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Ruohua WangRuohua Wang. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Xinyi Lv. Wenyu Xu. Xiaoqing Li.
Xuanfeng Tang. He Huang. Mengxia Yang. Shuran Ma. Nan Wang. Yucun Niu. Correspondence: Y. NiuDepartment of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Baojian Rd, Nangang District, HarbinP.
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Permissions Icon Permissions. Close Navbar Search Filter Nutrition Reviews Dietetics and Nutrition Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Abstract Dietary restriction and fasting have been recognized for their beneficial effects on health and lifespan and their potential application in managing chronic metabolic diseases.
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: Alternate-day fasting and fasting mimicking diets| ProLon Fasting Diet: Benefits and Risks | Visualization diet keyword co-occurrence analysis. The fasting-mimicking diet is not the same faeting Alternate-day fasting and fasting mimicking diets restricting daily fatsing. FMD is recommended to be undertaken with medical supervision, particularly for individuals with existing health conditions or those on medications 1 — Zhang Q, Liu S, Liu R, Xue H, Wang Y. Longevity Institute and Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA,USA. |
| What is a fasting-mimicking diet, and how does it benefit cardiovascular health? | Dlets also spoke with Pure chlorogenic acid RichardCardiovascular fitness registered Restorative yoga for recovery nutritionist, owner fadting Nutrition-In-Sight, and national mimicing spokesperson for the Alterhate-day of Nutrition Dietetics, about this study. American Alternate-xay Association. This five-day weight loss program developed by Valter Longo, Ph. Day 4 - Cellular cleaning and renewal continues, along with fat burning. As mentioned, there are a variety of regimens, but some of the most commonly studied ones are alternate-day fasting, intermittent fasting fasting two days each weekand daily time-restricted feeding where eating is limited to a specific window of time. Abstract Purpose of Review This article reviews the current literature on dietary interventions, including time-restricted eating TREintermittent fasting IFand fasting-mimicking diets FMD and their effects on weight loss. |
| Fast-mimicking diet: benefits, side effects and how to get started | According to Dr. Valter D. Longo , Edna M. Jones Chair in Gerontology and professor of gerontology and biological sciences at the USC Leonard David School of Gerontology at the University of Southern California, lead author of this study, the fasting-mimicking diet is a 5-day vegan diet with a composition such that the human body responds as it does to water-only fasting. Longo — who developed the fasting-mimicking diet — explained to Medical News Today. The 5 days of the fasting-mimicking diet focus on low-calorie, low-protein, and high-fat plant-based foods. Over the last few years, researchers have been examining the use of the fasting-mimicking diet in cancer treatment to help potentially slow down the growth of tumors, and make them more susceptible to chemotherapy in certain types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer. Researchers have also looked at how the fasting-mimicking diet might improve breast cancer therapy in people with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer. Longo said they decided to compare the effectiveness of the fasting-mimicking diet in reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease among adults with obesity and hypertension against the Mediterranean diet for in part because most people have difficulty changing their diet. Longo continued. In previous research , Dr. For this study, Dr. Longo and his team recruited 84 study participants, including both men and women, between the ages of 35 to Study participants all had a body mass index BMI of or above 28, which some experts consider to be an indicator of overweight or obesity. For 4 months, about half of the participant pool followed the fasting-mimicking diet, while the other half followed the Mediterranean diet. Upon analysis, researchers found those in the fasting-mimicking diet group experienced a reduction in their RHI. Longo explained. Fasting-mimicking diet participants showed a marked decrease in trunk fat mass — fat collected around the abdomen — compared to the Mediterranean group. Researchers found that those in the Mediterranean diet group experienced a loss of lean muscle mass. Longo said. After reviewing this study, Dr. Consequently, it is proposed in this review that a PFMD has the potential to fully replace water-only or very-low-energy fasting regimens and holds promise for application across multiple diseases. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above. Don't already have a personal account? Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Navbar Search Filter Nutrition Reviews Dietetics and Nutrition Books Journals Oxford Academic Mobile Enter search term Search. Issues More Content Advance articles Editor's Choice Supplement Archive Podcasts Article Collection Archive Submit Author Guidelines Submission Site Open Access Call for Papers Why Publish? Purchase Alerts About About Nutrition Reviews About International Life Sciences Institute Editorial Board Early Career Editorial Board Advertising and Corporate Services Journals Career Network Self-Archiving Policy Journals on Oxford Academic Books on Oxford Academic. Purchase Alerts About About Nutrition Reviews About International Life Sciences Institute Editorial Board Early Career Editorial Board Advertising and Corporate Services Journals Career Network Self-Archiving Policy Close Navbar Search Filter Nutrition Reviews Dietetics and Nutrition Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Journal Article. Effects of the periodic fasting-mimicking diet on health, lifespan, and multiple diseases: a narrative review and clinical implications Get access. Ruohua Wang , Ruohua Wang. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Int J Obes. Capstick F, Brooks BA, Burns CM, Zilkens RR, Steinbeck KS, Yue DK. Very low calorie diet VLCD : a useful alternative in the treatment of the obese NIDDM patient. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Mathus-Vliegen EM, Balance Study G. Long-term maintenance of weight loss with sibutramine in a GP setting following a specialist guided very-low-calorie diet: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study. Eur J Clin Nutr. Kirkpatrick CF, Bolick JP, Kris-Etherton PM, Sikand G, Aspry KE, Soffer DE, et al. Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate including ketogenic diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force. J Clin Lipidol. Treatment of obesity in adults. Council on scientific affairs. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Cheng FW, Garay JL, Handu D. Weight management interventions for adults with overweight or obesity: an evidence analysis center scoping review. J Acad Nutr Diet. Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, et al. Reviewers of the AACEOCPG: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. Keenan S, Cooke MB, Chen WS, Wu S, Belski R. The effects of intermittent fasting and continuous energy restriction with exercise on cardiometabolic biomarkers, dietary compliance, and perceived hunger and mood: secondary outcomes of a randomised, controlled trial. Patikorn C, Roubal K, Veettil SK, Chandran V, Pham T, Lee YY, et al. Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Netw Open. Parr EB, Devlin BL, Hawley JA. Perspective: time-restricted eating-integrating the what with the when. Adv Nutr. Ratiner K, Shapiro H, Goldenberg K, Elinav E. Time-limited diets and the gut microbiota in cardiometabolic disease. J Diabetes. Brandhorst S, Choi IY, Wei M, Cheng CW, Sedrakyan S, Navarrete G, et al. A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan. Cell Metab. Fanti M, Mishra A, Longo VD, Brandhorst S. Time-restricted eating, intermittent fasting, and fasting-mimicking diets in weight loss. Curr Obes Rep. Choi IY, Piccio L, Childress P, Bollman B, Ghosh A, Brandhorst S, et al. A diet mimicking fasting promotes regeneration and reduces autoimmunity and multiple sclerosis symptoms. Cell Rep. Brandhorst S. Fasting and fasting-mimicking diets for chemotherapy augmentation. Salvadori G, Zanardi F, Iannelli F, Lobefaro R, Vernieri C, Longo VD. Fasting-mimicking diet blocks triple-negative breast cancer and cancer stem cell escape. Caffa I, Spagnolo V, Vernieri C, Valdemarin F, Becherini P, Wei M, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet and hormone therapy induce breast cancer regression. Vernieri C, Ligorio F, Zattarin E, Rivoltini L, de Braud F. Fasting-mimicking diet plus chemotherapy in breast cancer treatment. Nat Commun. Williamson DA, Bray GA, Ryan DH. de Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. Duregon E, Pomatto-Watson L, Bernier M, Price NL, de Cabo R. Intermittent fasting: from calories to time restriction. Parr