Macronutrient sources for ketogenic diets -
Keto is also not conducive to optimal kidney function, as it significantly increases the occurrence of kidney stones. People who are pregnant or may become pregnant should be especially wary of following a ketogenic diet, as carbohydrate-restricted diets have been clearly associated with birth defects.
This applies even if people follow carbohydrate-restricted diets before becoming pregnant and stop immediately upon learning they are pregnant.
This is likely related to decreased folate intake, since many carbohydrates are fortified with folate. Finally, a long-term health metric that many people who choose to lose weight are concerned about is cardiovascular risk, since it is well-established that obesity directly contributes to many incident cardiovascular risk factors.
Unfortunately, emerging research shows that a ketogenic diet actually increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Typically, you would expect to see LDL-C levels drop when you lose weight.
LDL-C has long been associated with cardiovascular risk because it forms arterial plaques a cholesterol build-up in the inner lining of arteries , and emerging research that followed people for 12 years has now directly linked long-term ketogenic dieting with a 2x higher risk of heart disease or other negative cardiac events.
More longitudinal research is being done on these risks, but many doctors are now stepping up and advising people to follow other weight-loss approaches to preserve their cardiovascular health. Countless studies over the years support that keto often yields a significantly positive outcome for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children and adults.
Even in these cases, when it significantly reduces seizure incidence, keto is associated with adverse effects including dehydration, hypoglycemia low blood sugar , lethargy, metabolic acidosis , gastrointestinal symptoms, and elevated cholesterol. However, the quality of life improvements brought about by seizure reduction are compelling enough for some patients to continue to follow the diet.
Keto is being tested as an intervention for a host of other afflictions with mixed results. It has been tried, but is now discouraged , for patients with Type 1 diabetes. Additionally, studies are underway regarding the impact of a ketogenic diet on Type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and a variety of cancers, but potential benefits remain unclear.
Though more longitudinal studies are still being conducted, early conclusions already suggest that a ketogenic diet does more harm than good for almost everyone. Rather than a one-size-fits-all miracle weight loss approach, a ketogenic diet should be considered as a medical intervention only to be undertaken upon specific recommendation from a physician.
You can find her on Twitter as ScienceYael. Cover image by AbsolutVision on pixabay. This article is a great example of misdirection, manipulation and academia constipation.
Here are the facts and they are backed by real science: The process of Ketogenesis. The brain typically uses glucose as its primary source of energy. Unlike muscles, the brain cannot utilize fat for energy. However, it can use ketones, which are produced by the liver from fatty acids when glucose and insulin levels are low.
This production of ketones increases during periods of fasting or when carbohydrate intake is less than 50 grams per day. While most of the brain can use ketones, some parts require glucose to function.
On a diet that is very low in carbs, some of this glucose can come from the small amount of carbs that are consumed. The liver can also produce glucose from glycerol, which is the component that binds fatty acids together in triglycerides, the form in which the body stores fat.
Butter also happens to be one of the richest food sources of butyrate. Early research suggests that this type of short-chain fat may play a significant role in promoting brain health Roast or sauté vegetables in butter or spread it on keto-friendly muffins, waffles, or pancakes.
Rub butter over a whole chicken before roasting to achieve perfectly crispy skin. Though exact nutrient composition varies depending on the type of cheese, many types are good sources of protein and calcium.
Certain fermented varieties like cheddar or gouda also provide probiotics Enjoy slices of cheese with fresh veggie sticks or melt it over roasted or steamed vegetables.
Try adding shredded cheese to salads or grilled meats or use it to make keto mushroom pizza sliders. Though fat makes up the majority of the calories on a ketogenic diet, not all sources of fat are good for your health — even if they fit into the macronutrient distribution of your diet plan.
Trans fats are frequently found in highly refined oils and commercially prepared processed foods, such as cakes, cookies, pastries, biscuits, crackers, and other ultra-processed snacks.
