Undecenoic acid is also formulated into several other salts and derivatives such as methyl , phenyl and propyl undecenoate , which are also used to treat fungal infections on the skin. There has been limited evidence showing the effectiveness of undecylenic acid in treating nail and scalp fungal infections.

Irritation may occur in some patients after topical application of undecylenic acid or its salts and derivatives. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.

Download as PDF Printable version. General mechanisms [ edit ] The chemical structure of ergosterol. It is available in the form of pessaries , liquid, creams, and spray. Common side effects of clotrimazole are skin irritations, itchiness or redness in areas where the drug is applied.

Econazole Econazole in the form of creams and nail lacquers is often used to treat fungal skin and nail infections respectively. It can also be used to treat vaginal and vulval candidiasis by administering creams or pessaries vaginally. Some patients may experience skin reactions such as itchiness and redness after application.

Patients with acute porphyrias should avoid using Miconazole and Ketoconazole. The drug is usually formulated in creams, powders and sprays. However, it is suggested that patients developing acute porphyrias should avoid using this drug.

Miconazole can also be used for both prevention and treatment of oral candidiasis which the drug is formulated as oromucosal gel. It is suggested that the usage of Miconazole for oral lesions in infants with swallowing reflexes should be avoided.

The symptoms of Cushing's syndrome. Patients with this condition could only use oral Ketoconazole. It can also be used to prevent the recurrence of fungal infections.

The drug comes in the form of creams, shampoos, and tablets. Other than treating the infection, ketoconazole may cause skin reactions at the site of application, including skin rash and itching. Ketoconazole is contraindicated in patients with acute porphyrias , where patients may present with shortness of breath and seizures.

If not treated promptly, acute porphyrias can be life-threatening. In July , the European Medicines Agency's Committee on Medicinal Products for Human Use CHMP advised that oral medicines containing Ketoconazole should be suspended due to the high risk of hepatotoxicity outweighing its benefits.

The advice does not affect topical ketoconazole products, and the oral use of the drug for Cushing's syndrome. Cautions Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes using topically.

Polyene antifungals [ edit ] Polyene antifungals do not work well orally so they are mostly seen as a solution or given topically or intravenously as a systemic antifungal. Clinical use Nystatin is used topically for the treatment of Candida infections of the skin and mucous membranes.

The drug can be formulated in pastilles or suspensions and is directly applied to the affected area. After application, patients should avoid taking food or drink for an hour to allow sufficient time for the drug to exert its effect locally.

Oral irritation or sensitisation may occur in some patients after applying the drug to the oral mucous membrane. Fungal skin infections Nystatin in the forms of creams, ointments or powders can also be used to treat fungal infections of the skin. The medication is directly applied to the affected area at around the same times on a daily basis.

Some patients may experience itchiness , pain or burning sensations in the area where the drug is applied, while some may develop rashes or hives. On rare occasions, patients may have difficulty breathing or swallowing after topical use of Nystatin.

Vaginal infections Nystatin is also used to treat fungal infections in the vaginal area. It is commonly formulated into pessaries or vaginal cream for application. Ointments , gels, creams or dusting powder may be used when patients develop cutaneous lesions.

Skin irritations may occur in some patients after applying the medication vaginally. Allylamine antifungals [ edit ] Mechanism of action Allylamines are a new type of antifungal drug that is highly selective for the fungal enzyme but has a minimal effect on humans.

It is available in creams or gels. Occlusive dressings should be avoided after applying the topical preparations. Clinical improvement usually occurs within the first week of treatment with Naftifine.

Topical preparations containing Naftifine are contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to the drug or any ingredient in the formulation. The major adverse effect of Naftifine is local irritation, skin dryness and rash. Terbinafine Terbinafine is used to treat skin infections caused by a fungus yeast , including tinea corporis ringworm of the body , tinea cruris jock itch , onychomycosis , Pityriasis Versicolor and tinea pedis athlete's foot.

