Family Waaist. DNS, Metablic, JO, DGA, Wzist, GSV, Ssyndrome, CN, Syndromd, MP, DIM, CC, AS, AR, EHT, FC contributed to the acquisition of data, interpretation of data, and critical revision of Natural energy boosters Waiet for important intellectual content. Ramirez-Velez R, Waist circumference and metabolic syndrome JE, Lobelo F, Izquierdo Natural energy boosters, Alonso-Martinez High fiber content in flaxseeds, Rodriguez-Rodriguez F, et al. This is further validated by studies demonstrating that children with WC higher than the 90th percentile central obesity are more likely to have multiple risk factors for CVD. Other alternatives to waist circumference have included the conicity index 32 and the abdominal obesity index 33but they are, at best, only slightly better predictors of disease risk than waist circumference alone. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for acute and chronic diseases and injuries in countries, — a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Correspondence to Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo.

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Waist measurement can predict your risk of Metabolic Syndrome Background: As an Waist circumference and metabolic syndrome of abdominal obesity, waist circumference Circumferenc varied Ahd race and gender Upscale diagnosing metabolic syndrome Syndorme. Therefore, it is clinically important to icrcumference an alternative indicator of abdominal symdrome independent of these factors to diagnose MetS. Our aims were to evaluate the association between waist-to-height ratio WHtR and MetS and further determine whether WHtR could be used as a simple and practical alternative to WC to diagnose MetS in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional, real-world study recruited hospitalized T2DM patients including women A WHtR cut-off of 0.

Waist circumference and metabolic syndrome -

G-ZH and L-XL designed the study, reviewed, and edited the manuscript. Y-LM, J-WW, J-FK, Y-JW, and J-XL collected the samples and clinical data.

Y-LM, C-HJ, and C-CZ worked together, performed the statistical analysis, and wrote the manuscript. All authors revised the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Citation: Ma Y-L, Jin C-H, Zhao C-C, Ke J-F, Wang J-W, Wang Y-J, Lu J-X, Huang G-Z and Li L-X Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes.

Received: 04 July ; Accepted: 20 October ; Published: 07 November Copyright © Ma, Jin, Zhao, Ke, Wang, Wang, Lu, Huang and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY.

The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. com ; Lian-Xi Li, lilx sjtu. IPAQ which assesses physical activity undertaken across a comprehensive set of domains, including leisure-time physical activity, domestic and gardening activities, work-related physical activity, transport-related physical activity.

These thresholds take into account that the IPAQ queries PA in multiple domains of daily life, resulting in higher median MET-minutes estimates than would be that estimated from considering leisure-time participation alone. One point was conferred for each alteration of the cluster of MetS as defined by IDF elevated triglycerides, low HDL-c, dysglycemia, or high blood pressure , generating a score of 0 to 4 for each participant, a high score was considered if 2 or more points were achieved.

WC was not included in the calculation of our metabolic score as it was also an outcome variable. Descriptive statistics were computed for variables of interests and included absolute and relative frequencies of categorical factors.

Testing for differences in categorical variables was accomplished using the Chi-square test. Moreover, we used unconditional multivariate logistic regression models to assess the associations between anthropometric variables and handgrip strength, and the MetS score.

These analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, such as age, socioeconomic status, income and education level. We re-coded the anthropometric variables and handgrip strength into sex-specific tertiles and compared the risk of a higher MetS score in each tertile with the lowest category of risk reference group.

All statistical analysis was carried out using the R software version 3. The mean age was The overall prevalence of MetS was MetS was more frequent in women, people older than 50 years; it was also more frequent in individuals living in urban areas, former drinkers, and smokers.

The prevalence of MetS was higher in participants with a lower level of education compared with those with a high school or college degree. The percentage of subjects with MetS was lower in tertile 1 of BMI There were no significant differences in the prevalence of MetS across tertiles of HGS tertile 3: However, the prevalence of MetS Figure 1 shows the sex-specific distribution of the MetS scores.

The association between anthropometric variables and the risk of a higher MetS score is shown in Table 2. A higher WC was associated with a risk of a higher MetS score, with women and men in the tertile 3 of WC mean Participants in tertile 3 of BMI mean In women, lower HGS was associated with a significantly higher MetS score T3 vs.

In men, there were no significant differences in MetS score across HGS tertiles. The overall prevalence of MetS in this cohort of Colombian adults was A lower prevalence was reported by Higuita-Guitierrez in Colombian adults of which Aging is associated with an increase in adipose tissue and a decreased muscle mass [ 17 ], body composition changes which predispose to the development of metabolic alterations.

The prevalence of MetS was higher in women Lower educational level was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS Educational level is an indicator of social inequity, lower levels reflecting not only less schooling, but also a higher risk of unhealthy life habits, and lower access to employment and physical activity participation.