Note that many countries, including the United States, have banned or restricted the use of artificial trans fats. Still, according to the current regulation of the Food and Drug Administration FDA , trans-fat-containing products manufactured before June 18, may be distributed until January , or in some cases Processed meats , such as deli meat, sausages, salami, hot dogs, and cured and smoked meats, are frequently advertised as keto friendly.
While these foods technically fit into a ketogenic diet plan , several studies have found an association between high intake of processed meats and an increased risk of cancers of the digestive tract Instead, focus on eating whole, minimally processed foods as much as possible.
Deep-fried foods are included in some ketogenic diet plans, but you may want to think twice before adding them to yours. Fried foods tend to be high in trans fats, which can increase your risk of heart disease Certain types of highly refined oils typically used for frying, such as corn oil , often contain small amounts of trans fats.
As the oils are heated to very high temperatures, more trans fats may be produced Fried food absorbs large amounts of these fats, and frequent consumption could lead to detrimental health effects over time.
Therefore, keep your intake of fried foods to a minimum to support your health while following a ketogenic diet. Summary Certain fat sources should be limited or avoided on a keto diet, as they may negatively affect your health.
These include processed meats, fried foods, and anything containing artificial trans fats. The ketogenic diet is centered around high-fat foods, but some sources of fat are healthier than others. Fatty fish, avocados, coconut, olives, nuts, and seeds are a few examples of nutritious sources of healthy fats.
To best support your health on the keto diet , choose fats from nutrient-dense , whole foods and avoid those that come from ultra-processed oils, meats, and fried foods.
Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. The keto diet limits how many carbs you can eat. This article explains what not to eat on keto, so you can stay on track.
The ketogenic diet is a very low carb diet with numerous health benefits. Discover 20 nutritious foods you can eat on keto. The low-carb ketogenic, or keto, diet can be an effective tool if you're trying to shed pounds, but some things may sabotage your weight loss efforts….
The ketogenic diet is generally healthful for most people and can even help lower cholesterol levels in the long term. However, some people may need…. Some fats are better for you than others and may even promote good heart health.
Know the difference to determine which fats to avoid, and which to…. Discover which diet is best for managing your diabetes.
Getting enough fiber is crucial to overall gut health. Let's look at some easy ways to get more into your diet:. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect.
Nutrition Evidence Based 14 Healthy Fats for the Keto Diet Plus Some to Limit. By Ansley Hill, RD, LD on March 31, How we vet brands and products Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site.
To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence? The increased ketones, lower blood sugar levels, and improved insulin sensitivity may also play a key role 18 , For more details on the weight loss effects of a ketogenic diet, read this article. A ketogenic diet can help you lose slightly more weight than a low fat diet.
This often happens with less hunger. Diabetes is characterized by changes in metabolism, high blood sugar, and impaired insulin function The ketogenic diet can help you lose excess fat, which is closely linked to type 2 diabetes , prediabetes , and metabolic syndrome 21 , 22 , 23 , A small study in women with type 2 diabetes also found that following a ketogenic diet for 90 days significantly reduced levels of hemoglobin A1C, which is a measure of long-term blood sugar management Another study in people with type 2 diabetes found that those who followed a ketogenic diet lost an average of This is an important benefit when considering the link between weight and type 2 diabetes 24 , For more information, check out this article on the benefits of low carb diets for people with diabetes.
The ketogenic diet can boost insulin sensitivity and cause fat loss, leading to significant health benefits for people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. The ketogenic diet actually originated as a tool for treating neurological diseases such as epilepsy.
Studies have now shown that the diet can have benefits for a wide variety of different health conditions:. A ketogenic diet may provide many health benefits, especially with metabolic, neurological, or insulin-related diseases. Avoid carb-based foods like grains, sugars, legumes, rice, potatoes, candy, juice, and even most fruits.
