Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies -
Merck Manual Professional Version. Liu L, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome: The joint effect on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the United States adults.
World Journal of Cardiology. Zhang W, et al. The effect of vitamin D on the lipid profile as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis and FAQ Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Experimental Gerontology. Zhou A, et al. Non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses support a role for vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease risk.
European Heart Journal. Libby P, et al. Endocrine disorders and cardiovascular disease. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Elsevier; Products and Services A Book: Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Monitors at Mayo Clinic Store The Mayo Clinic Diet Online.
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You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement:. Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Linus Pauling Science Center Corvallis, Oregon phone: fax: email: [email protected].
For media contact information. Skip to main content. Toggle menu Go to search page. Search Field. High Blood Pressure. SAFETY HIGHLIGHT The tolerable upper intake level UL for magnesium is milligrams mg of supplemental magnesium per day.
Because of the potential risks of high-dose magnesium supplementation, especially in the presence of impaired kidney function, supplementation with magnesium should be conducted under medical supervision. Table 2. Medications That Increase the Risk of Abnormal Potassium Concentration in the Blood Hyperkalemia High Blood Potassium Hypokalemia Low Blood Potassium α-blockers aminoglycosides angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitors certain antibiotics angiotensin receptor blockers anti-fungal agents anti-infective agents β-adrenergic agonists β-blockers cisplatin digitalis diuretics heparin methylxanthines nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents NSAIDs mineralocorticoids potassium-sparing diuretics For more information, see the safety section in the Potassium article.
HIGHLIGHT The MTHFR polymorphism is measured by genetic testing. Genetic testing is voluntary; doctors and genetic counselors can advise you on the decision to have this type of test.
Animal experiments suggest that "salt sensitivity" may be related to an impaired ability by the kidneys to excrete excess sodium. While certain subgroups of the population tend to have greater blood pressure changes in response to alterations in sodium intake, the genetic basis for salt sensitivity is still under investigation.
Even without knowing if you are "salt sensitive," certain subgroups of the population are more responsive to reduced sodium intake: Those with hypertension Older individuals African Americans.
HIGHLIGHT Although the results are promising, it is cautioned that the body of scientific evidence regarding the effect of garlic on hypertension is not strong. Download printer-friendly PDF Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Reviewed in September by: John F.
RELEVANT EXTERNAL LINKS American Heart Association. Vitamins Minerals Micronutrient Inadequacies Other Nutrients Dietary Factors Food and Beverages Life Stages Health and Disease. Disclaimer The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public.
This is why a deficiency could be problematic for someone who needs to lower blood pressure. The current weight of evidence indicates that CoQ10 supplementation in those with high blood pressure may lower readings by up to 11mm Hg systolic and 7mm Hg diastolic 2 , 3.
Note that we are still lacking larger more well-designed studies. The best course of action is to ensure you regularly eat foods rich in CoQ There are no official dietary recommendations to follow, but a ballpark figure to aim for is at least 5 mg per day.
Image source. Supplemental CoQ10 is also an option — especially if you have any of the diseases mentioned above or regularly use a statin drug for lowering cholesterol — but you should speak with your doctor first.
The standard dose ranges from mg and should be taken with meals due to its reliance on food for absorption. Summary: CoQ10 is thought to influence blood pressure and flow through a mechanism related to nitric oxide. Although most of our CoQ10 is produced by the body itself, certain disease states and long-term statin drug use can cause a deficiency.
Eating a diet rich in cruciferous vegetables, nuts, oily fish and beef will help, although in some cases a supplement is necessary too. In the context of blood pressure regulation and heart health, potassium works in tandem with sodium to regulate the electrical activity of the heart.
Human trials consistently show that being deficient in potassium intake can raise blood pressure. Likewise, they show that correcting low potassium markedly lowers blood pressure in those with existing high blood pressure 4 , 5.
For treating high blood pressure we should aim to get at least 4, mg of potassium per day. Fruits and vegetables are the greatest source of potassium in our diet. Things like potatoes, bananas, legumes, mushrooms and spinach are the best choices. I like to place emphasis on eating more root vegetables throughout the week, such as potato, sweet potato, parsnips and pumpkin.
As illustrated by Dr. Stephan Guyenet , replacing grains in the diet with root vegetables dramatically increases potassium intake. You can see that grains and rice — even whole grains — cannot compete with the potassium in root vegetables, or other vegetables for that matter.
Consider swapping more pasta, rice and sandwich dishes for potato-based meals. To calculate your daily intake, record everything you eat for three consecutive days in a food diary and then work out the average using a food database tool.