Social factors associated with MetS prevalence, should be further examined. We found that lower muscle strength and higher central adiposity as defined by waist circumference, were independently associated with a higher MetS score, representing a greater number of alterations of the components of the MetS cluster.

Our cross-sectional analysis showed a stronger association between a higher MetS score and WC than BMI, confirming previous studies showing that in Latin-American and Chinese population, WC is a stronger predictor of major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke than BMI, particularly in men [ 8 , 21 ].

Similarly, in diabetic Chinese adults, high visceral fat measured by a visceral adiposity index and WC were associated with a higher prevalence of diabetic kidney disease and CVD compared to BMI [ 22 ].

These findings may be related to the higher inflammatory load associated with visceral adipose tissue accumulation, and inflammation is considered a key factor associated with insulin resistance, MetS and CVD [ 23 , 24 ]. The low-grade pro-inflammatory state characterized by high C-reactive protein levels is observed in adults and youth in our population with high visceral adiposity [ 25 , 26 ].

However, the accumulation of visceral fat is not the only contributing factor in the development of a pro-inflammatory state. The accumulation of cardiac fat is also associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, and the expression of adipokine fatty acid-binding protein 4 FABP4 that are associated with the development of MetS and the extent of coronary artery disease [ 27 , 28 ].

Hence, overall fat measurement should not be underestimated. For example, in a cohort of 1, Italian children and adolescents However, BMI cannot discriminate between lean body mass and fat mass; hence, BMI is not necessarily an appropriate parameter of excessive adiposity.

Body fat distribution may be more valuable than overall adiposity in the prediction of metabolic alterations. This aligns with the concept of an obesity paradox whereby subjects with higher BMI levels were shown to have lower levels of cardiovascular events [ 30 ].

Obesity induced alterations in body composition include both an increase in adipose and in low-density lean tissue, without an increment in normal- lean density tissue, suggesting a fatty infiltration of muscular tissue [ 31 ]. Furthermore, studies in Colombian adults have demonstrated that individuals with a high BMI due to higher muscle mass have a lower risk of CVD than individuals with the same BMI due to elevated adipose mass [ 32 ].

This highlights that not only adipose tissue influences insulin action, other tissues such as muscle and hepatic tissue also affect this interaction. Therefore, in our population, WC continues to be the most applicable, easy to perform anthropometric indicator of adiposity and predictor of metabolic alterations and CV risk.

Furthermore, rather than a specific weight value, the cardiometabolic dysfunction produced by the adipose tissue's inflammation and its involvement in the muscle tissue should be managed.

Few studies have examined associations between strength, adiposity, and MetS or its components in adults in low and middle-income countries and considered its association with CVD and mortality [ 1 ]. The PURE study, a large international prospective cohort that included the present population, demonstrated an association between low HGS and CVD and all-cause mortality in the population as a whole [ 9 ].

In a sample of Chinese adults of similar size as the present study, and mean age of Additionally, in a sample of subjects mean age Relative strength, handgrip adjusted by bodyweight or BMI, is an appropriate marker of insulin resistance.

Several levels of evidence support the notion that muscle strength is protective, and more so than muscle mass [ 39 , 40 ]. Prospective studies have established that low muscle strength, typically characterized using handgrip dynamometry, is predictive of cardiometabolic risk and mortality, independent of aerobic fitness and physical activity [ 9 , 41 ].

Furthermore, intervention studies also consistently show benefits of strength training on components of MetS and other relevant markers of CVD risk, such as C-reactive protein [ 43 ].

This is particularly relevant in low and middle-income countries on the basis that in these regions 1 there are steeper increases in the burden of chronic disease in low and middle-income countries [ 45 ] 2 lower muscle strength is reported compared to high -income countries [ 9 ] and 3 the protective effect of muscle strength on cardiometabolic health may be accentuated in individuals with lower birth weight, an indicator or poorer early life nutrition and a more common phenotype in the lower socioeconomic status within middle-income countries [ 26 ].

Considering the association between MetS cluster metabolic alterations and CVD, our findings suggest that public health strategies should not only focus on adiposity but also identify and address lower muscular strength in our population [ 10 , 46 ]. Our study has the limitation of cross-sectional analyses, in that we demonstrated associations between adiposity, strength, and MetS in our population without establishing causality in these associations.

We did not use body composition methods such as bioimpedance or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry that estimate muscle and fat mass. Therefore, quantifying relative muscle strength in an individual through the simple, quick and low-cost measurement of handgrip dynamometry in addition to the classic anthropometric measurements of adiposity i.

Having greater muscle strength could be a protective factor against the metabolic alterations that constitute this syndrome.

Handgrip strength is also associated with frailty and other non-cardiometabolic related chronic physical and mental health outcomes [ 47 ], so from a clinical perspective it can also contribute to the wider a screening of patient health. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, et al.

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