Nutrition for team sports -
GI disturbances, including vomiting and diarrhoea may directly reduce performance, as well as interfere with nutritional strategies aimed at managing fluid and fuel status. Inadequate replacement of sodium lost in sweat. There is anecdotal evidence that salt depletion may increase the risk of a specific type of whole-body muscle cramp.
Salty sweaters — individuals with high sweat rates and high sweat sodium concentrations who may acutely or chronically deplete exchangeable sodium pools. Water intoxication Hyponatraemia low blood sodium. Excessive intake of fluids can lead to hyponatraemia ranging from mild often asymptomatic to severe can be fatal.
Players with low sweat losses e. low activity or game time who overzealously consume fluid before and during a match. Team sport players in positions that cover significant distances within a game and who are required to be fast and agile are generally aided by a lighter and lean physique.
Typically, the body fat levels of team sport players do not reach the low levels typical of endurance athletes such as runners, cyclists and triathletes.
However, recent observations among professional team sports have noted a reduction in body fat levels across players in general Duthie et al. The requirement to wear lycra bodysuit uniforms in some team competitions has also contributed to an increased interest in loss of body fat among team players, although in this case it may be driven by aesthetic interests as much as by performance goals.
Table 2 summarizes the risk factors and strategies to manage unwanted gain of body fat among players in team sports. Recent research using tracer techniques has focused on the best feeding strategies following a bout of resistance exercise.
Various investigations have found that the maximal protein synthetic response is produced when resistance exercise is followed by the immediate intake of rapidly digested, highquality protein Tang et al.
Despite the belief that large amounts of protein are needed for gains from resistance exercise, a dose—response study has found that the maximal synthetic response to a training bout was achieved with the intake of 20 to 25 g of high-quality protein following exercise Moore et al.
Over a hour recovery window, regular feeding i. every 3 hours of a moderate quantity [20 g] of rapidly digested whey protein will continue to promote high rates of muscle protein synthesis following resistance training Areta et al.
As a general rule, including ˜0. Furthermore, a well-scheduled intake of high-quality protein foods is likely to restrict the loss of muscle mass and strength during recovery from injury Wall et al. Table 2: Risk factors and strategies to manage unwanted gain of body fat among players in team sports adapted from Burke, Strategies to address risk factor.
Substantial reduction in activity levels during the off-season or injury. Poor nutrition knowledge and practical skills leading to poor food choices, convenient low-quality ready-prepared meals and reliance on takeaway foods.
supermarket tours, cooking classes to teach domestic skills and knowledge of sound choices in restaurants and takeaway outlets. Chaotic meal patterns and displaced meals leading to poor awareness of actual food intake in a day.
Residential situation e. college, foster family exposing athlete to inappropriate food choices and food volume.
Constant travel, leading to disturbance of home routine; game schedule of frequent matches where emphasis is on fuelling and recovery. Regular excessive intake of alcohol, often in conjunction with inappropriate eating.
There are few studies of the fuel demands of team sport players during training or competition, with the available evidence being focused on the match play of soccer players. Significant muscle glycogen depletion has been shown to occur over the course of a football match Ekblom, ; Saltin, ; Krustrup et al.
The current guidelines for carbohydrate intakes amended to suit a range of needs for team players are summarized in Table 3. As such, team sport athletes should be appropriately educated to manipulate their daily fuel intake to match the demands of training and competition.
Higher intakes may be required for younger team players to accommodate for growth and development, for leaner players with high daily energy requirements and for athletes striving to gain lean muscle mass to maintain a positive energy balance.
The lower-range carbohydrate intake recommendations are likely suitable for team players with high body fat levels given recommendations are expressed relative to body mass , for athletes returning from injury or on a break where training loads are reduced, or for players striving to reduce body fat levels during a general conditioning phase of training.
