordance with SCT, it is important to determine the influence that self-perception factors have on obesity-related behaviors in relation to culture, age, and gender.

Self-esteem, self-concept, and self-efficacy surface as potential factors which may influence obesity-related behaviors; therefore, factors which may influence these self-perception factors must also be considered.

Perceptions of body image and levels of body satisfaction may positively or negatively impact self-esteem, self-concept, and self-efficacy and, in turn, obesity status.

Yet little is known about body image in this at-risk population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was 2-fold: a to document self-perception factors and body image discrepancy among young AA girls who volunteered to be in a 2-year obesity prevention program, and b to determine if there are differences in self-perceptions and body image discrepancy among 8—year-old AA girls with a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and those below the 85th percentile.

We hypothesize that body image discrepancy will be found only in the preadolescent girls with a BMI at or above the 85th percentile and that the girls with a BMI at or above the 85th percentile will have lower self-esteem, self-concept, self-efficacy, and higher concerns with weight and dieting behaviors.

Data for this study were drawn from the Girls Health Enrichment Multi-site Studies GEMS Phase 2 baseline data. A total of study participants were recruited and randomized in a two-armed randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of the Memphis GEMS Phase 2 excessive weight gain prevention intervention Klesges et al.

The active intervention consisted of 34 sessions over a 2-year period conducted by trained health educators. In Year 1, the child-parent dyad met at local community centers for 14 weekly sessions followed by 9 monthly sessions.

In Year 2, the child and parents attended 11 monthly local field trips with the health educators. The comparison intervention mimicked the frequency and intensity of the active intervention, but focused on social-efficacy and self-esteem.

steroids, insulin injections, oral antidiabetic drugs, thyroid hormones, or growth hormone injections affecting growth; conditions limiting participation in the interventions e. The protocol was approved by the University of Memphis Institutional Review Board and reviewed by an independent data and safety monitoring board.

During a baseline visit, parents or caregivers gave written informed consent, and girls gave their assent. The following baseline measures were then collected by trained staff: height, weight, and interviewer-administered psychosocial measures. Girls' body weights were measured twice with a calibrated Scaletronix Model scale White Plains, NY.

Two readings of height were also obtained using the Schorr Height Measuring Board Olney, MD. Weight was measured to the nearest 0. Self-esteem was evaluated with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale RSE Rosenberg, The RSE is a item scale designed to measure self-esteem in adolescents ranging in scores from 1 strongly agree to 4 strongly disagree.

Positive items are recoded so that higher scores represent higher self-esteem and each girl's scale score was computed as the mean score across items. Test—retest reliability ranges from. The current study had a Cronbach's α of. Body image discrepancy was assessed using silhouettes adapted to look like AA girls Sherwood, Beech et al.

The range of scores was from 1 to 8 for each question, with 1 representing the leanest body type and 8 representing the largest body type. A negative score indicated that the girl preferred a smaller body size than her current size, where a positive score indicated that she preferred a larger body size than her current size.

The Athletic Competence sub-scale of the Self-Perception Profile for Children Harter, is a 9-item subscale used to assess the girls' physical performance self-concept.

The scale was computed using a mean score across items. In the GEMS phase 1 study, the paired response items yielded a Cronbach's α of. The current study found a lower Cronbach's α of. It is hypothesized that geographical differences may be the reason for lower internal consistencies between this cohort Memphis only and the GEMS phase 1 cohort 4 different geographical regions.

The Physical Activity Self-Efficacy tool is a nine-item scale based on the Self-Efficacy scale developed by Saunders and colleagues used to assess the girls' perceived level of difficulty in engaging in physical activity in a variety of settings e. In GEMS Phase 1, Cronbach's α for this scale was.

In the current study, the scale yielded a Cronbach's α of. This scale was computed using the mean scores across items. This measurement generated a Cronbach's α of.

Weight concern and diet behaviors were evaluated using subscales of the elementary school version of the McKnight Risk Factor Survey MRFS for assessment of risk factors for eating disorders.