You should base the majority of your meals around these foods :. Base the majority of your diet on foods such as meat, fish, eggs, butter, nuts, healthy oils, avocados, and plenty of low carb veggies.
Always try to rotate the vegetables and meat over the long term, as each type provides different nutrients and health benefits. For tons of recipes, check out these healthy low carb recipes and this keto shopping list.
You can eat a wide variety of tasty and nutritious meals on a ketogenic diet. Vegetables are an important part of the diet. Great snacks for a keto diet include pieces of meat, cheese, olives, boiled eggs, nuts, raw veggies, and dark chocolate.
Although getting started on the ketogenic diet can be challenging, there are several tips and tricks that you can use to make it easier. Reading food labels, planning your meals ahead, and bringing your own foods when visiting family and friends can make it much easier to stick to the ketogenic diet.
Many restaurant meals can be made keto-friendly. Most restaurants offer some kind of meat or fish-based dish. Order this and replace any high carb food with extra vegetables. Another favorite is bun-less burgers.
You could also swap the fries for vegetables instead. Add extra avocado, cheese, bacon, or eggs. At Mexican restaurants, you can enjoy any type of meat with extra cheese, guacamole, salsa, and sour cream. When eating out, select a meat-, fish-, or egg-based dish.
Order extra veggies instead of carbs or starches, and have cheese for dessert. Although the ketogenic diet is usually safe for most healthy people, there may be some initial side effects while your body adapts.
Reported keto flu symptoms include diarrhea, constipation, and vomiting Other less common symptoms include:. To minimize this, you can try a regular low carb diet for the first few weeks. This may teach your body to burn more fat before you completely eliminate carbs. A ketogenic diet can also change the water and mineral balance of your body, so adding extra salt to your meals or taking mineral supplements may help.
Talk to your doctor about your nutritional needs. Usually, a ketogenic diet causes weight loss without intentional calorie restriction. Many of the side effects of starting a ketogenic diet can be limited.
Easing into the diet and taking mineral supplements can help. While the keto diet has its benefits, staying on it in the long term may have some negative effects , including risks of the following:.
A type of medication called sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes can increase the risk for diabetic ketoacidosis , a dangerous condition that increases blood acidity.
Anyone taking this medication should avoid the keto diet 40 , More research is being done to determine the safety of the keto diet in the long term. Keep your doctor informed of your eating plan to guide your choices.
There are some side effects to the keto diet about which you should speak to your doctor if you plan to stay on the diet long term.
Certain supplements can be beneficial on a ketogenic diet. These include exogenous ketones, MCT oil, and minerals. After the first 2 to 3 months, you can eat carbs on special occasions — just return to the diet immediately after.
However, protein intake and high ketone levels may help minimize muscle loss, especially if you lift weights 50 , Yes, but it may not work as well as on a moderate carb diet 52 , For more details about low carb or keto diets and exercise performance, read this article.
Protein should be moderate, as a very high intake can spike insulin levels and lower ketones.
Ketohenic Stubbs. Far from a fad diet, the diet Recovery for professionals, a. Macrojutrient the keto diet, Pancreatic enzyme supplements proving that it Macrnutrient here to stay. The attention is well justified, since the ketogenic diet has benefits for athletes, weight loss, and several other health-related conditions. And with an emphasis on the consumption of whole, nutritious, tasty foods, many people find the diet to be fairly non-restrictive. But, the keto diet is more than just chugging buttered coffee and blending MCT oil into your post-workout smoothie.Macronutrient sources for ketogenic diets -
Today, other low-carb diets including the Paleo, South Beach, and Dukan diets are all high in protein but moderate in fat. The brain demands the most glucose in a steady supply, about grams daily, because it cannot store glucose. During fasting, or when very little carbohydrate is eaten, the body first pulls stored glucose from the liver and temporarily breaks down muscle to release glucose.
If this continues for days and stored glucose is fully depleted, blood levels of a hormone called insulin decrease, and the body begins to use fat as its primary fuel. The liver produces ketone bodies from fat, which can be used in the absence of glucose. When ketone bodies accumulate in the blood, this is called ketosis.
Healthy individuals naturally experience mild ketosis during periods of fasting e. The ketogenic diet typically reduces total carbohydrate intake to less than 50 grams a day—less than the amount found in a medium plain bagel—and can be as low as 20 grams a day.
For a calorie diet, this translates to about grams fat, 40 grams carbohydrate, and 75 grams protein. The protein amount on the ketogenic diet is kept moderate in comparison with other low-carb high-protein diets, because eating too much protein can prevent ketosis.
The amino acids in protein can be converted to glucose, so a ketogenic diet specifies enough protein to preserve lean body mass including muscle, but that will still cause ketosis. Many versions of ketogenic diets exist, but all ban carb-rich foods.
Some of these foods may be obvious: starches from both refined and whole grains like breads, cereals, pasta, rice, and cookies; potatoes, corn, and other starchy vegetables; and fruit juices.
Some that may not be so obvious are beans , legumes, and most fruits. Most ketogenic plans allow foods high in saturated fat, such as fatty cuts of meat , processed meats, lard, and butter, as well as sources of unsaturated fats , such as nuts, seeds, avocados, plant oils, and oily fish.
Depending on your source of information, ketogenic food lists may vary and even conflict. They are calculated by subtracting the amount of indigestible carbohydrates from the total carbohydrate amount. Indigestible unabsorbed carbohydrates include insoluble fibers from whole grains, fruits, and vegetables; and sugar alcohols, such as mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol commonly used in sugar-free diabetic food products.
However, these calculations are not an exact or reliable science because the effect of sugar alcohols on absorption and blood sugar can vary. Some sugar alcohols may still contribute calories and raise blood sugar. The total calorie level also does not change despite the amount of net carbs, which is an important factor with weight loss.
There is debate even within the ketogenic diet community about the value of using net carbs. Programs suggest following a ketogenic diet until the desired amount of weight is lost.
When this is achieved, to prevent weight regain one may follow the diet for a few days a week or a few weeks each month, interchanged with other days allowing a higher carbohydrate intake. The ketogenic diet has been shown to produce beneficial metabolic changes in the short-term.
Along with weight loss, health parameters associated with carrying excess weight have improved, such as insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol and triglycerides. Several theories exist as to why the ketogenic diet promotes weight loss, though they have not been consistently shown in research: [2,8,9].
In addition, though extensive research exists on the use of the ketogenic diet for other medical conditions, only studies that examined ketogenic diets specific to obesity or overweight were included in this list.
This paragraph was added to provide additional clarity on 5. Following a very high-fat diet may be challenging to maintain. Some negative side effects of a long-term ketogenic diet have been suggested, including increased risk of kidney stones and osteoporosis, and increased blood levels of uric acid a risk factor for gout.
Possible nutrient deficiencies may arise if a variety of recommended foods on the ketogenic diet are not included. It is important to not solely focus on eating high-fat foods, but to include a daily variety of the allowed meats, fish, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds to ensure adequate intakes of fiber, B vitamins, and minerals iron, magnesium, zinc —nutrients typically found in foods like whole grains that are restricted from the diet.
Because whole food groups are excluded, assistance from a registered dietitian may be beneficial in creating a ketogenic diet that minimizes nutrient deficiencies. Available research on the ketogenic diet for weight loss is still limited. Most of the studies so far have had a small number of participants, were short-term 12 weeks or less , and did not include control groups.
A ketogenic diet has been shown to provide short-term benefits in some people including weight loss and improvements in total cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure. However, these effects after one year when compared with the effects of conventional weight loss diets are not significantly different.
Eliminating several food groups and the potential for unpleasant symptoms may make compliance difficult. An emphasis on foods high in saturated fat also counters recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the American Heart Association and may have adverse effects on blood LDL cholesterol.
Other research suggests that different types of cancer respond to a ketogenic diet with an anti-tumor effect, while others respond with no or even a pro-tumor effect [24]. However, to date, there are too few reported studies to enable conclusions regarding efficacy.
The ketogenic diet is also being investigated as a way to promote healthy aging; many animal trials support beta-hydroxybutyrate's effect of reducing aspects of cell aging [25]. Similarly, there are too few reports in humans to enable conclusions at this time.
Limited research suggests blood levels of cholesterol and lipids can be adversely affected when on the ketogenic diet. One study of dyslipidemia on the ketogenic diet, observed children over the course of 2 years, and found an increase in very low-density lipoprotein VLDL and low-density lipoprotein LDL and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL.
Kidney stones have been observed to occur more frequently in children on the ketogenic diet. Bone density may decrease while on the ketogenic diet. There have been reports in scientific literature of a higher risk of skeletal fractures in children on the ketogenic diet.
The ketogenic diet differs from the — Dietary Guidelines for Americans DGA and National Academy of Medicine NAM recommendations for dietary proportions of protein, fat, and carbohydrates.
Table 1 [30 - 31] The ketogenic diet tends to be higher in protein and fat, and lower in carbohydrates and dietary fiber than recommended by the DGA due to limited amounts of grains, refined sugars, legumes, and certain vegetables and fruits.
Table 2 [10, 31— 32]. Inquiries regarding this publication may be directed to cns ucdavis. The information provided in this publication is intended for general consumer understanding, and is not intended to be used for medical diagnosis or treatment, or to substitute for professional medical advice.
These institutions are equal opportunity providers and employers. For important nutrition information, visit www. What is the Ketogenic Diet? How did the ketogenic diet first originate? It has been suggested that achieving ketosis may have a benefit in ameliorating fatty liver 63 , but the studies supporting this are limited and typically also restrict energy intake.
Long-term safety and specific clinical outcomes have not been determined. By nearly eliminating available glucose, ketogenic diets theoretically stress cancer cells. Few clinical trials have tested this.
While the authors could not evaluate the effectiveness of ketogenic diets for cancer survival, they noted that minimal adverse events were reported, suggesting ketogenic diets may be safe in this population A systematic review analyzed 13 studies of ketogenic diets as a complementary therapy for standard treatments in a variety of cancers.
Diet-related adverse events were uncommon and mostly minor, and the diet had a beneficial effect on body composition. Findings were mixed for both overall survival and progression-free survival; beneficial effects were seen in four studies A possible explanation for the lack of a consistent survival benefit is demonstrated in in vitro research suggesting that ketone utilization by cancer cells increases expression of genes associated with high metastatic potential Given potential benefits for body composition, large, well-designed, randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of ketogenic diets in cancer treatment 72 , Long-term data on cancer outcomes with ketogenic diets are lacking.
However, food components typical of a ketogenic diet, such as red and processed meats, are linked to increased cancer risk 75 — Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are linked to a lower risk of both cancer and all-cause mortality 78 , 79 , yet, with the exception of non-starchy vegetables, these foods are commonly avoided on ketogenic diets.
For example, in one study of a ketogenic diet for type 2 diabetes, researchers encouraged unlimited meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs, while cutting intake of whole grains, fruits, and starchy vegetables and limiting intake of salad vegetables and non-starchy vegetables By , it is projected that will have Alzheimer's disease AD Given the brain's inability to efficiently utilize glucose in AD, some have proposed ketones as an alternate fuel source for these individuals As reviewed by Włodarek in , small trials have found that increasing blood ketones by supplementing with medium-chain triglycerides does improve some measures of cognitive function in AD, although not necessarily in those with the APOEε4 genotype No long-term data on ketogenic diets for AD are available, although small, short-term trials have been conducted.