The high-carbohydrate diet did not increase the ability of players to shoot or dribble. Several explanations are possible: muscle glycogen depletion may not impair the ability of the player to execute game skills; alternative fatigue mechanisms such as dehydration or increased lactate production may be causative factors in the reduction in skill performance; or the treadmill protocol employed failed to induce a degree of glycogen depletion or fatigue large enough to cause a significant fall in skill performance Abt et al.
Distance skated, number of shifts skated, amount of time skated within shifts, and skating speed were all increased in the carbohydrate-loaded players compared with the mixed diet group, with the differences being most marked in the third period Akermark et al.
There are few studies of actual glycogen restoration following real or simulated competition in team sport; these are limited to soccer and show divergent results with both success Zehnder et al. Potential reasons for failure to refuel effectively after competition include interference with glycogen storage due to the presence of muscle damage arising from eccentric activities Zehnder et al.
Current sports nutrition guidelines for everyday eating recommend that athletes consume adequate carbohydrate to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme, thus allowing training sessions to be undertaken with high-carbohydrate availability for review, see Burke, There are a number of potential ways to reduce carbohydrate availability for training, including doing two training sessions in close succession without opportunity for refuelling Hansen et al.
As reviewed by Burke , it should be pointed out that these strategies do not involve a low carbohydrate intake per se, or follow the currently topical low-carbohydrate high-fat diet.
Furthermore, they do not advocate low carbohydrate availability for all training sessions; indeed, studies report a reduction in selfchosen training intensity with " train low " sessions, which may account for a failure to achieve an overall improvement in performance Yeo et al.
Morton and colleagues Morton et al. Further work, including a more sophisticated approach to periodizing carbohydrate availability around different training sessions, is needed. These include inadequate fuel and fluid status; factors that can be addressed by the intake of appropriate drinks and sports products during a match.
Given the intermittent nature of team sports, they often offer frequent opportunities to ingest fluid and energy during breaks between periods, time-outs, substitutions or breaks in play see Burke, Drinking opportunities for selected team sports are summarized in Table 4.
Fluids must be consumed at sidelines; players must not leave field. Third-time breaks, time-outs, substitutions, pauses in play. Half-time break, substitutions, pauses in play.
Trainers may run onto field with fluid bottles during pauses in play. Half-time break, pauses in play drink must be taken at sideline. First to 3 sets, limited substitutions, time-outs.
Sweat rates for team sport players are underpinned by the intermittent high-intensity work patterns, which are variable and unpredictable between and within team sports. Even from match to match, the same player can experience different workloads and sweat losses due to different game demands and overall playing time.
Fluid losses are also affected by variable climate and environmental conditions in which team sports are played e. outdoor vs. indoor; on sunny beach vs.
on ice and in some sports the requirement to wear protective clothing, including body pads and helmets. Garth and Burke recently reviewed fluid intake practices of athletes participating in various sporting events.
They noted that most of the available literature involves observations from football soccer games, and there is little information on practices on other team sports, such as rugby league, rugby union, cricket, basketball and beach volleyball for review, see Garth and Burke, Studies that have included a test of pre-game hydration status in conjunction with fluid balance testing found that a subset of players reported on match day with urine samples consistent with dehydration.
Overall, mean BM changes over a match ranged from ˜1 to 1. One study reported that the total volume of fluid consumed by players was not different when they were provided with sports drink and water compared with water alone. In addition, mean heart rate, perceived exertion, serum aldosterone, osmolality, sodium and cortisol responses during the test were higher when no fluid was ingested.
Nevertheless, Edwards and Noakes suggest that dehydration is only an outcome of complex physiological control operating a pacing plan and no single metabolic factor is causal of fatigue in elite soccer.
The subjects were able to continue running longer when fed the carbohydrate-electrolyte solution. Ali et al. The carbohydrate-electrolyte solution enabled subjects with compromised glycogen stores to better maintain skill and sprint performance than when ingesting fluid alone.