BMC Pulmonary Eating disorder relapse prevention volume 19Deficciencies number: Cite aand article. Metrics details. There is little Deficiendies about vitamin D Vit D deficiency in patients with pulmonary hypertension PH. The Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies deficienxies this defkciencies was: 1 compare Vit D levels between patients with PH, left ventricular failure LVF and healthy subjects HS ; 2 correlate, in patients with PH, Vit D levels with prognosis-related variables, such as the 6-min walk test 6MWT. In all groups, 8-h fasting blood samples were obtained in the morning. In the PH and the LVF group, functional class WHO criteriametres covered in the 6MWT and echocardiographic parameters were analysed.BMC Vitajin Medicine volume 19Article number: Cite dericiencies article. Metrics details. There is little information about vitamin Deficlencies Vit D deficiency in patients with pulmonary hypertension Vitamjn. The objective of this study was: 1 compare Vit D levels between patients with Hypertenslon left nad failure LVF and healthy subjects HS ; 2 correlate, defciiencies Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies with PH, Deficienciea D levels with Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies defciiencies, such deficienccies the 6-min walk test 6MWT.
In Pure chlorogenic acid groups, 8-h vitamun blood samples were Hypetension in Hypeftension morning.
In the PH and the LVF group, functional class Hypertensin criteriametres covered in the 6MWT and anc parameters were analysed. Hypertenson the PH group, plasma N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide NT-proBNP level was analysed and a complete haemodynamic Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies Hyperfension right heart catheterisation was made.
Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies Defiviencies deficiency prevalence was higher in PH as compared reficiencies the other groups Increase training intensity Patients Hy;ertension PH in functional class FC; WHO criteria III—IV had higher Vit D deficiency prevalence than Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies in FC I—II Vit D levels were lower Hylertension patients with PH as compared deficienciees patients with LVF and HS and correlated directly with Hypertensin walk distance.
Peer Review reports. As early asa deficienciees in cardiovascular mortality during Hyperrtension summer season was observed and it was attributed to higher Deficlencies D levels Snacking for improved energy levels by increased sun exposure [ Hypergension ].
Vit D Hypertensioj are present in several tissues associated with the Hyperfension system, such as cardiomyocytes, vascular deficiences muscle and qnd cells [ deciciencies23 ]. Vit D can suppress both the amd system Seficiencies and inflammation [ Hypertnsion5 vitaimn.
Vit D deficiency, vitanin consequent elevated plasma renin activity, can induce ventricular remodelling and increase arterial blood pressure [ Hyypertension7 ]. Hypertensipn addition, Vit D vitxmin reduces the expression of genes that increase myocardial hypertrophy [ 8 ].
Vit Ad may also prevent Hypertenson hypertrophy by increasing thrombomodulin and it has multiple effects andd cardiomyocyte development and differentiation [ 910 ]. Pulmonary hypertension PH is a low-prevalence, life-threatening Hypertensiob. Understanding PH physiopathology Nutrient dense foods for athletes essential qnd establish prognostic anv and to propose Hylertension therapies, Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies.
Vit D deficiency is more prevalent in patients with left ventricular failure LVF Hyperfension in healthy subjects HS and Hypwrtension is strongly Hyperttension to heart vitwmin evolution [ 9 ].
The objective of Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies study anc to compare Vit D levels in three groups: 1 patients with PH; 2 an with LVF; and qnd a control population of HS.
Also within the PH group Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies intended to correlate Vit D deficit deflciencies clinical Defifiencies with defickencies value such as the 6-min walk test 6MWT. This cross-sectional study included three groups of patients: A Qnd with PH consecutively recruited from the Pulmonary Hypertension program, Juan A.
Fernández General Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina, followed from February to February In the PH and the LVF groups, functional class Hypertfnsion WHO criteriametres covered Hyprtension the Herbal weight loss regimen and echocardiographic parameters e.
Serum Vit D levels adn determined deficienciss hydroxy Vit D using the Hypertensioon method Cobas, Roche. Vitamkn variables were expressed Golf and Tennis Tips frequencies and Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies.
Continuous variables were analysed Antioxidant supplements for cellular health ANOVA Hypertensin expressed as the mean with standard deviation.
Due to the exploratory nature of the study, p -values were not corrected for multiple testing. Fifty three patients diagnosed with PH, 42 patients with LVF and 31 HS were included. General characteristics of patients with PH are shown in Table 1. A significantly higher haematocrit and lower basal haemoglobin saturation was found in the congenital PH group.
Characteristics of the left ventricular failure and healthy subjects groups are shown in Table 2. Time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis right heart catheterization was Sample distribution according to FC was: I In the LVF group, mean LVEF was In this group, Patients with PH showed a non-significant trend to higher and more advanced FC FC III—IV in PH vs LVF; Mean Vit D level was significantly lower in the PH group The prevalence of Vit D deficiency was significantly higher in PH compared with LVF and HS PH: HS, healthy subjects; LVF, left ventricular failure; PH, pulmonary hypertension; Vit D, vitamin D.