EB, Devlin BL, Lim KHC, Moresi LNZ, Geils C, Brennan L, et al. s Time-Restricted eating as a nutrition strategy for individuals with type 2 diabetes: a feasibility study. Corley BT, Carroll RW, Hall RM, Weatherall M, Parry-Strong A, Krebs JD. Intermittent fasting in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. Visioli F, Mucignat-Caretta C, Anile F, Panaite SA. Traditional and medical applications of fasting. Hartmann-Boyce J, Aveyard P, Piernas C, Koshiaris C, Velardo C, Salvi D, et al. Cognitive and behavioural strategies for weight management in overweight adults: results from the Oxford Food and Activity Behaviours OxFAB cohort study. PLoS ONE. Kelley CP, Sbrocco G, Sbrocco T. Behavioral modification for the management of obesity. Prim Care. Teixeira PJ, Carraca EV, Marques MM, Rutter H, Oppert JM, De Bourdeaudhuij I, et al. Successful behavior change in obesity interventions in adults: a systematic review of self-regulation mediators. BMC Med. Tikoo K, Tripathi DN, Kabra DG, Sharma V, Gaikwad AB. Intermittent fasting prevents the progression of type I diabetic nephropathy in rats and changes the expression of Sir2 and p FEBS Lett. Liu H, Javaheri A, Godar RJ, Murphy J, Ma X, Rohatgi N, et al. Intermittent fasting preserves beta-cell mass in obesity-induced diabetes via the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Cheng CW, Adams GB, Perin L, Wei M, Zhou X, Lam BS, et al. Cell Stem Cell. Di Biase S, Lee C, Brandhorst S, Manes B, Buono R, Cheng CW, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet reduces HO-1 to promote T cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. Cancer Cell. Long H, Panda S. Time-restricted feeding and circadian autophagy for long life. Nat Rev Endocrinol. Chaix A, Manoogian ENC, Melkani GC, Panda S. Time-restricted eating to prevent and manage chronic metabolic diseases. Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, et al. Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mitchell SJ, Bernier M, Mattison JA, Aon MA, Kaiser TA, Anson RM, et al. Daily fasting improves health and survival in male mice independent of diet composition and calories. Gill S, Le HD, Melkani GC, Panda S. Time-restricted feeding attenuates age-related cardiac decline in Drosophila. Panda S. Circadian physiology of metabolism. Chen S, Han R, Liu H. A bibliometric and visualization analysis of intermittent fasting. Front Public Health. Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, et al. Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Haus JM, et al. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting ADF with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Jamshed H, Beyl RA, Della Manna DL, Yang ES, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early time-restricted feeding improves hour glucose levels and affects markers of the Circadian clock, aging, and autophagy in humans. Chow LS, Manoogian ENC, Alvear A, Fleischer JG, Thor H, Dietsche K, et al. Time-restricted eating effects on body composition and metabolic measures in humans who are overweight: a feasibility study. 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Fasting mimicking diets (how it works and the science behind)Alternate-day fasting and fasting mimicking diets -
The concept of FMD was developed and popularized by he and his colleagues at the University of Southern California. Sebastian Brandhorst and Filippo De Braud follow with 17 and 14 publications, respectively. The most productive journal is Nutrients with 12 publications, and followed by the Nature Communications with 5 publications and cancers with 4 publications.
Overall, this analysis underscores the importance and growing interest in the FMD in the global scientific community. Figure 2. Visualization knowledge maps of authors and institutions.
A The co-authorship map of authors. B The co-authorship map of institutions. Figure 3. B The co-authorship map of journals. The visualized citations of references are depicted in Figure 4 , and the attributes of the 20 most-cited documents are encapsulated in Table 3 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 10 , 13 , 15 , 20 — In the context of the FMD, the article may discuss how intermittent fasting, such as the FMD, can potentially promote various health benefits.
These benefits may include improved metabolic health, weight management, and even potential effects on delaying aging processes and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. The second high-cited document was published in Cell Metabolism by Longo et al.
In this review, they explored the relationship between time-restricted feeding and fasting including the FMD and circadian rhythms, and their potential impacts on a healthy lifespan.
These benefits might include improved metabolic health, cellular repair processes, and even longevity. The third high-cited document was published in Aging Cell by Longo et al. The article may explore specific dietary intervention involving FMD, can influence aging processes, with the potential benefits of periodic fasting for promoting longevity and improving age-related health markers.
The fourth high-cited document was published in Science Translational Medicine by Wei et al. In this article, they investigate the effects of a FMD on various markers and risk factors associated with aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, and explores how this diet can impact biomarkers related to these health conditions.
It may discuss the potential benefits of the FMD in terms of improving these markers and reducing the risk factors associated with age-related diseases. The fifth high-cited document was published in Cell Reports by Choi et al.
They explore the effects of FMD on tissue regeneration, autoimmunity, and symptoms of multiple sclerosis MS. They discuss the potential benefits of the FMD in promoting tissue regeneration and reducing autoimmunity, ultimately leading to a reduction in MS symptoms.
This suggests that this specific dietary approach may hold promise in managing multiple sclerosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bibliometric analysis related to the FMD. FMD is a specialized dietary regimen, has attracted growing attention in the scientific community due to its potential health benefits.
Numerous studies have explored its implications for metabolic health, weight management, and potential in influencing the course of various diseases, including cancer and diabetes. In our study, there were a total of publications related to FMD. From a geographical standpoint, the USA emerged as the leading contributor with 86 publications.
The most productive institution and author are the University of Southern California and Valter D. Furthermore, the most highly cited work in this domain was published in Ageing Research Reviews by Mattson et al.
In essence, the research on the FMD reflects a dynamic and growing field, with key players and institutions paving the way for future explorations and discoveries. On the basis of publications of the FMD, highly-cited publications, and important keywords with high frequency, the key research areas within the field of FMD have been outlined as follows.
For this field, the FMD for cancer is the most popular topic. Many studies investigate the effects of FMD for cancer. For example, Caffa et al. In mouse models, the FMD synergistically improved the cancer-fighting impact of endocrine therapies, such as tamoxifen and fulvestrant, by significantly lowering systemic levels of IGF-1, insulin, and leptin, and impeding AKT—mTOR signaling pathways through the increased expression of EGR1 and PTEN.
Additionally, it prevented tamoxifen-induced endometrial hyperplasia, a common side effect of this drug. Encouragingly, early-phase clinical observations in human patients mirrored the metabolic alterations seen in mice and were associated with prolonged anti-cancer benefits.
These findings underline the potential of incorporating periodic FMDs as a complementary approach to enhance the effectiveness of hormone therapies in treating hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers 6. Subsequently, the phase 2 DIRECT trial 7 , which was the first randomized controlled study evaluating the effects of an FMD on toxicity and efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with cancer.
In this study, they evaluated the effects of the FMD as an accompaniment to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Results showed no notable difference in toxicity levels between the two groups, even though one group did not receive dexamethasone with their treatment.
The FMD group exhibited a higher likelihood of a significant or complete radiological response to chemotherapy. Conclusively, the FMD displayed potential in enhancing the effects of chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer patients, making it worthy of further exploration in cancer treatment protocols 7.
In addition, FMD may be also benefits for other types of cancer besides breast cancer, including lung cancer 32 , colorectal cancer 3 , and prostate cancer This is termed differential stress resistance DSR.
By enhancing the effects of chemotherapy on cancer cells and reducing side effects on normal cells, the quality of life for patients undergoing chemotherapy might be improved. Cancer cell vulnerability: Some preclinical studies have indicated that fasting or FMD might slow down the growth of certain types of tumors.