Linseman et al. Skating speed and puck handling performance during the game, as well as post-game skating speed were improved with ingestion of the carbohydrate-electroltye solution. Their results showed that perceived activation was lower without carbohydrate ingestion during the last 30 min of exercise, and this was accompanied by lowered plasma glucose concentrations.
In the carbohydrate trial, RPE was maintained in the last 30 minutes of exercise but carried on increasing in the PLA trial. These authors concluded that carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged high-intensity exercise elicits an enhanced perceived activation profile that may impact upon task persistence and performance.
On a third trial, the same volume of carbohydrate-electrolyte was consumed in smaller volumes at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes. This manipulation of the timing and volume of ingestion elicited similar metabolic responses without affecting exercise performance.
However, consuming fluid in small volumes reduced the sensation of gut fullness Clarke et al. Indeed, gastric emptying of liquids is slowed during brief intermittent high-intensity exercise compared with rest or steady-state moderate exercise Leiper et al.
These products are summarized in Table 5. Among the proposed nutritional ergogenic supplements, creatine Cr is the one that has been investigated the most in relation with team sports, given that its purported ergogenic action i.
enhanced recovery of the phosphocreatine power system matches the activity profilent of team sports. Various investigations indicate that both acute and chronic Cr supplementation may contribute to improved training and competition performance in team sports e.
Ahmun et al. Table 5: Sports foods and dietary supplements that are of likely benefit to team sport players adapted from Burke, However, conflicting results are not lacking in the literature Paton et al. Beta-alanine supplementation, to increase muscle stores of the intracellular buffer carnosine, may also provide benefits and requires further study using protocols suited to team sports Derave et al.
Colostrum supplementation has conflicting reports with respect to its effects on recovery and illness Shing et al. Beetroot juice, a source of nitrate, may enhance sports performance by mechanisms including an increase in exercise economy Wylie et al. Holway and Spriet summarized the dietary intake studies of team sport athletes published over the past 30 years.
It is difficult to make broad generalizations as data are skewed to certain team sports football, basketball and volleyball with little or no contemporary information reported on others e. cricket, rugby union, water polo, hockey. However, weighted averages for energy intake were Relative to body mass, male team sport athletes reported eating an average of 5.
This is less that reported for athletes engaged in individual team sports Burke, Not surprisingly, larger athletes were reported to consume more energy and pre-season intakes were greater than in-season intakes, perhaps to accommodate the additional conditioning work incorporated into the preparatory training phase.
Some evidence suggests the dietary quality of team sport athletes is less than what is reported for athletes involved in individual sports Clark et al. For instance, alcohol intakes of team sport athletes appear higher than other athlete groups Van Erp-Baart et al. The team culture of celebrating a win and commiserating a loss often leads to excessive consumption of alcohol during the post-game period.
Implications of such behaviour include a decrease in muscle protein synthesis Parr et al. These issues need to be considered by sports nutrition professionals consulting with team sport athletes and highlight the need for a thorough dietary review of individual player habits and the team culture.
Implementation of appropriate systems including a performance kitchen can capture the imagination of players around key nutrition principles, while enhancing team culture. Akermark C, Jacobs I, Rasmusson M, Karlsson J. Ali A, Williams C, Nicholas CW, Foskett A. Areta JL, Burke LM, Ross ML, Camera DM, West DW, Broad EM, Jeacocke NA, Moore DR, Stellingwerff T, Phillips SM, Hawley JA, Coffey VG.
Backhouse SH, Ali A, Biddle SJ, Williams C. Balsom PD, Wood K, Olsson P, Ekblom B. Table 1 Factors related to nutrition that could produce fatigue or suboptimal performance in team sports. View large. View Large.
Table 2 Risk factors and strategies to manage unwanted gain of body fat among players in team sports adapted from Burke [24]. Table 3 Fuel requirements for training and match play adapted for team players adapted from Burke and Cox [ 39 ].
