Citrus aurantium for energy -
You can expect some varieties to be more bitter than others. Bitter orange contains several potent plant compounds that are sometimes extracted from the dried peel to make dietary supplements.
The patented extract of bitter orange, p-synephrine, is sold in capsule form as the herbal weight loss supplements Advantra Z and Kinetiq 4. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with dimpled skin and potent plant compounds that are extracted and used in a variety of supplements.
The plant compounds in bitter orange, which are called protoalkaloids, have been used for over 20 years in supplements for weight loss, athletic performance, skin care, appetite control, and brain health, as well as perfumery 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8. P-synephrine, the main extract from bitter orange, has a similar structure to ephedrine, the main component of the herbal weight loss supplement ephedra 8.
This supplement was banned by the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA because it raised blood pressure, increased heart rate, and caused heart attacks and stroke among some consumers 1 , 3 , 7.
In addition, p-synephrine is structurally similar to your flight-or-fight hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which also increase your heart rate 1 , 4. P-synephrine is also found in other citrus fruits and their juices, such as mandarins and clementines 4 , 7.
Like other citrus fruits, bitter orange provides limonene — a compound shown to have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties 10 , 11 , Population studies suggest that limonene may prevent certain cancers, namely colon cancer. However, more rigorous human research is needed An ongoing study is also exploring the use of limonene as a treatment for COVID However, the results are not yet known.
Bear in mind that limonene cannot prevent or cure COVID Another protoalkaloid found in bitter orange is p-octopamine. However, little to no p-octopamine exists in bitter orange extracts.
The leaves of the bitter orange plant are rich in vitamin C , which acts as an antioxidant. Antioxidants are substances that may protect your body from disease by preventing cell damage. They work by deactivating free radicals, which are unstable compounds that damage your cells, increasing inflammation and your disease risk 15 , Protoalkaloids are plant compounds found in bitter orange that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties.
They have been shown to be safe for consumption. Many weight loss supplements use bitter orange extracts in combination with other ingredients.
However, scientific studies have not thoroughly examined the composition of these supplements to determine which ingredient, if any, supports weight loss. Notably, p-synephrine has been shown to increase fat breakdown, raise energy expenditure, and mildly suppress appetite , all of which may contribute to reduced weight.
Yet, these effects occur at high doses that are discouraged due to the lack of safety information 4 , 8 , Bitter orange and its extracts are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM to treat indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation.
In other regions, the fruit is used to treat anxiety and epilepsy 3. Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder A stimulant is a substance that increases your heart rate and blood pressure 1.
Several sports organizations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA , list synephrine as a stimulant. Furthermore, one study determined that bitter orange juice contains furanocoumarin, a compound that may cause the same medication interactions as grapefruit juice Therefore, people taking decongestants or those who have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma should avoid the juice and fruit of bitter oranges.
Despite numerous studies showing that bitter orange extracts are not stimulants, widespread controversy exists, and the NCAA has listed it as a banned substance.
Bitter orange may also interact with certain medications. Generally, bitter orange extracts in dietary supplements are safe to consume in doses of 50—98 mg per day 1 , One study showed that 40 mg of synephrine combined with mg of caffeine is a safe dose of these combined ingredients 3.
In another study, eating a whole bitter orange containing Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1. Bitter orange is likely safe in doses ranging from The juice of the bitter orange can be used as a marinade to flavor fish and meat.
Bitter orange has several other household uses outside of the kitchen. These include 2 :. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with several household and industrial uses, ranging from food additives to perfumery.
You may want to avoid this fruit and its extracts if you have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma. Likewise, bitter orange supplements are banned for NCAA athletes. Until this moment, no studies have demonstrated the effects of C.
aurantium and synephrine at the same doses and period adolescence used in the current investigation. Here, we used a smaller dose than the one usually used in other studies because it would not be interesting to use elevate adrenergic agonist dose in adolescent animals.
Hansen and collaborators 30 demonstrated, in adult female rats, that the administration of C. In agreement, we also observed that the SL group treated with C. aurantium or synephrine did not show significant differences in body weight and body fat on PND Synephrine, due to it is an adrenergic agonist effect and its similarity to ephedrine, has potential adverse effects upon the cardiovascular system However, we did not show changes in heart rate or systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the treatments with C.
aurantium extracts and synephrine. Citrus aurantium has been associated with improvement in hyperglycemia Although obese, the SL group had no changes in glucose homeostasis, with no significantly different in TOTG compared to the NL group. Litter size reduction programming impairs leptin signaling and causes leptin resistance at PND 37 , Corroborating these findings, the SL group showed hyperleptinemia, indicating leptin resistance in these animals as early as 50 days old.
However, C. aurantium and synephrine slightly reduced this hyperleptinemia induced by overfeeding. In the literature, no studies were found about the effect of C. aurantium and synephrine on leptin secretion and signaling. Thus, precocious treatment with C. aurantium may prevent those animals from developing future glucose intolerance since leptin resistance can be one contributor factor to insulin resistance.
Rodrigues and collaborators 37 showed that, in PND21, the SL group had high TSH and serum thyroid hormone concentrations. However, on PND, this group showed normal TSH and lower T3 and T4 in serum.