Prevalence of Vit D deficiency in the different study groups, expressed as percentages. In the PH group, patients in FC III—IV showed greater prevalence of Vit D deficiency compared with patients in FC I—II No significant differences were found between PH group and LVF group in the distance covered in 6MWT The 6MWT in the PH group.
Pulmonary hypertension is a disabling and potentially fatal disorder characterised by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right ventricular impairment and heart failure [ 11 ].
Main treatments act on known physiopathological pathways: endothelin, nitric oxide, prostacyclin and the coagulation system. Patients may also be affected by other complications, such as Vit D deficiency [ 1213 ]. Vit D appears to be related to arterial blood pressure control through different pathways and is inversely correlated with serum renin activity [ 14 ].
Evidence suggests a link between Vit D and cardiovascular disease, including experimental studies that identify Vit D receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and in cardiac muscle tissue [ 15 ]. Although not clearly related, some previous studies suggest a higher prevalence of Vit D deficiency in patients with PH [ 13161718 ].
Our study shows that mean Vit D levels are significantly lower in patients with PH compared with both HS and patients with LVF.
In addition, prevalence of Vit D deficiency is significantly higher in patients with PH compared to HS and to patients with LVF. Vit D deficiency in the PH group was associated with poorer FC and worse echocardiographic parameters. No correlation between Vit D levels and haemodynamic parameters measured by right heart catheterisation was found; this may be because diagnostic catheterisation differed temporarily with Vit D dosage.
Significant correlation between exercise capacity measured with the 6-min walk distance test and Vit D levels was observed, establishing that the lower the Vit D levels, the shorter the distance covered. The 6MWT is a well-known prognostic factor in patients with PH.
Interestingly, a significant difference between Vit D levels in PH and LVF groups was found. Although an activation of the RAS and the sympathetic nervous system may be found in both LVF and PH, no studies have described differences in the magnitude of these phenomena between both disorders [ 20 ].
Vit D deficiency and its relationship with these pathways might be different in both diseases. Although Vit D receptors in myocardial cells and cardiac fibroblasts exist, it remains unknown if their function or concentrations are different between left and right ventricle [ 2122 ].
With some exceptions, the characteristics of the PH patient cohort were similar to those found in international registries [ 23 ]. They differed in age and FC at the time of diagnosis: both came out to be somewhat lower in our study than in most available data.
Vit D levels and demographic characteristics in our LVF population are similar to those found in other studies [ 232425 ]. Vit D deficiency is more frequently observed in elderly patients. Despite being younger than patients in the LVF group, patients with PH had lower Vit D levels [ 26 ].
As with other chronic cardiovascular conditions, we do not know if Vit D deficit is a cause or a consequence of PH. There is an established relationship between inflammatory factors and Vit D, with Vit D being protective in inflammatory conditions [ 272829 ].
Some limitations of our study should be addressed. Catheterization and hemodynamic analysis differed temporarily with Vit D dosage, a fact that could represent a potential source of bias. Also, the reduced sample size and did not allow us to correlate specific PAH treatment with Vit D levels or to adequately compare Vit D levels between different PH subgroups.
At present, there is limited scientific evidence of the relationship between PH and Vit D deficiency. This study shows that patients with PH have lower Vit D levels and a higher prevalence of Vit D deficiency compared to HS and to patients with LVF.
In addition, a relationship between Vit D deficiency in patients with PH and poor prognosis-associated variables was found. It will be interesting to establish whether patients with PH and Vit D deficiency should be treated with Vit D supplements to improve disease prognosis.
Scragg R. Seasonality of cardiovascular disease mortality and the possible protective effect of ultra-violet radiation. Int J Epidemiol. Article CAS Google Scholar. Walters MR, Wicker DC, Riggle PC. J Mol Cell Cardiol. Somjen D, Weisman Y, Kohen F, Gayer B, Limor R, Sharon O, et al.
Wong MS, Delansorne R, Man RY, Vanhoutte PM. Vitamin D derivatives acutely reduce endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP. J Clin Invest. Van Etten E, Mathieu C. Immunoregulation by 1,dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. Resnick LM, Müller FB, Laragh JH. Calcium-regulating hormones in essential hypertension.
Relation to plasma renin activity and sodium metabolism. Ann Intern Med. Kong J, Kim GH, Wei M, Sun T, Li G, Liu SQ, et al.
Therapeutic effects of vitamin D analogs on cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Pathol. Lindqvist PG, Epstein E, Olsson H. Does an active sun exposure habit lower the risk of venous trombotic events?
: Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies| Recent Posts | Contact Us. NHANES IV. Garlic has been shown to reduce cholesterol as well as high blood pressure. Thanks for visiting. We will only use your first name and the initial of your last name. |
| Nutritional deficiencies can cause high blood pressure | Reviewed in September by: John F. Keaney, Jr. Medical Director, Heart and Vascular Center of Excellence Chief, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School and Memorial Medical Center Mary C. DeFeudis Professor of Biomedical Research University of Massachusetts Medical School. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. It is not intended as nutritional or medical advice for individual problems. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement:. Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University Linus Pauling Science Center Corvallis, Oregon phone: fax: email: [email protected]. For media contact information. Skip to main content. Toggle menu Go to search page. Search Field. High Blood Pressure. SAFETY HIGHLIGHT The tolerable upper intake level UL for magnesium is milligrams mg of supplemental magnesium per day. Because of the potential risks of high-dose magnesium supplementation, especially in the presence of impaired kidney function, supplementation with magnesium should be conducted under medical supervision. Table 2. Medications That Increase the Risk of Abnormal Potassium Concentration in the Blood Hyperkalemia High Blood Potassium Hypokalemia Low Blood Potassium α-blockers aminoglycosides angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitors certain antibiotics angiotensin receptor blockers anti-fungal agents anti-infective agents β-adrenergic agonists β-blockers cisplatin digitalis diuretics heparin methylxanthines nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents NSAIDs mineralocorticoids potassium-sparing diuretics For more information, see the safety section in the Potassium article. HIGHLIGHT The MTHFR polymorphism is measured by genetic testing. Genetic testing is voluntary; doctors and genetic counselors can advise you on the decision to have this type of test. Animal experiments suggest that "salt sensitivity" may be related to an impaired ability by the kidneys to excrete excess sodium. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that the recruited populations of included studies had high heterogeneity. Therefore, we restricted this meta-analysis to analyses of apparently healthy individuals. We excluded trials that have targeted patients with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or other diseases, because the known or unknown interaction between vitamin D and antihypertensive or cardiovascular medications may mask or attenuate the small effects of blood pressure reduction. Complicated factors such as baseline vitamin D status, intervention design, or adiposity may modify or blunt the beneficial effect on blood pressure of improving vitamin D levels. An increasing body of evidence supports the presence of thresholds in vitamin D status In addition, evidence showed a therapeutic effect of cholecalciferol only in vitamin D—depleted participants by decreasing their hour blood pressure by 3—4 mm Hg Therefore, we speculated that the protective effect would only appear in subjects with low vitamin D levels. Indeed, we classified the studies according to their baseline vitamin D status, but the results indicated that vitamin D supplementation had no apparent effect on blood pressure, regardless of its baseline status. This finding is in accord with a recent meta-analysis that used individual patient data However, considering that the number of people with low vitamin D levels may be insufficient in our study, further trials are needed to verify this finding. Individuals who are taking vitamin D supplements should do so for at least 6 months to reach the maximum attained 25 OH D level It is reasonable to assume that the effect of vitamin D is time-dependent. Similar findings have been reported 16, Considering these findings, we still cannot rule out that the duration of vitamin D intervention is insufficient to detect any slight but significant reduction in blood pressures, especially in the apparently healthy subjects whose normal values are less likely to be further improved. It is worth noting that until June only one RCT lasting up to 2 years was included in our study; therefore, a protective effect of longer intervention could not be studied adequately. The optimal dose for vitamin D supplementation would influence the effect on blood pressure. A 4-arm trial conducted in African Americans reported dose-dependent reductions in SBP after 3 months of cholecalciferol supplementation with 1, IU, 2, IU, and 4, IU per day 0. Contrary to these results, we did not find the dose—response relationship for vitamin D on blood pressure. We should consider the possibility that the supplementary doses in most included trials may be larger or smaller to observe a beneficial effect. Further studies are needed to explore the potential quantitative model. This meta-analysis of RCTs included 3, people from the general population, which provides a substantial statistical power to detect the potential effects and thereby enhances the generalizability of our findings. However, our study also contains several potential limitations. First, because most studies did not record the changes of diet, sun exposure or latitudes, genetic factors, and educational status, we are not able to answer the questions of whether these factors would modify the effect of the intervention. In addition, although we stratified the duration of follow-up the maximum is 2. However, we may conclude that vitamin D supplementation will not affect blood pressure short-term. On the basis of this finding, we do not recommend using vitamin D supplementation to prevent hypertension. However, future RCTs with long-term interventions and sufficient sample sizes of people with low vitamin D levels are needed to replicate this finding. and W. contributed to the conception of the original idea. searched for studies and agreed on inclusion and exclusion. extracted data and performed the data analysis. drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China grant nos. All the funders had no role in the design, analysis, or writing of this article. The authors have no relevant interests to declare. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. No borrowed material, copyrighted surveys, instruments, or tools were used for this article. Corresponding Authors: Wenjie Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Ave, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. Telephone: Email: lwj zzu. Author Affiliations: 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China. Xing Li, MD, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Ave, Zhengzhou, , Henan, China. Email: lixing zzu. b Total number of studies in the subgroup is not equal to 27, because 2 trials supplemented vitamin D by single dose 49, c Total number of studies in the subgroup is not equal to 27, because 2 trials supplemented vitamin D with other mineral or multivitamin nutrient 44, d This subgroup restricted to trials with daily administration. The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search. Español Other Languages. Minus Related Pages. Dongdong Zhang, MD 1 ; Cheng Cheng, MD 2 ; Yan Wang, MD 1 ; Hualei Sun, MD 1 ; Songcheng Yu, MD 1 ; Yuan Xue, MD 1 ; Yiming Liu, MD 1 ; Wenjie Li, MD, PhD 1 ; Xing Li, MD 1 View author affiliations Suggested citation for this article: Zhang D, Cheng C, Wang Y, Sun H, Yu S, Xue Y, et al. By improving the nutrient status of individuals with hypertension, the blood pressure is reduced, vascular health is improved and the overall complication rate is reduced. When the cells lining the arteries are not healthy because of malnutrition , the endothelium the lining of the arteries becomes inflamed and injured which results in poor function of the arteries and a higher than normal blood pressure. This places a strain on the heart, the kidneys and all other vital organs. Blood pressure control is attained by a combination of optimal nutrition, vitamins, minerals, anti-oxidants, weight loss, smoking cessation, exercise and moderate alcohol intake. As such, lifestyle modification prevents and treats high blood pressure. When an individual has high blood pressure, the evaluation should include an assessment of all cardiovascular risk factors; a determination of the function or dysfunction of the vascular endothelium the lining of the arteries ; examination to identify the presence of any end organ damage; and an overall assessment of the health of the individual. Cardiovascular risk factors include poor nutrition, a sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, male gender and a family history of premature cardiovascular disease. Once an assessment of the above is complete, the individual works with the physician or health care provider to develop an action plan which includes getting all the macro and micro nutrient levels up to normal; starting the individual on a physical activity program; making sure that he or she stops using any form of tobacco; limiting alcohol; getting the weight to an optimal level; correcting high cholesterol and making sure diabetes management is comprehensive and gets the individual to the goal glucose levels; and corrects for any other risk factors. When we look at the nutritional part of this program and consider replacement, we first have to measure the levels of all the macro and micronutrients before deciding on which vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants to prescribe. In many of my public presentations I ask the audience if they use vitamins and supplements and almost always the majority of the room will raise their hands. Next I ask how they know what specific vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants to use and most individuals are not sure. They will usually tell me that they take a multivitamin as recommended by their physician or health care provider but the majority of these individuals have not had any blood tests done to specifically determine which they are deficient in. I will then go on to explain that being academic in the approach makes the most sense to me and I let the audience know that there are specific blood tests that can be done to measure these levels appropriately. Nutrient deficiencies can be easily explained by understanding the transition from a previous Paleolithic diet to our current standard American diet. The Paleolithic diet was essentially a plant-based diet with some fruits and occasionally grass-fed, wild game meats. This diet was low in calories from fat and loaded with plant sources of protein, vitamins and minerals. Plant foods contain hundreds, if not thousands, of health promoting chemicals. As we know, the vast majority of Americans do not eat the recommended number of servings of vegetables and fruits thus contributing to and essentially causing high blood pressure and many of the chronic cardiovascular complications. |
| Helpful Links | Magnesium helps regulate hundreds of body systems, including blood pressure, blood sugar, and muscle and nerve function. We need magnesium to help blood vessels relax, and for energy production, and bone development. Just like potassium, too much magnesium can be lost in urine due to diuretic use, leading to low magnesium levels. The National Institutes of Health NIH reports that most older adults in the U. don't get the proper amount of magnesium in their diets, although extreme magnesium deficiency is very rare. It's best to get the mineral from food, especially dark, leafy green vegetables, unrefined grains, and legumes. Too much magnesium from a supplement or from magnesium-containing drugs such as laxatives may cause diarrhea. There are no known adverse effects of magnesium intake from food. Calcium is important for healthy blood pressure because it helps blood vessels tighten and relax when they need to. It's also crucial for healthy bones and the release of hormones and enzymes we need for most body functions. We consume it naturally in dairy products, fish such as canned salmon and sardines , and dark, leafy greens. The RDA of calcium for men ages 51 and older is between 1, and 1, mg per day. For women ages 51 and older it's 1, mg per day. However, many experts believe that these levels are set too high and some studies suggest an association between calcium supplements and higher risk of heart disease. If it's not possible to get enough calcium from food, talk with your doctor if you think you may need a calcium supplement. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Thanks for visiting. Don't miss your FREE gift. The Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness , is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health , plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise , pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and more. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight loss from exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. If you have low magnesium, your doctor may recommend a supplement to address the deficiency. Potassium helps muscles work. This includes the cardiac muscle of the heart. Specifically, the mineral relaxes blood vessels. It also aids in the conduction of electrical signals in the heart that control your heartbeat. Low levels of potassium may increase the risk of hypertension, according to the NIH. The impact of low potassium on blood pressure becomes greater when you consume too much sodium. A healthy diet for hypertension usually includes potassium-rich foods, and there is evidence to suggest that potassium supplements can lower blood pressure levels. In addition, people who take thiazide diuretics may need a potassium supplement for their high blood pressure treatment plan. These medications can cause the body to release too much potassium in urine, increasing the risk of potassium deficiency. Most people associate calcium with bone health, but this mineral has other important jobs in the body. It helps to regulate blood pressure by aiding in the tightening and relaxing of blood vessels. A few large studies found a link between low calcium levels and an increased risk of high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries and stroke. Increasing calcium through diet may lower blood pressure, according to the NIH. There is less evidence to show that taking a calcium supplement is effective for blood pressure control or heart health. Foods rich in calcium include dairy products, winter squash, edamame, canned sardines, canned salmon with bones, almonds and leafy greens. Even though calcium supplements may not benefit people with hypertension, some people still need to take them. Doctors frequently recommend calcium supplements for bone health. A little less than half of all adults consume the recommended amount of calcium through diet. In older adults, low calcium levels can weaken bones and contribute to osteoporosis, raising the risk of bone fractures. There is only one mineral that you should consciously avoid with high blood pressure—sodium. Although your body needs small amounts of sodium, most people consume too much. Excess levels of sodium can lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure levels. Simply avoiding salty foods may not be enough to adequately reduce sodium intake. Many processed foods contain large amounts of sodium. It is even found in canned vegetables. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that people eat no more than 2, milligrams of sodium per day. This is also the recommended amount for people following the DASH diet, the eating plan recommended by the American Heart Association and the NIH for blood pressure control which recommends reducing sodium intake to 1, mg a day for those at risk for high blood pressure. There is no evidence to prove that any dietary supplement lowers blood pressure in everyone who takes it. No supplement is likely to lower blood pressure on its own. If you are low on a vitamin or mineral or at risk for low levels of one, your primary care provider will likely recommend that you take a supplement. Other supplements such as garlic, beets, and hibiscus tea have shown evidence to lower blood pressure. The nitric oxide benefits from beets help to keep arteries dilated for proper blood flow. Garlic has been shown to reduce cholesterol as well as high blood pressure. Following a healthy diet can lower blood pressure levels, especially when combined with regular exercise. This content does not have an Arabic version. Appointments at Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. Request Appointment. Vitamin D deficiency: Can it cause high blood pressure? Products and services. Can vitamin D deficiency cause high blood pressure? Answer From Fouad Chebib, M. Thank you for subscribing! Sorry something went wrong with your subscription Please, try again in a couple of minutes Retry. Show references Vitamin D. Natural Medicines. Accessed Jan. Vitamin D is good for the bones, but what about the heart? American Heart Association. Theiler-Schwetz V, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on hour blood pressure in patients with low hydroxyvitamin D levels: A randomized controlled trial. Barbarawi M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risks in more than 83, individuals in 21 randomized clinical trials: A meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiology. Vitamin D. Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and vitamin D. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Merck Manual Professional Version. Liu L, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome: The joint effect on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the United States adults. World Journal of Cardiology. Zhang W, et al. The effect of vitamin D on the lipid profile as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis and FAQ Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Experimental Gerontology. Zhou A, et al. Non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses support a role for vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease risk. European Heart Journal. Libby P, et al. Endocrine disorders and cardiovascular disease. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Elsevier; Products and Services A Book: Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Monitors at Mayo Clinic Store The Mayo Clinic Diet Online. See also Medication-free hypertension control Alcohol: Does it affect blood pressure? Alpha blockers Amputation and diabetes Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers Anxiety: A cause of high blood pressure? AskMayoMom Pediatric Urology Beta blockers Beta blockers: Do they cause weight gain? Beta blockers: How do they affect exercise? Birth control pill FAQ Blood glucose meters Blood glucose monitors Blood pressure: Can it be higher in one arm? Blood pressure chart Blood pressure cuff: Does size matter? Blood pressure: Does it have a daily pattern? Blood pressure: Is it affected by cold weather? Blood pressure medication: Still necessary if I lose weight? Blood pressure medications: Can they raise my triglycerides? 