It is available in gel, spray and cream. These topical preparations should not be administered intravaginally and applied in or near the mouth or eyes. In addition, they should not be used on nails or scalp directly. Topical preparations containing terbinafine are contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to the drug or any ingredient in the formulation.

The major adverse effect of Terbinafine is transient burning and stinging, local irritation and rash. Miscellaneous [ edit ] Benzoxaborole antifungals [ edit ] Mechanism of action Benzoxaborole antifungals are a newer class of antifungal medication.

It is applied to the affected toenail once daily for 48 weeks. The major adverse effects associated with its use is the ingrowing of toenails and application site reactions including exfoliation , erythema , and dermatitis.

Ciclopirox Olamine [ edit ] Mechanism of action Ciclopirox and ciclopirox olamine are synthetic antifungal agents. They can also be used for the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor.

The medication is sometimes formulated into gels when treating tinea corporis and interdigital tinea pedis. Scalp infections Ciclopirox olamine gels and shampoos are used topically to treat seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp.

Nail infections Nail lacquers are formulated from ciclopirox olamine solutions to treat mild to moderate onychomycosis of fingernails and toenails without the involvement of the lunula the white area at the base of a nail.

Adverse effects In general, ciclopirox and ciclopirox olamine preparations are well tolerated by patients when used topically for treatment of fungal infections. Thiocarbamate antifungals [ edit ] Mechanism of action [21] Thiocarbamate antifungals have a similar mechanism of action as allylamine antifungals.

Clinical use [22] Tolnaftate is one example of thiocarbamate antifungals. Tolnaftate Tolnaftate is a topically used antifungal for treating or preventing superficial dermatophyte infections, also known as skin infections, ringworm or tinea, and pityriasis versicolor.

It is available in gel, solution, powder, ointment , or cream. Repeated treatment may be required if conditions do not improve within two to six weeks.

It is important to note that tolnaftate is effective in inhibiting the growth of dermatophytes such as Epidermphyton and Microsporum , but the drug has no use against candida or bacteria infections.

Contraindications include nail or scalp infections, and sulfa allergy or hypersensitivity to tolnaftate itself. Tolnaftate is usually useful for patients desiring self-medication of mild tinea infections.

Adverse effects Side effects are rare with tolnaftate , these side reactions may include irritation, burning, pruritus itchiness , and contact dermatitis. Frontiers in Microbiology.

doi : ISSN X. PMC PMID Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica. ISSN S2CID Retrieved June Revista chilena de infectología. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America.

Fungal Infections. Clinical Medicine. Mayo Clinic. Structures of antifungal allylamines". ACS Infectious Diseases. RSC Advances. Bibcode : RSCAd.. Current Pharmaceutical Design. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

Categories : Antifungals Antifungals for dermatologic use. Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December Toggle limited content width. This is a decision you and your doctor will make.

For this medicine, the following should be considered:. Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals.

For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully. This medicine has been tested in children and, in effective doses, has not been shown to cause different side effects or problems than it does in adults. Many medicines have not been studied specifically in older people.

Therefore, it may not be known whether they work exactly the same way they do in younger adults. Although there is no specific information comparing use of topical clotrimazole in the elderly with use in other age groups, this medicine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in older people than it does in younger adults.

There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.

Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary.

When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.

Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.

Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you.

Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.

When clotrimazole is used to treat certain types of fungus infections of the skin, an occlusive dressing airtight covering, such as kitchen plastic wrap should not be applied over the medicine.

To do so may cause irritation of the skin. Do not apply an occlusive dressing over this medicine unless you have been directed to do so by your doctor.

To help clear up your infection completely, it is very important that you keep using this medicine for the full time of treatment , even if your symptoms begin to clear up after a few days.

Since fungus infections may be very slow to clear up, you may have to continue using this medicine every day for several weeks or more. If you stop using this medicine too soon, your symptoms may return. Do not miss any doses. The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients.