Antioxidant Vitamin Supplement -
Because insufficient data are available to develop RDAs for infants, AIs were developed based on the amount of vitamin E consumed by healthy breastfed babies.
Vitamin E is listed on the new Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts labels in mg [ 7 ]. The U. Conversion rules are as follows:. For example, 15 mg of natural alpha-tocopherol would equal The corresponding value for synthetic alpha-tocopherol would be Numerous foods provide vitamin E.
Nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils are among the best sources of alpha-tocopherol, and significant amounts are available in green leafy vegetables and fortified cereals see Table 2 for a more detailed list [ 9 ].
Most vitamin E in American diets is in the form of gamma-tocopherol from soybean, canola, corn, and other vegetable oils and food products [ 4 ].
FDA developed DVs to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet. The DV for vitamin E is 15 mg for adults and children age 4 years and older [ 7 ].
FDA does not require food labels to list vitamin E content unless vitamin E has been added to the food. Department of Agriculture's USDA's FoodData Central website lists the nutrient content of many foods, including, in some cases, the amounts of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol.
The USDA also provides a comprehensive list of foods containing vitamin E arranged by nutrient content and by food name. Supplements of vitamin E typically provide only alpha-tocopherol, although mixed products containing other tocopherols and even tocotrienols are available.
Naturally occurring alpha-tocopherol exists in one stereoisomeric form. In contrast, synthetically produced alpha-tocopherol contains equal amounts of its eight possible stereoisomers; serum and tissues maintain only four of these stereoisomers [ 6 ].
A given amount of synthetic alpha-tocopherol all rac -alpha-tocopherol; commonly labeled as DL or dl is therefore only half as active as the same amount by weight in mg of the natural form RRR -alpha-tocopherol; commonly labeled as D or d. These amounts are substantially higher than the RDAs.
Alpha-tocopherol in dietary supplements and fortified foods is often esterified to prolong its shelf life while protecting its antioxidant properties. The body hydrolyzes and absorbs these esters alpha-tocopheryl acetate and succinate as efficiently as alpha-tocopherol [ 6 ].
Three national surveys—the — National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES [ 10 ], NHANES III — [ 10 ], and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals — [ 11 ]—have found that the diets of most Americans provide less than the RDA levels of vitamin E.
These intake estimates might be low, however, because the amounts and types of fat added during cooking are often unknown and not accounted for [ 6 ]. The FNB suggests that mean intakes of vitamin E among healthy adults are probably higher than the RDA but cautions that low-fat diets might provide insufficient amounts unless people make their food choices carefully by, for example, increasing their intakes of nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables [ 6 , 10 ].
The — NHANES found that Frank vitamin E deficiency is rare and overt deficiency symptoms have not been found in healthy people who obtain little vitamin E from their diets [ 6 ]. Vitamin E supplementation in these infants might reduce the risk of some complications, such as those affecting the retina, but they can also increase the risk of infections [ 13 ].
Because the digestive tract requires fat to absorb vitamin E, people with fat-malabsorption disorders are more likely to become deficient than people without such disorders.
Deficiency symptoms include peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, skeletal myopathy, retinopathy, and impairment of the immune response [ 6 , 14 ]. People with Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, or an inability to secrete bile from the liver into the digestive tract, for example, often pass greasy stools or have chronic diarrhea; as a result, they sometimes require water-soluble forms of vitamin E, such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate [ 1 ].
Vitamin E deficiency secondary to abetalipoproteinemia causes such problems as poor transmission of nerve impulses, muscle weakness, and retinal degeneration that leads to blindness [ 15 ]. Ataxia and vitamin E deficiency AVED is another rare, inherited disorder in which the liver's alpha-tocopherol transfer protein is defective or absent.
People with AVED have such severe vitamin E deficiency that they develop nerve damage and lose the ability to walk unless they take large doses of supplemental vitamin E [ 16 ]. Many claims have been made about vitamin E's potential to promote health and prevent and treat disease.
The mechanisms by which vitamin E might provide this protection include its function as an antioxidant and its roles in anti-inflammatory processes, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and immune enhancement. A primary barrier to characterizing the roles of vitamin E in health is the lack of validated biomarkers for vitamin E intake and status to help relate intakes to valid predictors of clinical outcomes [ 6 ].
This section focuses on four diseases and disorders in which vitamin E might be involved: heart disease, cancer, eye disorders, and cognitive decline. Evidence that vitamin E could help prevent or delay coronary heart disease CHD comes from several sources. In vitro studies have found that the nutrient inhibits oxidation of low-density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol, thought to be a crucial initiating step for atherosclerosis [ 6 ].
Vitamin E might also help prevent the formation of blood clots that could lead to a heart attack or venous thromboembolism [ 17 ]. Several observational studies have associated lower rates of heart disease with higher vitamin E intakes.
Among a group of 5, Finnish men and women followed for a mean of 14 years, higher vitamin E intakes from food were associated with decreased mortality from CHD [ 19 ]. However, randomized clinical trials cast doubt on the efficacy of vitamin E supplements to prevent CHD [ 20 ].
For example, the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation HOPE study, which followed almost 10, patients at high risk of heart attack or stroke for 4. In the HOPE-TOO follow-up study, almost 4, of the original participants continued to take vitamin E or placebo for an additional 2.
HOPE-TOO found that vitamin E provided no significant protection against heart attacks, strokes, unstable angina, or deaths from cardiovascular disease or other causes after 7 years of treatment. Not only did the supplements provide no cardiovascular benefits, but all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the women taking the supplements.
The investigators found no significant differences in rates of overall cardiovascular events combined nonfatal heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular deaths or all-cause mortality between the groups.
Furthermore, use of vitamin E was associated with a significantly increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. In general, clinical trials have not provided evidence that routine use of vitamin E supplements prevents cardiovascular disease or reduces its morbidity and mortality.
However, participants in these studies have been largely middle-aged or elderly individuals with demonstrated heart disease or risk factors for heart disease. Search Search. Rating: 0. Description Additional information Supplement Facts Reviews 0 Description — Encourage a healthy immune system with the help of these Antioxidant Super with Vitamins A, C, and E daily dietary supplements.
Additional information Weight 3 oz Dimensions 1. Supplement Facts Supplement Facts Serving Size 1 softgel Serving Per Container 60 Each Softgel Contains.
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