However, the ketogenic diet was substantially lower in calories, which may have independently reduced insulin resistance In a review of short-term ketogenic diet and ketone supplement studies in older adults, including those with no dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment, and AD, 6 of 9 controlled trials with clinical endpoints found significant cognitive improvements in the intervention groups, while other trials did not.
Saturated fat intake, which typically increases on a ketogenic diet, is strongly associated with AD risk. In the Chicago Health and Aging Project, high saturated fat intake was linked to a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of incident AD A review of international data found that consuming meats, eggs, high-fat dairy such as butter and cheese, and sweets was linked to an increased risk of AD Aside from sweets, consumption of these foods generally increases on a ketogenic diet.
Polyphenol-rich plant foods such as fruits and vegetables are associated with lower AD risk 88 and diets focusing on whole plant foods and limiting animal foods and processed foods, such as the MIND diet, are proven to reduce AD risk Thus, by providing ketones that can be metabolized by neurons in AD, a ketogenic diet could improve symptoms in the short term, but the diet's nutritional profile could increase risk over the long-term in healthy individuals.
The effect of low-carbohydrate diets on plasma lipid concentrations is a major concern. However, low-carbohydrate diets are often an exception to that rule.
In a trial published in by Foster et al. For comparison, LDL-C dropped by A recent meta-analysis of 5 studies showed that, in individuals with type 2 diabetes, ketogenic diets led to, on average, no substantial change in LDL-C It is important to note that changes reported in group means do not reflect the change for any given individual.
In the Foster study, the standard deviation for the change in LDL-C was Negative effects on blood lipids have also been seen in healthy individuals.
A pilot study of young, fit adults average age 31 found that 12 weeks on a ketogenic diet led to a weight loss of 3. Some have suggested that LDL-C or LDL particle concentration elevations are of no concern if the increase is mainly in larger LDL particles.
There are two problems with this rationale: First is the problem of heterogeneity noted above i. Second, LDL is potentially atherogenic regardless of particle size 98 , Data supporting this concern come from the Women's Health Study, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin and vitamin E.
As part of the study, LDL particle size was assessed. The hazard ratio for incident cardiovascular disease associated with large LDL particles was 1.
For small LDL, it was 1. Both were highly statistically significant. In other words, large LDL particles were strongly atherogenic, albeit less so than small LDL It has also been proposed that the risk elevation associated with increased LDL-C concentrations may be neutralized to the extent that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C also rises.
However, both Mendelian randomization trials and studies using HDL-elevating agents have not shown benefit regarding cardiovascular risk. In the former category are studies that have examined individuals with naturally occurring genetic variants associated with elevated plasma HDL-C concentrations.
These genetic traits are not associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction unless they also reduce LDL-C Treatment-induced HDL-C elevations were examined in a meta-analysis of studies including , participants, which found no associated reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease events, coronary disease mortality, or total mortality The evidence of the renal-specific effects of ketogenic diets is limited but worth noting, especially in the context of the unclear long-term benefits of such diets for diabetes and obesity For those without chronic kidney disease CKD , one of the biggest potential risks of the ketogenic diet is the development of kidney stones, a finding that has been frequently noted in the pediatric epilepsy literature , The ketogenic diet's emphasis on high-fat, animal-based foods while excluding many fruits and vegetables promotes a urinary milieu for kidney stones.
Dietary animal protein consumption is a well-established promoter of kidney stones The acidosis caused by the ketogenic diet may also encourage stone formation by lowering urinary citrate and pH levels while increasing urinary calcium levels.
Another potential risk of animal-based ketogenic diets for those without CKD is the development of CKD through the consumption of animal fat and protein. In observational studies of populations eating Western diets, high animal fat consumption, as is common with ketogenic diets, has been associated with increased risk of developing albuminuria Other observational studies of animal protein have shown similar findings , For those with CKD, the high protein content in some ketogenic diets is of concern.
Compared to control diets with higher protein content, low protein consumption has been associated with a reduction in the rate of kidney function decline in a meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials High protein consumption facilitates hyperfiltration, a phenomenon of increased blood flow to the glomerulus, which is thought to lead to long-term damage in those with CKD Finally, the acid load from the ketogenic diet may worsen metabolic acidosis and kidney disease in those with CKD The ketogenic diet's acid load comes from the foods consumed especially those from animal-based sources , ketoacids associated with ketone production, and from the lack of natural alkali found in fruits and vegetables that are often avoided in the ketogenic diet.
As such, the ketogenic diet requires further research regarding its long-term renal safety in those with and without CKD. Low-carbohydrate diets followed prior to conception or during the periconceptual period are associated with an increased risk of birth defects and gestational diabetes, respectively.
Use of folate supplements may not mitigate the risk seen with low-carbohydrate diets. In the above study, there was no effect measure modification by folic acid supplement use A study conducted using data that predated the era of folate-fortified grain products also found an increase in neural tube defects in the offspring of women consuming low-carbohydrate diets in the periconceptual period OR 2.
A prospective cohort study evaluating gestational diabetes risk scored women's diets for adherence to a low-carbohydrate diet pattern and dietary fat source.
A vegetable-based low-carbohydrate dietary pattern was not associated with increased risk The most restrictive ketogenic diets used for epilepsy can cause fatigue, headache, nausea, constipation, hypoglycemia, and acidosis, especially within the first few days to weeks of following the diet 2.
Dehydration, hepatitis, pancreatitis, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyponatremia can also occur 82 , In endurance athletes, 3. Longer-term effects can include decreased bone mineral density, nephrolithiasis, cardiomyopathy, anemia, and neuropathy of the optic nerve 82 , Ketogenic diets have low long-term tolerability, and are not sustainable for many individuals 48 , Diets low in carbohydrate have also been associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality , although recent data suggest that lower-carbohydrate diets can be linked to either higher or lower mortality risk, depending on the quality of the carbohydrate they contain and whether they rely more on animal protein and saturated fat or plant protein and unsaturated fat, respectively Ketogenic diets reduce seizure frequency in some individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy.
These diets can also reduce body weight, although not more effectively than other dietary approaches over the long term or when matched for energy intake. Ketogenic diets can also lower blood glucose, although their efficacy typically wanes within the first few months.
Very-low-carbohydrate diets are associated with marked risks. LDL-C can rise, sometimes dramatically. Pregnant women on such diets are more likely to have a child with a neural tube defect, even when supplementing folic acid.
And these diets may increase chronic disease risk: Foods and dietary components that typically increase on ketogenic diets eg, red meat, processed meat, saturated fat are linked to an increased risk of CKD, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease, whereas intake of protective foods eg, vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains typically decreases.
Current evidence suggests that for most individuals, the risks of such diets outweigh the benefits. LC and NDB contributed to the organization of the manuscript, reviewed, and approved the submitted version.
LC composed the outline and drafted the manuscript. LC, BD, SJ, MJ, JP, MN, and NDB wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors had full access to data and revised and approved the manuscript for publication.
LC is an employee of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine in Washington, DC, a non-profit organization providing educational, research, and medical services related to nutrition. LC also declares that a trust for her benefit previously held stock in 3M, Abbot Labs, AbbVie, Johnson and Johnson, Mondelez, Nestle, and Walgreens; she is the author of a food and nutrition blog, Veggie Quest; and she is former publications editor and current chair for the Women's Health Dietetic Practice Group within the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
MJ and JP received compensation from the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine while working on this manuscript. MN is an employee of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. NDB is an Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the George Washington University School of Medicine.
He serves without compensation as president of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and Barnard Medical Center in Washington, DC, non-profit organizations providing educational, research, and medical services related to nutrition. He writes books and articles and gives lectures related to nutrition and health and has received royalties and honoraria from these sources.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Newman JC, Verdin E. β-Hydroxybutyrate: a signaling metabolite. Annu Rev Nutr. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Roehl K, Sewak SL. Practice paper of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: classic and modified ketogenic diets for treatment of epilepsy.
J Acad Nutr Diet. Bueno NB, de Melo IS, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide T. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Br J Nutr. Kirkpatrick CF, Bolick JP, Kris-Etherton PM, Sikand G, Aspry KE, Soffer DE, et al. Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate including ketogenic diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: a scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force.
J Clin Lipidol. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press Google Scholar. Liu RH. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Adv Nutr. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text.
Slavin JL, Lloyd B. Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Patterson MA, Maiya M, Stewart ML. Resistant starch content in foods commonly consumed in the United States: a narrative review. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review.
Obes Res. Bilsborough SA, Crowe TC. Low-carbohydrate diets: what are the potential short- and long-term health implications? Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Zupec-Kania BA, Spellman E. An overview of the ketogenic diet for pediatric epilepsy.
Nutr Clin Pract. Holscher HD. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes. Paoli A, Mancin L, Bianco A, Thomas E, Mota JF, Piccini F. Ketogenic diet and microbiota: friends or enemies? Jeffery IB, O'Toole PW. Diet-microbiota interactions and their implications for healthy living.
Daïen CI, Pinget VP, Tan JK, Macia L. Detrimental impact of microbiota-accessible carbohydrate-deprived diet on gut and immune homeostasis: an overview.
Front Immunol. Lindefeldt M, Eng A, Darban H, Bjerkner A, Zetterström CK, Allander T, et al. The ketogenic diet influences taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiota in children with severe epilepsy.
NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. Fiest KM, Sauro KM, Wiebe S, Patten SB, Kwon CS, Dykeman J, et al. Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies.
Martin-McGill KJ, Jackson CF, Bresnahan R, Levy RG, Cooper PN. Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. D'Andrea Meira I, Romão TT, Pires do Prado HJ, Krüger LT, Pires MEP, da Conceição PO.
Ketogenic diet and epilepsy: what we know so far. Front Neurosci. Dashti HM, Mathew TC, Hussein T, Asfar SK, Behbahani A, Khoursheed MA, et al.
Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients. Exp Clin Cardiol. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Mavropoulos JC, Marquart M, McDuffie JR.
The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, et al.
A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med. Dashti HM, Al-Zaid NS, Mathew TC, Al-Mousawi M, Talib H, Asfar SK, et al. Long term effects of ketogenic diet in obese subjects with high cholesterol level. Mol Cell Biochem. Chawla S, Tessarolo Silva F, Amaral Medeiros S, Mekary RA, Radenkovic D.
The effect of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets on weight loss and lipid levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Westman EC, Feinman RD, Mavropoulos JC, Vernon MC, Volek JS, Wortman JA, et al. Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr.
Gibson AA, Seimon RV, Lee CM, Ayre J, Franklin J, Markovic TP, et al. Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. Hall KD, Guo J, Courville AB, Boring J, Brychta R, Chen KY, et al. Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake.
Onion seasoning ideas instance, many people Body cleanse diet calibrate their diet based on the classical ketogenic diet CKDdietw was soyrces used to help treat childhood Body composition for women in Body composition for women s. With carbs ketgoenic out of the picture, fat must account for a good chunk of your caloric load. But your focus should be to 1 sufficiently limit carbs, and 2 consume enough protein. This shift in focus lies at the core of my macronutrient strategy. In my many years as a keto health coach, I have seen it help thousands of people achieve fat loss, improve body composition, and reach other health goals.Video
Mayo Clinic Minute: Low-carb diet findings and cautions
Bitte, erklären Sie ausführlicher
Ich denke, dass nichts ernst.
Ich denke, dass Sie sich irren. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden besprechen.
die sehr ausgezeichnete Idee und ist termingemäß
Welche ausgezeichnete Frage