Indirect evidence for this pro-oxidant effect was provided in a recent experiment on ferrets 26where Beta-carotene and cancer prevention reported that Beta-carptene proliferation Beta-carottene squamous Beta-carotene and cancer prevention were increased in the lung tissue of animals given β -carotene supplements, with further increase on exposure to tobacco smoke. In our analyses, we considered only end points that had been confirmed by a committee of physicians who were blinded to the treatment assignment of subjects. Tips for Making Smoothies and Shakes.

Beta-carotene and cancer prevention -

This web site is dedicated to the 29, participants in the ATBC Study who have contributed to our understanding of cancer etiology and prevention. The participants stopped taking the vitamin supplements in April However, in order to evaluate the long-term effects of the vitamins on cancer incidence, and overall and cause-specific mortality, they were followed after the trial ended using data from the national registries in Finland.

The researchers acquired additional data for cancer incidence and mortality related to specific causes through December and for total mortality through December twenty years beyond the end of the trial. For more information regarding study design and initial findings, download The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance and the The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers.

Contact Accessibility Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. Skip to Main Content. Table 3. Summary of findings from meta-analyses of lung cancer risk associated with β-carotene supplement use. Note: RR column represents relative risk, unless noted OR, which indicates odds ratio.

Early RCTs of β-carotene supplementation produced contradictory findings. Despite a number of RCTs of β-carotene supplementation being suspended after increased risk of lung cancer was observed [13] [14] , subsequent RCTs showed no association between β-carotene supplementation and lung cancer risk in both the general population and among smokers [6] [15] [16].

A range of studies have been conducted investigating the link between β-carotene and cancer risk, for a number of cancer types. Table 4 summarises the findings from meta-analyses investigating the link between supplementary β-carotene and a range of cancer types.

There is an association between β-carotene supplement use and bladder cancer [12]. Stomach cancer risk is increased with β-carotene supplement use and this effect is stronger in smokers and asbestos workers [13]. Although β-carotene supplement use is associated with increased risk of bowel adenoma [18] , there appears to be no association with bowel cancer [12] [13].

The majority of studies have found no association between supplementary β-carotene and other cancer types [13] [19] [12]. Table 4. Summary of findings from meta-analyses investigating the link between β-carotene supplement use and various cancers. There is some evidence that dietary β-carotene reduces the risk of a number of cancer types [20] [21] [22] [23] [24].

Table 5 summarises findings from meta-analyses of studies investigating the link between β-carotene and cancer. Table 5. Summary of findings from meta-analyses investigating the link between dietary β-carotene and various cancers. Dietary carotenoids, including β-carotene, may lower cancer risk by [9] [28] :.

Cigarette smoke is highly oxidative and has been shown to destroy carotenoids in plasma [29]. Therefore β-carotene in the lungs of smokers may be susceptible to oxidative attack, leading to a pro-oxidant state which may promote cancer [29].

The protective effect seen for dietary β-carotene and cancer may also not be due to β-carotene specifically, but possibly another carotenoid or mix of compounds in the diet [7] [9].

It is also possible that the protective effect of β-carotene at dietary intake amounts is lost or reversed with dietary supplementation and the higher levels that this can supply [7]. While excessive cellular oxidants can induce damage to cells, they are needed in moderate concentrations for several protective reactions, including apoptosis, phagocytosis and detoxification reactions provided by cytochrome P complexes [30].

High doses of antioxidants can inactivate more cellular oxidants than necessary and interfere with these protective functions [30]. Vitamin A intakes are generally expressed as retinol equivalents RE , where 6 mg of β-carotene gives rise to 1 mg RE [1] [2].

The recommended dietary intake RDI for vitamin A in the Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand NRVs is 0. Vitamin A is fat soluble and can be acutely toxic in adults at doses greater than mg [1]. Chronic toxicity can occur after consuming at least 10 times the recommended daily allowance for a month or more [1].

Vitamin A toxicity can cause headache, visual impairment, skin disorders and death [1]. Despite being a precursor of vitamin A, the toxicity of carotenoids is low [1] [2].

Large amounts of β-carotene from foods can cause hypercarotenaemia increased plasma carotene and yellow colouration of the skin, particularly on the palms of the hand and soles of the foot [1] [2]. An UL for β-carotene from foods is not needed due to the lack of adverse effects [2].

However the UL for β-carotene for dietary supplement use has not been able to be established due to the lack of dose-response information in the literature [2].

Table 6. Estimated average requirements, recommended dietary intakes and upper level of intake of vitamin A as retinol equivalents [2]. The last National Nutrition Survey showed that men had a mean intake of 1. The Blue Mountains Eye Study showed that the mean intake of β-carotene in Australian women aged 55 years or over was 7.

However these values may be overestimates due to the use of a food frequency questionnaire for measuring intake [32]. Carrots and pumpkin contributed the most to dietary β-carotene intake in this population [32].

Data on the use of specific dietary supplements such as type and dose is currently limited. Studies in the US have shown that dietary supplement use has increased over the past two decades [33].

Most people taking supplements are generally seeking health benefits, which could also be achieved by eating a healthy, well balanced diet.

Supplement use was significantly associated with gender females and conditions such as arthritis and osteoporosis, although the latter reason was likely to be representative of the population demographics in this particular study group [34].

Commonly cited reasons for use included health benefits, prevention of illness, sports performance, parental control, energy, poor diet and to do something positive for self [35].

Interestingly, studies have shown that dietary supplement use is similar between cancer survivors and cancer-free controls [36]. Increasingly complex mixtures of ingredients, which often contain other herbal and botanical compounds with anti-oxidant properties, are available in the market [37].

Consumers have access to numerous brands and formulations, including those available on the internet. In Australia, dietary supplements are sold at places such as supermarkets, chemists and health food stores. β-carotene is available as an individual supplement or as part of a multi-vitamin preparation.

Vitamin A preparations usually contain retinyl palmitate as the active ingredient. As an indication at the time of writing this position statement, supplements available in Australia contained between 1—6.

Common brands recommended taking one to three tablets per day, making the maximum dose of β-carotene from any supplement 9 mg if taken according to the supplement instructions. Therefore amounts greater than the equivalent UL of 18 mg β-carotene in the NRVs may be obtained if tablets are taken in excess of the recommended dosage see Table 6 for recommended ULs.

The NRVs do not contain an UL for β-carotene intake for dietary supplement use due to a lack of dose-response information in the literature [1]. β-carotene is of low toxicity and until recently was thought to only cause yellowing of the skin after sustained high intake{{Cite footnote Citation:West CE.

However recent epidemiological evidence shows that high doses of β-carotene supplements might increase the risk of lung cancer, particularly in smokers. Cancer Council supports the Australian Dietary Guidelines that recommend eating plenty of fruit and vegetables, and the population recommendation of at least two serves of fruit and five serves of vegetables daily see Table 7 [38].

Cancer Council recommends that people eat a variety of fruit and vegetables, including a range of different coloured fruit and vegetables, to obtain maximum benefits. Table 7. Sample fruit and vegetable serving sizes in the Australian Dietary Guidelines [38]. This position statement approved by the Public Health Committee September and updated in February Back to top Back to position statements.

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Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands. Effects of selenium supplements on cancer prevention: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in reducing primary cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. Beta-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study. Effects of beta-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence by baseline characteristics in the Physicians' Health Study United States.

Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Efficacy of antioxidant vitamins and selenium supplement in prostate cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Dietary compared with blood concentrations of carotenoids and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Vitamin or antioxidant intake or serum level and risk of cervical neoplasm: a meta-analysis.

Scand J Work Increased fat-burning capacity Health ;22 3 pdf. by Vainio H. Beta carotene, vitamin A, and its pfevention and naturally Beta-carotene and cancer prevention analogues, the retinoids, have attracted wide interest preventipn possible chemopreventive agents Beta-caotene lung An Some 20 years ago, they were identified as potential chemopreventive agents in lung from epidemiologic data showing an inverse correlation between vitamin A blood levels and lung cancer 4. Beta carotene a precursor of vitamin A is found in deep yellow, orange, or dark green fruits and vegetables such as carrots, peaches, apricots, spinach, and broccoli. It is an antioxidant which may protect the critical cellular macromolecules from oxidative damage. β-Carotene, which is derived from most Beta-carotene and cancer prevention and vegetables, Beta-carotene and cancer prevention the most prevenion type preventkon carotenes. Existing studies have demonstrated Beta-caroteje β-carotene is associated with some positive health outcomes. However, results about Flexibility and mobility training effects of supplemental β-carotene on csncer Beta-carotene and cancer prevention inconsistent. To prevenrion the association between supplemental β-carotene intake and the risk of cancers. Eight databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wangfang, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were systematically searched until September Only reports from randomized controlled trials in which an association between supplemental β-carotene intake and the risk of cancer was found were included in the meta-analysis. There was no significant association between supplemental β-carotene intake and overall cancer incidence rate after synthesizing all the results risk ratio [RR]: 1.

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Beta-Carotene: key nutrient for cancer prevention and immunity