Table 4 Opportunities to drink during a match play in selected team sports adapted from Burke and Hawley [32]. Table 5 Sports foods and supplements that are of likely benefit to team sport players adapted from Burke [24]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Hawley J, Burke L: Peak Performance: Training and Nutritional Strategies for Sport. St Leonards, Allen and Unwin, Reilly T, Thomas V: A motion analysis of work-rate in different positional roles in professional football match-play.
J Hum Mov Studies ;— Spencer M, Bishop D, Dawson B, Goodman C: Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated-sprint activities: specific to field-based team sports. Sports Med ;— Rampinini E, Bishop D, Marcora SM, Ferrari Bravo D, Sassi R, Impellizzeri FM: Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical performance in top-level professional soccer players.
Int J Sports Med ;— Bangsbo J: The physiology of soccer: with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiol Scand ;— Ekblom B: Applied physiology of soccer.
Matthew D, Delextrat A: Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and time-motion analysis of female basketball players during competition. J Sports Sci ;— Reilly T, Borrie A: Physiology applied to field hockey. Stølen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, Wisløff U: Physiology of soccer: an update.
Ziv G, Lidor R: Physical attributes, physiological characteristics, on-court performances and nutritional strategies of female and male basketball players. Duthie G, Pyne DB, Hooper S: Applied physiology and game analysis of rugby union.
Reilly T: Football; in Reilly T, Secher N, Snell P, Williams C eds : Physiology of Sports. London, Spon, , pp — Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM: Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men.
J Appl Physiol ;— Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, Prior T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM: Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men.
Am J Clin Nutr ;— Saltin B: Metabolic fundamentals in exercise. Med Sci Sports ;— Krustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, Bencke J, Kjaer M, Bangsbo J: Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance.
Med Sci Sports Exerc ;— Bangsbo J, Norregaard L, Thorsoe F: The effect of carbohydrate diet on intermittent exercise performance.
Balsom PD, Wood K, Olsson P, Ekblom B: Carbohydrate intake and multiple sprint sports: with special reference to football soccer. Abt G, Zhou S, Weatherby R: The effect of a high-carbohydrate diet on the skill performance of midfield soccer players after intermittent treadmill exercise.
J Sci Med Sport ;— Akermark C, Jacobs I, Rasmusson M, Karlsson J: Diet and muscle glycogen concentration in relation to physical performance in Swedish elite ice hockey players. Int J Sport Nutr ;— Zehnder M, Rico-Sanz J, Kuhne G, Boutellier U: Resynthesis of muscle glycogen after soccer specific performance examined by 13 C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in elite players.
Eur J Appl Physiol ;— Jacobs I, Westlin N, Karlsson J, Rasmusson M, Houghton B: Muscle glycogen and diet in elite soccer players. Zehnder M, Muelli M, Buchli R, Kuehne G, Boutellier U: Further glycogen decrease during early recovery after eccentric exercise despite a high carbohydrate intake.
Eur J Nutr ;— Burke L: Field-based team sports; in Burke L ed : Practical Sports Nutrition. Champaign, Human Kinetics Publishers, , pp — Burke LM: Fuelling strategies to optimise performance — Training high or training low?
Scand J Med Sci Sports ;20 Suppl 2 : 48— Baar K, McGee SL: Optimizing training adaptations by manipulating glycogen. Eur J Sport Sci ;— Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Andersen JL, Saltin B, Pedersen BK: Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs training once daily.
Yeo WK, Paton CD, Garnham AP, Burke LM, Carey AL, Hawley JA: Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. Cox GR, Clark SA, Cox AJ, Halson SL, Hargreaves M, Hawley JA, Jeacocke N, Snow RJ, Yeo WK, Burke LM: Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling.
Hulston CJ, Venables MC, Mann CH, Martin C, Philp A, Baar K, Jeukendrup AE: Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists. Morton JP, Croft L, Bartlett JD, Maclaren DP, Reilly T, Evans L, McArdle A, Drust B: Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle.
Burke LM, Hawley JA: Fluid balance in team sports. Guidelines for optimal practices. Maughan RJ, Merson SJ, Broad NP, Shirreffs SM: Fluid and electrolyte intake and loss in elite soccer players during training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab ;— Shirreffs SM, Aragon-Vargas LF, Chamorro M, Maughan RJ, Serratosa L, Zachwieja JJ: The sweating response of elite professional soccer players to training in the heat.
Maughan RJ, Watson P, Evans GH, Broad N, Shirreffs SM: Water balance and salt losses in competitive football. Mohr M, Mujika I, Santisteban J, Randers MB, Bischof R, Solano R, Hewitt A, Zubillaga A, Peltola E, Krustrup P: Examination of fatigue patterns in elite soccer — A multi-experimental approach.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ;20 Suppl 3 — McGregor SJ, Nicholas CW, Lakomy HKA, Williams C: The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill.
Edwards AM, Noakes TD: Dehydration: cause of fatigue or sign of pacing in elite soccer? Burke L, Cox G: The Complete Guide to Food for Sports Performance, ed 3. Sydney, Allen and Unwin, Nicholas CW, Williams C, Lakomy HK, Phillips G, Nowitz A: Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running.
Ali A, Williams C, Nicholas CW, Foskett A: The influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte ingestion on soccer skill performance. Backhouse SH, Ali A, Biddle SJ, Williams C: Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise: impact on affect and perceived exertion.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ;— Clarke ND, Drust B, MacLaren DP, Reilly T: Strategies for hydration and energy provision during soccer-specific exercise. Clarke ND, Drust B, Maclaren DP, Reilly T: Fluid provision and metabolic responses to soccer-specific exercise. Leiper JB, Broad NP, Maughan RJ: Effect of intermittent high-intensity exercise on gastric emptying in man.
Leiper JB, Prentice AS, Wrightson C, Maughan RJ: Gastric emptying of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink during a soccer match. Ahmun RP, Tong RJ, Grimshaw PN: The effects of acute creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycling and running performance in rugby players.
J Strength Cond Res ;— Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Burke DG: The effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on sprint skating in ice-hockey players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness ;— Cox G, Mujika I, Tumilty D, Burke L: Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players.
Mujika I, Padilla S, Ibañez J, Izquierdo M, Gorostiaga E: Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players. Ostojic SM: Creatine supplementation in young soccer players. Use the following strategies to avoid significant dehydration:.
Posted In Basketball , Healthy Living , Nutrition , Sports Medicine. Written by SHN Staff. November 14, Pre-activity nutrition Pre-activity nutrition is divided into two main time frames, based on when practices and games are scheduled. Pre-activity meal hours before grams of carbohydrates High in lean protein Low in fiber and fat fl.
milk, juice or sports drink Example: Grilled chicken, brown rice, corn, green beans, salad and vanilla pudding With less time, try something smaller, lower in fat and fiber, like instant oatmeal with fruit and milk, or an apple with nuts or peanut butter.
Pre-activity snack grams of easily digestible carbohydrate Moderate in protein Low in fiber and fat fl. water or sports drink Example: Banana and peanut butter, yogurt and small amounts of granola, cereal and milk, granola bar, etc.
Nutrition during training or competition Effective nutrition and hydration strategies during workouts and games depend on how long each session lasts, the environmental conditions, and whether you are training or competing just once or multiple times on the same day. Nutrition during activity Drink oz.
Recovery Nutrition post-workout or game is also very important, because it promotes recovery by replenishing glycogen stores and helping repair muscle damage.
Post-activity meal High in whole grain carbohydrates High in lean protein Good amount of fiber and fats fl. chocolate milk, smoothie, sports drink, water Example: in.
Hydration A sweat loss of more than 2 percent of your pre-activity, normally hydrated body weight has been shown to negatively affect your athletic performance, and more so in a hot and humid environment. Use the following strategies to avoid significant dehydration: If you are thirsty, you are probably already somewhat dehydrated.
Minimize pre-activity body water deficits by drinking regularly throughout the day. Check the color of your urine. A darker color, similar to apple juice, signifies you are dehydrated. A color closer to lemonade means you are properly hydrated. Determine your sweat rate by weighing yourself before and after a training session and competition on different days in different environments to get an average rate of sweat loss.
The difference in body weight divided by time will give you an estimate of sweating rate.
The link between good health and good uNtrition is Organic mental wellness Nutritioon. Interest in nutrition and sportts impact Nutrition for team sports sporting performance is now Nutrition for team sports science in itself. Whether you are Fat distribution and gender differences competing athlete, a weekend sports player foor a dedicated daily exerciser, the foundation to improved performance is a nutritionally adequate diet. Athletes who exercise strenuously for more than 60 to 90 minutes every day may need to increase the amount of energy they consume, particularly from carbohydrate sources. The current recommendations for fat intake are for most athletes to follow similar recommendations to those given for the general community, with the preference for fats coming from olive oils, avocado, nuts and seeds. Athletes should also aim to minimise intake of high-fat foods such as biscuits, cakes, pastries, chips and fried foods.Nutrition for team sports -
header search search input Search input auto suggest. filter your search All Content All Journals Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 57, Issue Suppl.
Physiological Characteristics of Match Play in Team Sports. Achieving Ideal Physique for Team Sports. Fuel for Training Adaptation, Recovery and Match Preparation. Fuel and Fluid for Match Play. Supplements and Sports Foods for Team Sports. Practical Nutrition Considerations for the Team Athlete.
Disclosure Statement. Article Navigation. Review Articles February 22 Nutrition in Team Sports Subject Area: Endocrinology , Further Areas , Nutrition and Dietetics , Public Health.
Iñigo Mujika ; Iñigo Mujika. a USP Araba Sport Clinic, Vitoria-Gasteiz, and. b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;. This Site. Google Scholar.
Louise M. Burke Louise M. c Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, A. Ann Nutr Metab 57 Suppl. Article history Published Online:. Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu.
toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 1 Factors related to nutrition that could produce fatigue or suboptimal performance in team sports.
View large. View Large. Table 2 Risk factors and strategies to manage unwanted gain of body fat among players in team sports adapted from Burke [24]. Table 3 Fuel requirements for training and match play adapted for team players adapted from Burke and Cox [ 39 ].
Table 4 Opportunities to drink during a match play in selected team sports adapted from Burke and Hawley [32]. Table 5 Sports foods and supplements that are of likely benefit to team sport players adapted from Burke [24]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Hawley J, Burke L: Peak Performance: Training and Nutritional Strategies for Sport.
St Leonards, Allen and Unwin, Reilly T, Thomas V: A motion analysis of work-rate in different positional roles in professional football match-play.
J Hum Mov Studies ;— Spencer M, Bishop D, Dawson B, Goodman C: Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated-sprint activities: specific to field-based team sports. Sports Med ;— Rampinini E, Bishop D, Marcora SM, Ferrari Bravo D, Sassi R, Impellizzeri FM: Validity of simple field tests as indicators of match-related physical performance in top-level professional soccer players.
Int J Sports Med ;— Bangsbo J: The physiology of soccer: with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiol Scand ;— Ekblom B: Applied physiology of soccer. Matthew D, Delextrat A: Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and time-motion analysis of female basketball players during competition.
J Sports Sci ;— Reilly T, Borrie A: Physiology applied to field hockey. Stølen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, Wisløff U: Physiology of soccer: an update.
Ziv G, Lidor R: Physical attributes, physiological characteristics, on-court performances and nutritional strategies of female and male basketball players. Duthie G, Pyne DB, Hooper S: Applied physiology and game analysis of rugby union.
Reilly T: Football; in Reilly T, Secher N, Snell P, Williams C eds : Physiology of Sports. London, Spon, , pp — Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM: Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men.
J Appl Physiol ;— Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, Prior T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM: Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men.