The five-item Overconcern with Weight and Shape subscale and the six-item Weight Control Behaviors subscale were used. In the current study, the Overconcern with Weight and Shape subscale had a Cronbach's α of.

Behavioral and psychosocial measures of diet and physical activity were assessed by self-report. Given that social desirability influences self-reported health behaviors, a measure of social desirability was used as a method to understand potential biases in children's self-reported responses to the psychosocial measures of health behaviors and attitudes.

Therefore the closer the score is to 1, the higher the social desirability. The scale demonstrates reasonable reliability and validity across a number of cultural and ethnic groups Klesges et al. In the first validation report of the RCMAS, alpha reliabilities for AA girls were.

For this study, social desirability had a reliability of. Preliminary analyses for this study were conducted with SPSS version These analyses included examining frequencies, distributions, histograms and box-plots to evaluate potential outliers.

The outcome of these examinations indicated that all participants reported variables of interest within a plausible range. Initial analyses also consisted of reliability checks and computations created for the measures. Descriptive statistics using means and frequencies as well as chi-square analyses were analyzed to determine if there were any significant differences across demographic variables between the two categorized BMI groups.

Chi-square was used to evaluate the differences between groups on the categorical data annual income, highest adult education. Bivariate Pearson correlations and partial correlations controlling for girl's age, social desirability, and household income were examined.

Adjusting for demographics and social desirability did not substantially alter direction or strength of relationships, so unadjusted correlations are reported. Multivariable logistic regression analyses using SAS version 0.

Models analyzed a dichotomized BMI percentile variable: girls at or above the 85th percentile and girls below the 85th percentile.

Models were tested to determine potential confounders of age and income. Adjusting for these factors did not substantially alter the odds ratios ORs of the models; therefore, they were not in the final model.

Average BMI percentile rank was the 77th percentile, with No significant differences were found between girls whose BMI was at or above the 85th percentile and girls whose BMI was below the 85th percentile Table I.

Self-perception measures were also evaluated. Global self-esteem averaged 2. The mean score for Physical Activity PA self-concept was moderate at 1. Self-efficacy for healthy eating had a mean score of 2.

The average social desirability score was moderate at 0. Correlations were computed between all of the self-perception variables to examine how psychosocial factors relate to body image discrepancy and to each other Table II.

As body image discrepancy increased physical activity self-concept decreased and overconcern with weight and shape and dieting behaviors increased. Body image discrepancy was not significantly related to self-esteem.

Regression analysis revealed several factors that were independently related to BMI Table III. b Negative numbers indicate that actual body image is larger than ideal body image negative body image. The purpose of this study was to document self-perception factors and body image satisfaction among 8—year-old AA girls and to determine if there were differences in these factors according to BMI percentile.

This study was unique in that it simultaneously looked at independent associations between self-perception variables and BMI percentile in a population at particular risk for the development of obesity, preadolescent AA girls.

Among self-perception constructs, body image discrepancy was found to be highly explanatory of differences between girls whose BMI was at or above the 85th percentile and those who were below the 85th percentile.

Reasons for these contrary findings are unclear. It is important to note that this study used population-specific, ethnically adapted scales to assess body image.

It is possible that girls who wanted to lose weight were more likely to volunteer to participate in the study. This study also found that girls in the higher BMI percentile category were four times more likely to participate in dieting behaviors than those with a lower BMI. Although not statistically significant, overconcern for weight and shape approached significance in that girls who had a BMI at or above the 85th percentile reported higher levels of concern than girls who had a BMI below the 85th percentile.

Our results suggest higher body image discrepancies may be impacting AA girls at younger ages and encouraging weight control behaviors during preadolescence.

Contrary to expectations, other psychosocial factors self-esteem, self-concept of physical activity, self-efficacy of physical activity, and self-efficacy of diet were not associated with weight status.

Furthermore, with the exception of the body image discrepancy scores, when observing the means of the two groups no statistical differences were seen in the self-perception variables. Adolescence is a crucial time for the formation of self-esteem and perhaps environmental and social aspects related to obesity are less influential in affecting self-perceptions during preadolescence.

Not surprisingly, we found that girls who had a BMI at or above the 85th percentile were less likely to respond to a survey in a socially desirable manner than those who had a BMI below the 85th percentile. Johnson, F. Changing perceptions of weight in Great Britain: Comparison of two population surveys.

BMJ , a Essayli, J. The impact of weight labels on body image, internalized weight stigma, affect, perceived health, and intended weight loss behaviors in normal-weight and overweight college women.

Health Promot. Kim, Y. The cardiometabolic burden of self-perceived obesity: A multilevel analysis of a nationally representative sample of Korean adults. Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Rand, C. Duncan, D. Does perception equal reality? Weight misperception in relation to weight-related attitudes and behaviors among overweight and obese US adults.

Simons-Morton, D. Obesity research—limitations of methods, measurements, and medications. JAMA , — Strauss, R. Social marginalization of overweight children. Kottke, T. Self-reported weight, weight goals, and weight control strategies of a Midwestern population.

Mayo Clin. Drewnowski, A. Men and body image: Are males satisfied with their body weight?. Cassidy, C. The good body: When big is better. Development and validation of new figural scales for female body dissatisfaction assessment on two dimensions: thin-ideal and muscularity-ideal.

BMC Public Health 20 , Uhlmann, L. Body Image 25 , 23—30 Chang, V. Self-perception of weight appropriateness in the United States. Kuchler, F. Mistakes were made: Misperception as a barrier to reducing overweight.

Goldfield, G. Body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, depression, and weight status in adolescents. Health 80 , — Shin, N. Body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and depression in obese Korean children. Gelenberg, A. The prevalence and impact of depression.

Psychiatry 71 , e06 Taylor, S. Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fact from fiction. Methodological concerns when using silhouettes to measure body image. Skills 86 , — New Body Scales reveal body dissatisfaction, thin-ideal, and muscularity-ideal in males.

Mens Health 12 , — Lo, W. PLoS One 7 , e Avalos, L. The Body Appreciation Scale Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2 , — Download references. Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.

Wojciech Gruszka, Aleksander J. Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków Street 18 20, , Katowice, Poland.

Department of Psychology, Chair of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Medical Faculty in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. and M. designed the study and wrote the protocol. conducted the study. performed the statistical analysis.

conducted data analysis. conducted literature searches and provides summaries of previous research studies.

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nature scientific reports articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Psychology Risk factors. Abstract Self-perception of body size seems to be not always in line with clinical definitions of normal weight, overweight and obesity according to Word Health Organization classification.

Introduction Body image is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct that includes positive and negative self-perceptions and attitudes i.

Methods Eight-hundreds-twenty-four respondents, aged over 16 years, who referred to Metabolic Management Center in Katowice, Poland NZOZ "Line" and volunteers were enrolled in the study between June and August Table 1 Characteristics of the study group according to gender and weight status.

Full size table. Results Perception of weight status Four-hundreds-seventy-seven subjects Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Influence of body weight and gender on body dissatisfaction in groups of men and women. Discussion Our study showed, that a large percentage of adults underestimate their own weight status and body size.

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Article PubMed Google Scholar Kuchler, F. A correct perception of the body image, as defined by comparison with actual anthropometric analyses, is crucial to ensure the best possible nutritional status of each individual.

Bioimpedance analysis BIA represents a leading technique to assess body composition parameters and, in particular, the fat mass. This study examined the self-perception of body image at various levels of adiposity proposing a new index.

We investigated young Italian adults mean age of males: A new index, FAI FAT Feel fat status minus Actual fat status Inconsistency , was developed to evaluate possible fat status perception inconsistencies by BIA. Based on ideal and feel body image comparison, women showed higher dissatisfaction than men and preferred slimmer silhouettes.

FAI FAT values indicated that the fat status perception was correct in the majority of the examined individuals and only three subjects showed a serious misperception. Our findings suggest that FAI FAT is an appropriate index for assessing the perceived fat status from the body image when compared with data obtained by BIA.

In a population, the use of this index will allow the correct identification of groups at risk for eating disorders. An adequate nutritional status is essential to maintain healthy conditions in singular individuals and populations. Malnutrition impacts the risk of disease, the course of the disease, and enhances the risk of mortality [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].

The risk of morbidity and mortality increases particularly with increasing abdominal fat [ 4 ], while the body mass index BMI alone does not represent an adequate predictive indicator of the individual health status [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Obesity is increasing worldwide and, particularly, in industrialized countries [ 8 ].

In the same countries, there is an increase in negative perception of the body image and, consequently, an increase in eating disorders [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ] and unhealthy behaviors. Recent studies have demonstrated an association between high BMI with body image dissatisfaction and self-reported overvaluation of the body size.

This may lead to dietary concerns, depression and fear of weight gain [ 14 , 15 ]. Other studies show that a poor body image perception leads to poor self-esteem with an increased risk of anxiety and depression [ 16 , 17 ].

On the other hand, a self-image misperception, as well as a depressive status, boosts the risk of eating disorders [ 18 , 19 ] and can lead to an unhealthy lifestyle, increasing sedentary and poor nutritional habits [ 20 , 21 ]. All these factors can result in malnutrition with an increasing risk of disease and mortality [ 22 ].

In fact, strong discrepancies between the perceived and the ideal figure dissatisfaction , as well as an incorrect self-image of the body size inconsistency , can result in inappropriate behaviors, with serious and long-lasting implications on the health of the individuals [ 23 ].

Conversely, a positive body perception is commonly associated with self-esteem, optimism and a healthier nutritional behavior [ 24 , 25 ]. An objective evaluation of the actual body size, and in particular of the parameters of body composition, allows the individuals to undertake appropriate corrective actions in terms of diet and exercise, where necessary.

Body composition analysis can be carried out in adults with clinically available methods, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], yet anthropometric techniques are those most widely used for their reliability and simplicity of use.

Despite its utility in assessing conditions of malnutrition, which are of growing importance in modern societies, body image self-perception in relation to body size is still a poorly explored field. In , Zaccagni et al.

More recently, Cohen et al. For the present study, we decided to evaluate in a large sample of young adults the consistency of the body figure perceived as actual with the fat status objectively assessed by bioimpedance analysis BIA.

In addition, BIA is a more reliable anthropometric method for adiposity status assessment in comparison to BMI [ 33 , 34 ]. Aim of this study was to propose a new index FAI FAT , which relates the body image chosen as actual to body composition parameters Fat obtained with BIA.

We took into consideration also possible differences of FAI FAT between sexes. The FAI FAT index gives a simple score to discriminate a subject according to own fat-status in underestimated, consistent or overestimated, allowing to promptly identify who needs corrective measures to solve any wrong nutritional behaviors.

We carried out a cross-sectional study on a sample of Italian students in the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention at the University of Ferrara North-Italy by convenience sampling selection. The students were males aged The criteria for inclusion among the participants were: 1 being Italian; 2 being aged 18 years or older.

Those with diagnosed health problems which may interfere with anthropometric measurements or body image perception were excluded. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for Biomedical Research of the Ferrara University.

After receiving explanations about the objectives of the study, the subjects of this survey provided written informed consent. Stature and weight were measured according to standardized procedures [ 35 ] by trained operators with a mechanical scale precision 0.

Body resistance ohm and reactance ohm values were taken for each subject by means of an Akern Sport Edition analyzer Akern, Florence, Italy , with a right-sided tetrapolar electrode-placement in standard conditions. Bioelectrical values were used to assess body composition parameters, i.

FFM was calculated with the regression equation proposed by Kyle et al. Body image perception was assessed by means of the Contour Drawing Rating Scale [ 38 ]. For each sex, nine silhouettes were proposed, numbered and sorted in ascending order, from emaciated silhouette 1 to obese silhouette 9.

Dissatisfaction in body image perception was calculated as feel—ideal difference FID [ 39 , 40 ]. The inconsistency between the body image perception Feel figure and the actual weight status assessed by means of BMI was calculated as FAI feel weight status minus actual weight status inconsistency [ 30 ].

To assess the inconsistency on the basis of body fat assessment by BIA and the feel figure, we devised the index FAI FAT Feel fat status minus actual fat status Inconsistency by BIA. FAI FAT uses the silhouette matching technique as a proxy to verify whether there is a realistic fat status perception in the subject.

A FAI FAT score of 0 means a consistent perception of the own fat status. Distribution normality was assessed by sex Kolmogorov—Smirnov test. Comparisons between sexes were performed using the t-test for traits normally distributed or U Mann—Whitney test. Comparisons between dependent samples were carried out with Wilcoxon test.

Comparisons among fat status categories were performed by means of Kruskal—Wallis test. Next, linear regression analysis was performed and visually inspected in order to identify risk values of body misperception.

All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistica software, version In Table 1 , we summarized the mean anthropometric values and the mean body image indicators derived from the sample separately by sex.

The silhouettes chosen by males were, on average, significantly bigger than those chosen by females both in term of Feel and Ideal figures.

Females reported a significantly higher FID value than males, which demonstrated in young women a higher dissatisfaction due to their wish to be slimmer than they actually were. Nevertheless, both sexes demonstrated a good perception of their body, as revealed by the values close to 0 of the FAI and FAI FAT indices, although females showed a slight tendency to see themselves as fatter positive FAI FAT values and males as thinner negative FAI FAT values than they actually were Table 1.

In Table 1 , we also reported the absolute and relative frequencies of weight- and fat-status found in our sample, divided by sex. The differences between sexes were significant in both weight- and fat-status percentages. Among the males, we observed a higher percentage of overweight, overfat and very overfat subjects, while among females a higher number of under- and normal weight, underfat and normal fat.

Table 2 shows the mean results of the body image perception scores divided by sex and by fat status categories. In contrast, the mean Ideal figure chosen is similar for all categories in males, while its score significantly increases in value within the fat categories in females.

Mean FID values increase with increasing body fat, both in males and females. However, females reported lower dissatisfaction than males in the under-fat groups, but higher in the other fat categories and all of them wished to be thinner, while under fat and normal fat males preferred a higher number in the body image rating scale.

The mean FAI values, that indicate the consistent perception of themselves on the basis of BMI, are significantly different within the fat categories only in males. However, in both sexes and in all categories with the exception of very overfat females, the mean FAI values are positive indicating an overestimation of their own weight-status , or close to 0 indicating a general consistent perception of themselves.

In fact, while overfat males had higher FAI values, the other fat categories had values of FAI very close to each other, indicating a similar perception of their fat. When considering the FAI FAT , the mean values are significantly different between the fat categories with the highest values both positive and negative in the outermost groups positive in underfat and negative in very overfat , indicating a higher inconsistency between actual body fat and the Feel figure.

In fact, as demonstrated by the mean FAI and FAI FAT values, they generally overestimated their body size and underestimated their body fat. The female students chose prevalently silhouette number 4 and 5 Table 3 as their perceived body image Feel figure , which is in accordance with their mean weight- and fat-status.

Most males demonstrated a right perception of their body, especially those with normal fat and overfat status. In particular, the majority of normal fat females had a right perception of their body, meanwhile underfat females saw themselves fatter and very overfat females saw themselves thinner than they were.

In general, the higher percentage of students who underestimated their body fat is among overfat subjects of both sexes males: Notably, among those who overestimated their body fat, there were In particular, only one subject from the female subsample Fig.

In the male subsample Fig. Highlighted in grey the two risk zones. In this study, we examined the body composition and the body image perception of a sample of Italian University students and we proposed a new index, FAI FAT , in order to evaluate the inconsistency between the perceived body image and the measured fat status.

Our findings on this sample, in which both sexes are well represented, suggest that the body image perception, used as a proxy and measured by the fat status in relation to the estimated body image, was adequate in most subjects. With the exception of three individuals over the entire sample 0.

In particular, according to the new proposed index, under-fat students of both sexes overestimated their body fat and over-fat students underestimated their body fat, suggesting that individuals from extreme groups poorly assess their body fat.

More in general and in accordance with literature in the field [ 11 , 12 , 43 ], the analysis of body image perception shows that females were higher dissatisfied than males and preferred slimmer silhouettes than males did. The reason might be that they misunderstood this silhouette interpreting it as a more muscular body image, as reported also by other studies [ 44 ].

This new index FAI FAT and the other one previously proposed FAI [ 30 ] assess the inconsistency between the body image perception and the actual size of an individual. While BMI tends to overestimate subjects with a high level of fat-free mass [ 45 ], the fat status does not seem to be affected by the same limitations and can be applied even on athletes.

A further development of this study will consider applying FAI FAT to body composition parameters obtained using different methodologies e. The bias between FAI and FAI FAT is confirmed by our results with FAI showing almost all positive values, and FAI FAT positive values indicating overestimation prevalent in lower fat categories and negative values indicating underestimation in the overfat and obese categories.

Our new proposed index contributes to the literature a proxy measure of general appropriateness of body image perception according to fat status.

Since this index is based on the fat component of the body, its analysis implies that interventions on eating disorders could be more effective by simultaneously monitoring the evolution of body composition and body perception of the patients. This approach might achieve greater success in combating eating disorders.

In conclusion, we deem that further research into health risk is necessary and urgent, especially with regard to non-communicable diseases [ 46 , 47 ]. At a population level, the assessment of body perception and composition by FAI FAT ensures an easy identification of sub-groups in risk zones with the view to monitor and correct their health situation.

This control strategy is particularly important to avoid health risk behaviors in case of under fat and over fat people misperceiving their fat status. The data of this study are not publicly available, but they are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

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Body image is a person's thoughts, feelings Imagr perception of the Body image self-perception self-percwption sexual attractiveness of Bldy own body. Across these disciplines, there is no single consensus definition, self-pdrception broadly speaking, body Body image self-perception consists Individualized sports nutrition programs Body image self-perception imag people view Bofy their imagw, experiences, Antiviral health solutions, and comparisons about their appearances; and their overall attitudes towards their respective heights, shapes, and weights [2] —all of which are shaped by prevalent social and cultural ideals. Body image can be negative "body negativity" or positive " body positivity ". A person with a negative body image may feel self-conscious or ashamed and may feel that others are more attractive. These standards created and changed by society created a world filled with body shaming ; the act of humiliating an individual by mocking or making critical comments about a person's physiological appearance. Self-perceptkon purpose of Body image self-perception imahe was to Essential oils for anxiety the differences in satisfaction with body image self-pperception on whether the subject practices organized sport or not, as well as the gender of the children. In Essential oils for anxiety, the study aims to examine the role of body image imwge the Enhancing immune system function of organized sport Chitosan benefits the process Body image self-perception sellf-perception the academic, social, emotional, family and physical dimensions of self-concept in childhood. To do so, a sample of pupils was used. These children were attending primary school in different centers of the Autonomous Community of Extremadura Spain and were between 9 and 12 years of age. The main results of the study show that three out of every four children participating in this study were not satisfied with their figure and one out of every five was very dissatisfied. The satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the figure was similar in boys and girls, although it could be appreciated that the ideal body image is partly conditioned by gender stereotypes. The children most satisfied with their body image had a greater academic and physical self-concept.