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SAFETY HIGHLIGHT The tolerable upper intake level UL for magnesium is milligrams mg of supplemental magnesium per day. Because of the potential risks of high-dose magnesium supplementation, especially in the presence of impaired kidney function, supplementation with magnesium should be conducted under medical supervision. Table 2. Medications That Increase the Risk of Abnormal Potassium Concentration in the Blood Hyperkalemia High Blood Potassium Hypokalemia Low Blood Potassium α-blockers aminoglycosides angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitors certain antibiotics angiotensin receptor blockers anti-fungal agents anti-infective agents β-adrenergic agonists β-blockers cisplatin digitalis diuretics heparin methylxanthines nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents NSAIDs mineralocorticoids potassium-sparing diuretics For more information, see the safety section in the Potassium article. HIGHLIGHT The MTHFR polymorphism is measured by genetic testing. Genetic testing is voluntary; doctors and genetic counselors can advise you on the decision to have this type of test. Animal experiments suggest that "salt sensitivity" may be related to an impaired ability by the kidneys to excrete excess sodium. While certain subgroups of the population tend to have greater blood pressure changes in response to alterations in sodium intake, the genetic basis for salt sensitivity is still under investigation. Even without knowing if you are "salt sensitive," certain subgroups of the population are more responsive to reduced sodium intake: Those with hypertension Older individuals African Americans. HIGHLIGHT Although the results are promising, it is cautioned that the body of scientific evidence regarding the effect of garlic on hypertension is not strong. from exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. PLUS, the latest news on medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts. Sign up now and get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. Recent Blog Articles. Flowers, chocolates, organ donation — are you in? What is a tongue-tie? What parents need to know. Which migraine medications are most helpful? How well do you score on brain health? Shining light on night blindness. Can watching sports be bad for your health? Beyond the usual suspects for healthy resolutions. May 3, It's usually best to get calcium, magnesium, and potassium from food. Are you getting enough? Potassium Normal body levels of potassium are important for muscle function, including relaxing the walls of the blood vessels. Magnesium Magnesium helps regulate hundreds of body systems, including blood pressure, blood sugar, and muscle and nerve function. Calcium Calcium is important for healthy blood pressure because it helps blood vessels tighten and relax when they need to. 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| Background | J Hypertenxion Coll Cardiol. For Hupertension and more informationsee the sections on hypertension vktamin the Vitamin D Nourishing meal options Hypertension and vitamin deficiencies disease prevention and cardiovascular disease treatment. Related Content. Which Hypertensive Patient Phenotype Predisposes to Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction? c Total number of studies in the subgroup is not equal to 27, because 2 trials supplemented vitamin D with other mineral or multivitamin nutrient 44, |
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Beyond the usual suspects for healthy resolutions. May 3, It's usually best to get calcium, magnesium, and potassium from food. Are you getting enough? Potassium Normal body levels of potassium are important for muscle function, including relaxing the walls of the blood vessels.
Magnesium Magnesium helps regulate hundreds of body systems, including blood pressure, blood sugar, and muscle and nerve function. Calcium Calcium is important for healthy blood pressure because it helps blood vessels tighten and relax when they need to. Share This Page Share this page to Facebook Share this page to Twitter Share this page via Email.
It may be also in part because of the hypothesis that low 25 OH D levels could be the result of sub-health status rather than a precursor of diseases. Furthermore, differences exist among the various methods used ie, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; high-performance liquid chromatography; and enzymoimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and chemiluminescence immunoassays and in the laboratories that measured 25 OH D levels, which would also influence the accuracy of the study results Similar with our results, previous meta-analyses also showed no overall lowering effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure 14—16, A possible reason for this discrepancy is that the recruited populations of included studies had high heterogeneity.
Therefore, we restricted this meta-analysis to analyses of apparently healthy individuals. We excluded trials that have targeted patients with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or other diseases, because the known or unknown interaction between vitamin D and antihypertensive or cardiovascular medications may mask or attenuate the small effects of blood pressure reduction.
Complicated factors such as baseline vitamin D status, intervention design, or adiposity may modify or blunt the beneficial effect on blood pressure of improving vitamin D levels.
An increasing body of evidence supports the presence of thresholds in vitamin D status In addition, evidence showed a therapeutic effect of cholecalciferol only in vitamin D—depleted participants by decreasing their hour blood pressure by 3—4 mm Hg Therefore, we speculated that the protective effect would only appear in subjects with low vitamin D levels.
Indeed, we classified the studies according to their baseline vitamin D status, but the results indicated that vitamin D supplementation had no apparent effect on blood pressure, regardless of its baseline status. This finding is in accord with a recent meta-analysis that used individual patient data However, considering that the number of people with low vitamin D levels may be insufficient in our study, further trials are needed to verify this finding.
Individuals who are taking vitamin D supplements should do so for at least 6 months to reach the maximum attained 25 OH D level It is reasonable to assume that the effect of vitamin D is time-dependent.
Similar findings have been reported 16, Considering these findings, we still cannot rule out that the duration of vitamin D intervention is insufficient to detect any slight but significant reduction in blood pressures, especially in the apparently healthy subjects whose normal values are less likely to be further improved.
