Normalized fat range -
Those who gave written informed consent between December and August participated in this study. Clinical characteristics of both groups are shown in Table 3. For patients diagnosed before , RA diagnosis was made using the ACR American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria The Steinbrocker classification system 28 was used to evaluate the degree of bone and cartilage destruction observed on joint X-rays: stage 1, no destruction; stage 2, thinned cartilage and a narrowed joint space but no bone destruction; stage 3, bone or cartilage destruction; and stage 4, joint destruction with ankylosis.
The ACR global functional status in RA system 29 was used to classify the degree of impairment of daily activities: stage 1, completely able to perform usual activities of daily living self-care, vocational, and avocational ; stage 2, able to perform usual self-care and vocational activities but limitations during avocational activities; stage 3, able to perform usual self-care activities but limitations during both vocational and avocational activities; and stage 4, limited ability to perform usual self-care, vocational, and avocational activities.
One patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus was excluded from this study because his serum leptin concentration normalized by body fat mass was judged as an outliner by the Smirnov test.
Blood was obtained in the morning, the serum was immediately separated and the aliquots of the serum samples were stored at —30˚C for no more than two years until the assays.
Repeated freeze thaw cycles were avoided to prevent sample degradation. The body height and weight were measured using scales. Body composition, including fat, muscle and bone masses, was measured using a dual-frequency body composition Analyzer DCA Tanita Japan Co.
This instrument performs tetra-polar foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis, which measures the electric resistance by applying a weak electrical current to the distal part of each foot and measuring the voltage at the proximal part of each foot. This system utilizes multi-frequency measurement and reactance technology to generate accurate data.
As the algorithm was based on a large quantity of data, the body composition measured by this system is highly correlated with measurements obtained by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Enzyme immunoassay EIA of leptin followed our previously described method In brief, human leptin antibody was generated in rabbits by multiple subcutaneous injections of human leptin AFPC; National Hormone and Peptide Program [NHPP], Harbour-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
Another human anti-leptin antibody AFP; NHPP was adsorbed to polystyrene balls Precision Plastic Ball Co. Human leptin AFPC, NHPP was used for the reference preparation.
The assay range was 0. EIA for adiponectin was performed in a similar manner, using anti-human adiponectin antibodies as the detection antibody and as the capture antibody purchased from Fitzgerald Industries International Acton, MA, USA.
Human adiponectin protein 30—; Fitzgerald Industries International was used for the reference preparation. Serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations were expressed in three ways: raw data, those normalized by BMI raw data divided by BMI and those normalized by body fat mass [raw data divided by the amount of fat kg ].
All serum samples were diluted 10— times so that the concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, CRP and MMP-3 entered their assay ranges. They were all measured in duplicate. Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median interquartile range [IQR] and compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin and body fat mass. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship of serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations with serum levels of inflammatory markers, as well as clinical data.
Statistical analysis was performed using JMP version 14 software © SAS Institute Inc. This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committees of Kansai Medical University Hospital, Takarazuka Hospital, Miyashima Rheumatism Orthopedic Clinic, and Sugano Orthopedic Clinic.
Informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study was carried out in accordance of the Declaration of Helsinki. The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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We thank Drs. Shigeo Miyashima, Hiroshi Sugano, Yoshio Ozaki, and Masato Baden for their support in collecting the clinical samples. Department of Orthopedics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu-city, Shiga, , Japan.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. and H. designed the study, assayed, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.
obtained informed consent from participants and collected serum samples. assayed leptin, adiponectin, and MMP-3 concentrations. contributed to the discussion and reviewed the manuscript.
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Re-evaluation of serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations normalized by body fat mass in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 10 , Download citation. Received : 01 July Accepted : 08 September Published : 28 September Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. nature scientific reports articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Obesity Rheumatic diseases. Abstract Leptin and adiponectin are produced mainly in adipocytes and classified as adipocytokines because of their possible involvement in inflammation and immunity.
Introduction Adipocytes produce several types of cytokines, termed adipocytokines, which include leptin and adiponectin 1 , 2. Figure 1.
Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Table 1 Multiple regression analysis of serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin with serum levels of inflammatory markers, as well as clinical data, in patients with RA. Full size table.
Table 2 Multiple regression analysis of serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin with serum levels of CRP and MMP-3 in controls. Discussion The current study demonstrated that serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were positively and negatively correlated with body fat mass, respectively.
Conclusions Serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations normalized by body fat mass were elevated in RA. However, these diets contain many calories and do not usually keep you satisfied. It is partially due to their low fibre and protein content.
After finding how many calories you consume, think about whether you are consuming enough protein and fibre. A study indicates that protein is significant for everyone. Still, you may want more if you are athletic or trying to increase fat-free mass or lose fat.
It is more satiating than carbs or fat, and your body also burns more calories digesting protein than any other nutrients. Research indicates that getting an optimal quantity of protein for your needs will enable you to increase fat-free mass and deter muscle loss.
This quantity will rely on your body weight, recent fat-free mass percentage, gender, age, and physical activity level. In addition, protein enables muscle building and meal satiation, maintaining you full longer since it takes more time to absorb.