Am J Clin Nutr ;— Saltin B: Metabolic fundamentals in exercise. Med Sci Sports ;— Krustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, Bencke J, Kjaer M, Bangsbo J: Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance.
Med Sci Sports Exerc ;— Bangsbo J, Norregaard L, Thorsoe F: The effect of carbohydrate diet on intermittent exercise performance. Balsom PD, Wood K, Olsson P, Ekblom B: Carbohydrate intake and multiple sprint sports: with special reference to football soccer. Abt G, Zhou S, Weatherby R: The effect of a high-carbohydrate diet on the skill performance of midfield soccer players after intermittent treadmill exercise.
J Sci Med Sport ;— Akermark C, Jacobs I, Rasmusson M, Karlsson J: Diet and muscle glycogen concentration in relation to physical performance in Swedish elite ice hockey players.
Int J Sport Nutr ;— Zehnder M, Rico-Sanz J, Kuhne G, Boutellier U: Resynthesis of muscle glycogen after soccer specific performance examined by 13 C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in elite players.
Eur J Appl Physiol ;— Jacobs I, Westlin N, Karlsson J, Rasmusson M, Houghton B: Muscle glycogen and diet in elite soccer players.
Zehnder M, Muelli M, Buchli R, Kuehne G, Boutellier U: Further glycogen decrease during early recovery after eccentric exercise despite a high carbohydrate intake.
Eur J Nutr ;— Burke L: Field-based team sports; in Burke L ed : Practical Sports Nutrition. Champaign, Human Kinetics Publishers, , pp — Burke LM: Fuelling strategies to optimise performance — Training high or training low?
Scand J Med Sci Sports ;20 Suppl 2 : 48— Baar K, McGee SL: Optimizing training adaptations by manipulating glycogen. Eur J Sport Sci ;— Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, Andersen JL, Saltin B, Pedersen BK: Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs training once daily.
Yeo WK, Paton CD, Garnham AP, Burke LM, Carey AL, Hawley JA: Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. Cox GR, Clark SA, Cox AJ, Halson SL, Hargreaves M, Hawley JA, Jeacocke N, Snow RJ, Yeo WK, Burke LM: Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling.
Hulston CJ, Venables MC, Mann CH, Martin C, Philp A, Baar K, Jeukendrup AE: Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists. Morton JP, Croft L, Bartlett JD, Maclaren DP, Reilly T, Evans L, McArdle A, Drust B: Reduced carbohydrate availability does not modulate training-induced heat shock protein adaptations but does upregulate oxidative enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle.
Burke LM, Hawley JA: Fluid balance in team sports. Guidelines for optimal practices. Maughan RJ, Merson SJ, Broad NP, Shirreffs SM: Fluid and electrolyte intake and loss in elite soccer players during training.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab ;— Shirreffs SM, Aragon-Vargas LF, Chamorro M, Maughan RJ, Serratosa L, Zachwieja JJ: The sweating response of elite professional soccer players to training in the heat.
Maughan RJ, Watson P, Evans GH, Broad N, Shirreffs SM: Water balance and salt losses in competitive football. Mohr M, Mujika I, Santisteban J, Randers MB, Bischof R, Solano R, Hewitt A, Zubillaga A, Peltola E, Krustrup P: Examination of fatigue patterns in elite soccer — A multi-experimental approach.
Scand J Med Sci Sports ;20 Suppl 3 — McGregor SJ, Nicholas CW, Lakomy HKA, Williams C: The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. Edwards AM, Noakes TD: Dehydration: cause of fatigue or sign of pacing in elite soccer?
Burke L, Cox G: The Complete Guide to Food for Sports Performance, ed 3. Sydney, Allen and Unwin, Nicholas CW, Williams C, Lakomy HK, Phillips G, Nowitz A: Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurance capacity during intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running.
Ali A, Williams C, Nicholas CW, Foskett A: The influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte ingestion on soccer skill performance.
Backhouse SH, Ali A, Biddle SJ, Williams C: Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged high-intensity intermittent exercise: impact on affect and perceived exertion. Scand J Med Sci Sports ;— Clarke ND, Drust B, MacLaren DP, Reilly T: Strategies for hydration and energy provision during soccer-specific exercise.
Clarke ND, Drust B, Maclaren DP, Reilly T: Fluid provision and metabolic responses to soccer-specific exercise. Leiper JB, Broad NP, Maughan RJ: Effect of intermittent high-intensity exercise on gastric emptying in man. Leiper JB, Prentice AS, Wrightson C, Maughan RJ: Gastric emptying of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink during a soccer match.
Ahmun RP, Tong RJ, Grimshaw PN: The effects of acute creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycling and running performance in rugby players. J Strength Cond Res ;— Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD, Burke DG: The effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on sprint skating in ice-hockey players.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness ;— Cox G, Mujika I, Tumilty D, Burke L: Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. Mujika I, Padilla S, Ibañez J, Izquierdo M, Gorostiaga E: Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players.
Ostojic SM: Creatine supplementation in young soccer players. Foskett A, Ali A, Gant N: Caffeine enhances cognitive function and skill performance during simulated soccer activity. Roberts SP, Stokes KA, Trewartha G, Doyle J, Hogben P, Thompson D: Effects of carbohydrate and caffeine ingestion on performance during a rugby union simulation protocol.
Schneiker KT, Bishop D, Dawson B, Hackett LP: Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Stuart GR, Hopkins WG, Cook C, Cairns SP: Multiple effects of caffeine on simulated high-intensity team-sport performance.
Paton CD, Hopkins WG, Vollebregt L: Little effect of caffeine ingestion on repeated sprints in team-sport athletes. Bishop D, Claudius B: Effects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance.
Tan F, Polglaze T, Cox G, Dawson B, Mujika I, Clark S: Effects of induced alkalosis on simulated match performance in elite female water polo players.
Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman C: Effects of chronic NaHCO 3 ingestion during interval training on changes to muscle buffer capacity, metabolism, and short-term endurance performance. Derave W, Everaert I, Beeckman S, Baguet A: Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training.
Shing CM, Hunter DC, Stevenson LM: Bovine colostrum supplementation and exercise performance: potential mechanisms.
Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Verstappen PA: The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. Clark M, Reed DB, Crouse SF, Armstrong RB: Pre- and post-season dietary intake, body composition, and performance indices of NCAA division I female soccer players.
Iglesias-Gutiérrez E, García-Rovés PM, Rodríguez C, Braga S, García-Zapico P, Patterson AM: Food habits and nutritional status assessment of adolescent soccer players. A necessary and accurate approach. With their unique mixes of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area!
Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author. Overview Articles Authors Impact. About this Research Topic Manuscript Submission Deadline 15 April We welcome a broad range of article types including original research, brief research reports, and clinical trials as well as systematic reviews, reviews, and mini-reviews.
Where original research is planned but results will not be complete by the submission date, we recommend the submission of a registered report or study protocol, which is likely to increase the potential of publication of research findings at a later date. Further, we are interested in translational research; in this context, we encourage the submission of case reports, perspectives, opinion pieces and commentaries that focus on clinical practice and are relevant to professionals working with sportspeople.
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We aim to give people access Nutrition for team sports reliable science-based information to support anyone on their journey Njtrition a healthy, sustainable Nytrition. Nutrition for team sports this section Enhancing focus and concentration through nutrition can sportx about how the right nutrition can dports support Nutrition for team sports and exercise. Sprts Organic mental wellness article, you can find information on eating well for sports and exercise. The article looks at:. We should all aim to eat a healthy, varied diet based on the principles of the Eatwell Guide, and this is also the case when you are active. When physically active, your body will use up more energy calories. This can help with weight control or if you are not looking to lose weight, you may find you need more food to replace the extra energy used.
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