This is believed to be because cancer cells, which are primed for rapid growth and are more metabolically active, become more vulnerable under nutrient-scarce conditions created by fasting or FMD. Reduced inflammation: Prolonged fasting and FMD can reduce levels of circulating IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1 , a hormone linked to cancer risk, and promote a switch to a state that reduces inflammation, which can potentially decrease the chances of cancer development and progression.
Stem cell regeneration: Fasting or FMD has been shown in mouse models to stimulate the regeneration of new stem cells in various systems, including the hematopoietic system. This could be beneficial for recovery after chemotherapy, which often damages the bone marrow and immune cells 4 , 34 — Besides for cancer, FMD may has some potential benefits for patients with metabolic-related diseases such as diabetes and NAFLD.
Cheng et al. This FMD regimen can rejuvenate insulin secretion and balance glucose levels in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mouse models. In human pancreatic islets with type 1 diabetes, fasting conditions decrease PKA and mTOR activity, leading to the expression of specific genes and subsequent insulin production.
However, these FMD effects can be countered by IGF-1, but similarly induced by inhibiting PKA and mTOR. The potential Benefits of FMD for Metabolic Diseases including, weight Loss: FMD has been shown to help in reducing body weight. This can be beneficial for metabolic conditions where weight plays a significant role, such as Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Blood Sugar Control: Some studies have suggested that FMD can help regulate blood sugar levels, making it potentially beneficial for those with insulin resistance or Type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular Health: FMD might improve lipid profiles by reducing levels of bad cholesterol and increasing good cholesterol, which is beneficial for heart health.
Rangan et al. In one particular mouse model, the FMD significantly reduced signs of AD, such as brain plaques and tau tangles, and fostered the growth of neural stem cells Moreover, FMD decreased the number of microglia and reduced the expression of neuroinflammatory genes, including the superoxide-producing Nox2.
Improved cognition was observed in mice lacking Nox2 or those treated with a Nox2 inhibitor. Preliminary clinical data also suggest that FMD cycles are feasible and generally safe for a subset of AD patients. These findings underscore the potential of FMD cycles in delaying cognitive decline in AD 16 , 45 , There were some limitations in our study.
We exclusively utilized the WoSCC database, as the VOSviewer software is incompatible with other databases like Embase and Pubmed for analyzing and visualizing co-citation maps. Furthermore, the volume of publications concerning FMD is still quite limited, and the pre-clinical and clinical data on both sexes and to elucidate potential differences are lacked, necessitating the imperative for additional research.
In conclusion, this is the first bibliometric analysis of the FMD. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. di Biase, S, Lee, C, Brandhorst, S, Manes, B, Buono, R, Cheng, CW, et al.
Fasting-mimicking diet reduces HO-1 to promote T cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. Cancer Cell. doi: PubMed Abstract Crossref Full Text Google Scholar.
Vernieri, C, Fucà, G, Ligorio, F, Huber, V, Vingiani, A, Iannelli, F, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet is safe and reshapes metabolism and antitumor immunity in patients with Cancer.
Cancer Discov. Zhong, Z, Zhang, H, Nan, K, Zhong, J, Wu, Q, Lu, L, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet drives antitumor immunity against colorectal cancer by reducing IgA-producing cells.
Cancer Res. Cheng, CW, Villani, V, Buono, R, Wei, M, Kumar, S, Yilmaz, OH, et al. Fasting-mimicking diet promotes Ngn3-driven β-cell regeneration to reverse diabetes. Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.
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Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Journal Article. Effects of the periodic fasting-mimicking diet on health, lifespan, and multiple diseases: a narrative review and clinical implications Get access. Ruohua Wang , Ruohua Wang. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University.
Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Xinyi Lv. Wenyu Xu. Xiaoqing Li. Xuanfeng Tang. He Huang. Mengxia Yang. Shuran Ma. Nan Wang. On the other hand, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials in patients with obesity found that fasting for 2—3 days diet led to lower body fat content and more weight loss than the matched controls who only had caloric restriction without time restriction 13 , However, studies with ADF and TRE, which restrict timed eating within 24 h.
did not reveal similar findings 51 , Based on the current evidence, it appears that both caloric restriction and timing of meals are critical to weight loss and that time-restricted feeding has an independent beneficial effect on weight loss and improving insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes Studies have shown that IF and TRE have cardiometabolic benefits aligned with the circadian rhythm, independent of their weight loss outcomes.