Here, treatment with C. aurantium increased total T3 and free T4 compared to all NL groups in this study, and synephrine SL-Syn increased even more because it was higher than in the SL group.
As there are no studies focusing the interplay between thyroid function and C. aurantium or synephrine , more studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved. aurantium , other than synephrine, can increase adrenal catecholamines, which can occur either by greater synthesis or by accumulation due to deficient secretion.
We measured only tissue catecholamines, and this increase was not enough to alter cardiovascular parameters. However, this change may have resulted in a slight increase in circulating adrenaline, inducing lipolysis in white and brown adipocytes, through their interaction with β-3 adrenergic receptors Only one in vitro study has reported the influence of C.
aurantium on the differentiation and activation of brown adipocytes through anti-adipogenic and thermogenic mechanisms In the current study, we explored the in vivo anti-obesity potential of C.
aurantium extracts and its main active component, synephrine, in brown adipose tissue dysfunction of adolescent mice programmed by early postnatal overfeeding.
The whitening of BAT occurs in obesity. In this process, BAT has increased tissue mass with large lipid droplets, low vascularization, high pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and low UCP-1 and other thermogenesis marker expression 13 , 48 , causing dysfunction.
In the qualitative and quantitative analyses of BAT, we demonstrated a reduction in its mass and in the content of lipid vesicles and an increase in the number of nuclei in the SL groups treated with C.
aurantium and synephrine, showing that the treatments normalized the BAT structure and recovered its original phenotype.
We investigated some important markers of thermogenesis and activity in BAT, such as UCP-1, PRDM16, PCG-1α, CPT-1, beta-3AR, PPARγ, and BMP-7 Furthermore, we found, in general, higher gene expression of UCP1, PRDM 16, PGC-1α, and PPARγ, demonstrating the thermogenic action of both C.
aurantium and its active compound, synephrine. β-3 adrenergic receptor expression in BAT was unchanged, but we cannot ignore the effect of synephrine β-3 adrenergic ligand on adrenergic receptors.
PPARγ is responsible for positively regulating genes involved in lipid oxidation CPT-1 and thermogenesis, such as UCP-1 and PGC-1α responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis and stimulation of UCP-1 gene expression In addition, PPARγ participates in several physiological functions, such as glucose metabolism control, adipocyte differentiation regulation, and inflammatory response regulation.
This receptor is considered a primary regulator of adipogenesis, controlling cell differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes 51 and acting in the direction of white and brown adipocyte differentiation UCP-1 is a key marker of thermogenesis in BAT.
In experimental models, the absence of UCP-1 is associated with increased body weight and decreased thermogenesis in BAT In our model of obesity induced by litter size reduction, we observed BAT dysfunction and UCP-1 gene expression reduction.
aurantium on BAT was better than synephrine alone that only caused a higher gene expression for PRDM16, a known transcriptional co-regulator capable to directing brown adipogenesis. Mitochondria primarily produce ATP for cellular energy by directing proton flow to ATP synthase.
This occurs when protons, temporarily stored in the intermembrane space, are released into the mitochondrial matrix by uncoupling proteins, reducing the membrane potential, and producing heat rather than ATP Thus, the induced decrease in proton flux is mediated by an increase in UCP1 in adipose tissue, increasing heat production and potentiating weight loss.
This mechanism is important as a therapeutic target in the regulation of body weight. Considering the higher expression of UCP1 in BAT, this could be one of the mechanisms of action of C. UCP-1 activity is mainly regulated by fatty acids that represent the main energy substrates for oxidation during thermogenesis, providing NADH and FADH2 to supply the respiratory chain and ensure the proton gradient Isolated synephrine, in turn, did not change oxygen consumption in relation to the energy substrates studied.
In general, C. aurantium and synephrine increased thermogenic marker expression in BAT without modifying the cardiovascular system. The modern obesogenic environment can significantly increase obesity worldwide, especially in adolescence This period is a crucial stage of human development when several psychological and social changes occur in addition to the acquisition of new life habits that are the foundation for health and wellbeing in adulthood Our results indicate that obesity treatment in the critical period of adolescence, when the neurological system is particularly sensitive to interventions, can be a good therapeutic strategy.
Even when using C. aurantium or synephrine at a low dose, both showed beneficial effects, reducing adipose tissue mass, and improving BAT functionality without impacting blood pressure and glucose homeostasis. With due care in extrapolating therapy from animals to humans, the set of our findings suggest that therapeutic use of these compounds can improve the metabolic profile of obese adolescents without adverse cardiovascular side effects.
Further studies are necessary to better evaluate the safety of using both C. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
The animal study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Biology Institute of the State University of Rio de Janeiro. The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. AG: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing — original draft.
This work was supported by the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro FAPERJ , grant numbers: We thank the Postgraduate Program in Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology for administrative and financial support. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Bitter orange Citrus aurantium is a eenrgy that aurahtium grown in dnergy regions of Holistic energy-boosting remedy. Moreover, Citrus aurantium for energy orange Boost weight loss with appetite suppressant also a lot of seeds that mostly considered as a waste part of the fruit. In the current study, bitter orange seed oil BOSO uses as a novel feedstock for biodiesel production. BOSO has high acid value Finally, the amount of acid value reduced to 1.
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