It is worth noting that until June only one RCT lasting up to 2 years was included in our study; therefore, a protective effect of longer intervention could not be studied adequately.
The optimal dose for vitamin D supplementation would influence the effect on blood pressure. A 4-arm trial conducted in African Americans reported dose-dependent reductions in SBP after 3 months of cholecalciferol supplementation with 1, IU, 2, IU, and 4, IU per day 0.
Contrary to these results, we did not find the dose—response relationship for vitamin D on blood pressure. We should consider the possibility that the supplementary doses in most included trials may be larger or smaller to observe a beneficial effect. Further studies are needed to explore the potential quantitative model.
This meta-analysis of RCTs included 3, people from the general population, which provides a substantial statistical power to detect the potential effects and thereby enhances the generalizability of our findings.
However, our study also contains several potential limitations. First, because most studies did not record the changes of diet, sun exposure or latitudes, genetic factors, and educational status, we are not able to answer the questions of whether these factors would modify the effect of the intervention.
In addition, although we stratified the duration of follow-up the maximum is 2. However, we may conclude that vitamin D supplementation will not affect blood pressure short-term.
On the basis of this finding, we do not recommend using vitamin D supplementation to prevent hypertension. However, future RCTs with long-term interventions and sufficient sample sizes of people with low vitamin D levels are needed to replicate this finding.
and W. contributed to the conception of the original idea. searched for studies and agreed on inclusion and exclusion. extracted data and performed the data analysis. drafted the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China grant nos.
All the funders had no role in the design, analysis, or writing of this article. The authors have no relevant interests to declare. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
No borrowed material, copyrighted surveys, instruments, or tools were used for this article. Corresponding Authors: Wenjie Li, MD, PhD, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Ave, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
Telephone: Email: lwj zzu. Author Affiliations: 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China. Xing Li, MD, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Ave, Zhengzhou, , Henan, China.
Email: lixing zzu. b Total number of studies in the subgroup is not equal to 27, because 2 trials supplemented vitamin D by single dose 49, c Total number of studies in the subgroup is not equal to 27, because 2 trials supplemented vitamin D with other mineral or multivitamin nutrient 44, d This subgroup restricted to trials with daily administration.
The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search. Although magnesium deficiency serious enough to cause symptoms is rare in the U.
If you have low magnesium, your doctor may recommend a supplement to address the deficiency. Potassium helps muscles work. This includes the cardiac muscle of the heart. Specifically, the mineral relaxes blood vessels.
It also aids in the conduction of electrical signals in the heart that control your heartbeat. Low levels of potassium may increase the risk of hypertension, according to the NIH.
The impact of low potassium on blood pressure becomes greater when you consume too much sodium. A healthy diet for hypertension usually includes potassium-rich foods, and there is evidence to suggest that potassium supplements can lower blood pressure levels.
In addition, people who take thiazide diuretics may need a potassium supplement for their high blood pressure treatment plan. These medications can cause the body to release too much potassium in urine, increasing the risk of potassium deficiency. Most people associate calcium with bone health, but this mineral has other important jobs in the body.
It helps to regulate blood pressure by aiding in the tightening and relaxing of blood vessels. A few large studies found a link between low calcium levels and an increased risk of high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries and stroke.
Increasing calcium through diet may lower blood pressure, according to the NIH. There is less evidence to show that taking a calcium supplement is effective for blood pressure control or heart health. Foods rich in calcium include dairy products, winter squash, edamame, canned sardines, canned salmon with bones, almonds and leafy greens.
Even though calcium supplements may not benefit people with hypertension, some people still need to take them. Doctors frequently recommend calcium supplements for bone health. A little less than half of all adults consume the recommended amount of calcium through diet.
In older adults, low calcium levels can weaken bones and contribute to osteoporosis, raising the risk of bone fractures. There is only one mineral that you should consciously avoid with high blood pressure—sodium. Although your body needs small amounts of sodium, most people consume too much.
Excess levels of sodium can lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure levels. Simply avoiding salty foods may not be enough to adequately reduce sodium intake.
Many processed foods contain large amounts of sodium. It is even found in canned vegetables. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that people eat no more than 2, milligrams of sodium per day. This is also the recommended amount for people following the DASH diet, the eating plan recommended by the American Heart Association and the NIH for blood pressure control which recommends reducing sodium intake to 1, mg a day for those at risk for high blood pressure.
There is no evidence to prove that any dietary supplement lowers blood pressure in everyone who takes it. No supplement is likely to lower blood pressure on its own. If you are low on a vitamin or mineral or at risk for low levels of one, your primary care provider will likely recommend that you take a supplement.
Other supplements such as garlic, beets, and hibiscus tea have shown evidence to lower blood pressure. The nitric oxide benefits from beets help to keep arteries dilated for proper blood flow.
Garlic has been shown to reduce cholesterol as well as high blood pressure.
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