Fibre also has various health advantages and can improve the feelings of fullness and satisfaction after consumption. You can get fibre from a mixture of plant-based foods, including whole grains, beans, nuts and vegetables.
Men must consume thirty-eight grams of fibre per day for adults up to age fifty, while women should eat twenty-five grams per day. So maintaining your calories, protein, and fibre is an excellent method to enhance your body composition and fat-free mass.
Physical activities are other essential components for enhancing fat-free body mass. Of course, they boost the calories you use, but they are also crucial for optimal muscle development.
It is a vital point since body configuration could get enhanced by decreasing fat mass or boosting fat-free mass. Your muscles require exercise and effective weight training to grow and bulk up. Further, many kinds of movement can potentially help with fat loss.
For example, following — minutes of workout per week may lead to a moderate fat loss and increase in fat-free mass. If you exercise five days per week, this comes out to thirty to fifty minutes per day, though they recommend two hundred and fifty minutes per week or more to promote substantial fat loss.
While these suggestions focus on body weight, it is essential to remember that some aspects of exercise will create muscle while losing fat.
It is another instance of why thinking about your body composition is a decent idea rather than just focusing on fat-free mass. You can enhance your fat-free mass by creating muscle. First, begin a strength training program that comprises weight lifting or bodyweight workouts to build muscle and improve strength.
Then, you can follow resistance training on your own, at residence, without costly equipment, trainers, or gym memberships. In addition, a study shows that resistance training increases fat-free mass and increases the loss of fat mass.
Other factors beyond nutrition and exercise may influence body composition. For example, some analysis shows that people with poorer sleep quality have terrible body composition and low fat-free mass than those with decent sleep quality.
However, it is not apparent if good sleep enhances your body texture or if having a better body composition enhances your sleep. Regardless, it is a beneficial idea to improve your sleep pattern and quality of sleep cycle.
In addition, it provides long term health benefits. Research indicates that alcohol consumption is another characteristic that may influence body composition. Since alcohol includes calories, it can participate in excess calorie consumption and fat gain.
The results have also indicated that individuals who consume a lot of alcohol are more inclined to be obese due to having poor fat-free mass. Additionally, you can not alter some characteristics that affect your fat-free mass. For example, both age and genetics influence body composition.
Therefore, since you cannot regulate these factors, it is best to concentrate on what you can control, like exercise, nutrition, and sleep. Fat-free mass is all of your body parts that do not contain fat. It includes inner organs, bones, tendons, ligaments, muscles, blood, connective tissues, and nerves.
However, even these organs and tissues may become fatty during some diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, or high cholesterol.
Excessive fat in the body is harmful. Therefore, maintaining balanced fat-free body mass levels is essential for longer, disease-free life. You can improve your fat-free mass ratio through healthy eating and regular exercise. Enrich your diet with a healthy quantity of protein for your body to support your fat-free mass growth.
Excess fat mass is associated with raised mortality risk, whereas fat-free mass protects against the danger of diseases. Furthermore, it helps with preventing obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. In addition, you need fat free mass for better bone strength and musculature.
More fat-free body weight keeps you less inclined to become sick or develop health difficulties such as heart disease or diabetes. It influences your metabolism and energy expenditure degrees.
The higher fat-free body mass you have, the better your metabolism. Your fat-free mass depends on your age, gender, health, and genetic factors. For example, having a value between is excellent, while a value around is superior.
As your internal organs and muscles require a high metabolic rate, a good percentage of lean body mass increases your metabolism. Therefore, it makes it simpler to retain the healthy weight you need.
Fat-free mass index is 1. The values were 8. Typical ranges for fat-free mass were Fat-free bodyweight refers to all of your body elements except fat. Muscle mass is the size of your muscles, and it includes your skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Yes, it offers multiple health benefits like improved metabolism, better weight management, and stronger bones.
However, there is a set range for fat-free mass. It is necessary to have some fat mass. Therefore, excessive fat-free body mass is not ideal. A good range of muscle mass differs based on gender, age, health, genetics, diet quality, and workout program.
In addition, the value decreases as we age. Lean muscle gain over a month is limited, but specialists suggest that most healthy people can gain one to two pounds of lean muscle mass every month. However, this rate differs based on sex, age, physical health, genetics, diet quality, and workout program.
You can reduce visceral fat by exercising for at least thirty minutes every day for example, cycling, brisk walking, aerobic exercise and strength training , eating a healthy diet, not smoking, cutting off sugary drinks, and receiving enough sleep.
FFMI is an alternative to body mass fatt which accounts for a Normmalized muscle Normalized fat range. Nrmalized average male scores Normaliezd 19 Natural weight loss it Overcoming cravings for processed sugars hard to dange above 25 without Natural weight loss steroids rqnge other banned substances. Normal body composition is vital for overall health. That's why maintaining balanced body fat levels is associated with a longer, disease-free life. Excessive fat, or anything that alters normal body composition, is heavily linked to conditions such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and even obesity-related depression. In this section, you'll learn about the fat free mass index, it's significance in achieving a strong and healthy physique, and how it benefits professional athletes through the years.
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