In a symposium review 58 , Cienfuegos and colleagues attributed the cardiometabolic benefits of TRE to circadian rhythm and biological clocks, which affected glucose regulation, beta cell responsiveness, body composition, and body composition body weight, reduction of oxidative stress and metabolic switch 24 , 59 — As such, since fasting deprives the body of glucose, and after glycogen stores are depleted within 12 h of fasting , the energy production is shifted to alternative energy sources such as fatty acids and ketone bodies, leading to the metabolic switch flipping In addition, studies have shown that IF improves glucose regulation and decrease inflammatory biomarkers in the blood Other mechanisms include augmented autophagy due to the downregulation of mTOR because the caloric restriction activates autophagy to eliminate damaged cellular content and recycle healthy cellular components 65 , However, Long-term studies are required to directly compare the health benefits of IF and TRE in the same population for the same duration compared to the control group.
More research would be warranted to address the sustainability and maintenance of weight loss and the metabolic differences between IF and TRE. Several clinical trials provided evidence that IF improved cardiometabolic biomarkers such as reducing LDL-C, BP, TG, insulin resistance, and HbA1C 24 , 64 , Also, with IF protocols, people with insulin resistance and pre-diabetes have improved metabolic profiles and have lost weight Further, studies have shown in T1D 74 and T2D 75 that IF is also effective in weight loss.
However, other investigators reported that the time restriction benefits are not superior to the caloric restriction in the cardiometabolic outcome 44 , 51 , 76 , Most clinical trials to date that measured the markers of inflammation, such as IL-6, TNF, and C-Reactive protein, did not show an effect of IF either ADF 57 , 71 or diet 78 or TRE 43 , 79 — 81 on the inflammatory markers.
However, combined TRE and exercise have been shown to improve the inflammatory markers, possibly due to the exercise component On the other hand, RCTs have shown that IF ADF, diet and TRE reduce the oxidative stress markers 4 , 43 , 79 , 83 , which might explain the improved insulin sensitivity 61 , IF and TRE can alter the microbiome composition and the host circadian rhythm or biological clock, thereby improving cardiometabolic health However, individual variations of the host-microbe interactions may alter the host's response to diet.
It is also postulated that the gut microbiome modulates the energy metabolism diurnal rhythm by regulating the genes that control lipid uptake and adipose tissue thermogenesis during timed eating Also, the microbiome can produce SCFA and ketone bodies that may be used as an energy source during fasting Further, the feeding-fasting cycles affect the metabolic pathways, metabolites, and microbiome composition, which may drive the cardiometabolic advantage of IF and TRE.
Other benefits of the IF on the microbiome include a possible role in reducing microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes 88 and brain health, as shown in animal models However, more research is needed to confirm these findings in humans.
Tumor cells require nutrients and oxygen to grow and proliferate. Diet has been shown to play a role in tumor initiation and progression 90 , As such, diet modification can restrict nutrient availability to the tumor microenvironment or alter the tumor's metabolic vulnerabilities.
Therefore, timed feeding may be targeted for inhibiting tumor growth or as an adjuvant for anticancer drugs Studies in preclinical models show that nutrients play a role in tumor initiation, progression, cancer metabolism and survival 90 , 93 , Moreover, recent findings using IF, TRE and FMD suggest that dietary interventions may be utilized as adjuvants to cancer therapy 19 , 90 , 92 , 95 , To do so, future studies need to analyze the tumor utilization of nutrients and the biochemical processes involved in the digestion and absorption of macronutrients and micronutrients.
The contraindications for IF and TRE are like contradictions to dieting for weight loss in general. For example, IF and TRE are contraindicated in people with eating disorders or underweight below Also, IF and TRE are not recommended for pregnant women or lactating women and children under 12 years old Clinicians should assess and monitor individuals for adverse effects frequency.
When IF protocols are started, researchers should allow an adjustment period to allow participants to adapt to the protocol. For example, headache is reported, possibly due to dehydration, but subsides with increasing water intake There was speculation about susceptibility to eating disorders, but evaluation of clinical trials of ADF and TRE did not show evidence of binge eating or purging behavior 97 , However, more research is needed to evaluate IF, FMD, and TRE's effects on health outcomes and the possible side effects.
Although the supervised TRE clinical trials documented the dietary caloric intake in the treatment and control groups, many free-living studies focused on the timing of meals without a complete characterization of the dietary intake in terms of caloric density and macronutrient intake.
Additionally, many studies have not reported the body composition analysis, macronutrient distribution between meals, and numbers of meals and snacks within the timed-eating window; these limitations hinder comparing the time-restricted eating strategies with the traditional caloric-restriction standardized weight loss programs that account for total caloric intake Figure 1.
Furthermore, most studies to date were short-term, ranging between 8—12 weeks; thus, the long-term impact of the IF and TRE has not been thoroughly studied and is primarily undetermined Moreover, the long-term success of weight loss and weight loss maintenance is not known yet and remains to be seen.
Importantly, future studies should expand to include different populations, various ethnic groups, various personal dietary preferences, and discrepancies in individual responses to IF and determine the feasibility of such protocols, accessibility of meals, and long-term adherence to the diet.
The assumption is that since people have less time to eat, they will eat fewer calories as it is hard to fit a large volume in a short period of time; however, this has not been confirmed by empirical data.
It would be informative to document the dietary composition, meal composition, intake of discretionary calories, and caloric density in addition to the timing of meals to differentiate the effects of timing of feeding vs.
caloric restriction, diet composition, or macronutrient intake. These factors caloric restriction and time restriction could work synergistically or with an additive effect to improve metabolic health outcomes. For example, 3-consecutive days' diet records, including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend, should be analyzed throughout the studies.
A more detailed analysis would help determine possible synergism between diet quality such as macronutrients, micronutrients, dietary pattern, food groups, supplements and herbs, the amount of processed food intake and the timing of meals and snacks.
To translate the recent advances in the IF and TRE research into practical applications, it would be worthwhile to incorporate the diet quality of what we eat with insights from the timing of when we eat it.
Since the goal of studying TRE and IF is to provide precision nutrition recommendations, future directions should include studying the best timing window and diet composition and quality of diet, including the intakes of whole grain, plant-based diet, limiting ultra-processed food, and portion control.
Furthermore, the benefits of IF and TRE should be evaluated by RCTs in different populations, ethnic groups, ages, geographic differences, physical activity levels, body composition, BMI, and in patients with obesity, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease.
It is possible that individualized, tailored IF and TRE protocols may be adopted for personalized precision nutrition that increases compliance, tolerability, and sustainability to achieve optimal health outcomes.
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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This "fasting with food" dietss is gluten-free and uses mostly plant-based ingredients. The ProLon Alternate-day fasting and fasting mimicking diets, a five-day meal program, might Mimickong compelling Diabetes and reproductive health to anr if you prefer "fasting with food. In other words, the plan allows you to eat a limited amount of food while shifting your body into fasting mode. Fasting can be appealing as a weight-loss strategy, but it also usually means going without food entirely. Metabolic pathways in your body change to create energy from sources other than food when you fast.
Ich finde mich dieser Frage zurecht. Geben Sie wir werden besprechen.
Es ist schade, dass ich mich jetzt nicht aussprechen kann - ist erzwungen, wegzugehen. Aber ich werde befreit werden - unbedingt werde ich schreiben dass ich denke.
Es hat den Sinn nicht.