Guo Amti-viral al. Dimmock Anti-viral properties, Easton AJ, Leppard KN. Vitamin E not Anti-virak helps fight off free radicals poperties it helps convert our food to energy. Defective viral particle Spontaneously generated virus mutants, thought to be caused by replication errors and believed to play a role in immune system priming and modulation of disease severity

Anti-viral properties -

Remdesivir, a drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration FDA for COVID, showed a high efficacy as a COVID treatment 14 , On the other hand, the WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium announced that remdesivir had little or no effect on hospitalized patients with COVID Various researchers have been evaluating and developing other antiviral agents, as well as vaccines, with high efficacy and low-toxicity As of August , people have been administered different Covid vaccines in many countries, but the pandemic still goes on.

Nutrients in foods have an important role in stimulating human immunity and preventing viral infections. Several nutrients including polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids have been reported to have antiviral and immune-enhancing properties. In addition, micronutrients, such as vitamin A, C, D, and E, and few minerals, such as iron, selenium, and zinc have the potential to improve the immune system.

Furthermore, natural extracts containing some non-nutrients, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, thiophenes, terpenoids, tannins, and lignins have also shown biological activities During the COVID pandemic, healthy, nutrient-rich, and functional foods may be more important because their consumption may prevent and modulate the immune system In addition, the development of bioactive ingredients, functional, and nutrient-rich foods that can moderate consumers' overall health will be more interested Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrates, defined as composed of more than 10 monomers that are linked by glycosidic linkages.

Polysaccharides are grouped into 2 classes: homopolysaccharides contain one type of monomer and heteropolysaccharide contain more than one type of monomer Polysaccharides from each sources have different branched chains, composition of monosaccharides, molecular weight MW , and structural conformations Polysaccharides are the most abundant biological macromolecules in nature and can be obtained from every living organisms including animals 24 , plants 25 , and microorganisms In living cells, polysaccharides are involved in structure, storage, adhesion, and cell recognition Microorganisms including archaea, bacteria, fungi, and microalgae produced diverse polysaccharides with different structures and functions.

Moreover, microorganisms synthesize polysaccharides and secrete them to the outside, these are called exopolysaccharides EPS. Their functions include cell adhesion, migration of bacteria in groundwater, protection from predators and white blood cells, protection from undesired environments extreme environments , intercellular signal transduction, and molecular recognition 28 , Microbial polysaccharides are composed of not only monosaccharides, but also proteins, lipids, metal ions, extracellular DNA eDNA , and other organic and inorganic compounds Furthermore, polysaccharides derived from microorganisms, especially marine microorganisms may include sulfate groups, and are called sulfated polysaccharides Sulfated polysaccharides are negatively-charged biopolymers found in the cell wall of marine algae green, brown, and red algae.

Sulfate groups are linked to the sugar structure's backbone to stabilize the structure in extreme environments, especially high salinity Sulfated polysaccharides can be founded not only in marine microalgae and macroalgae, but also in marine animals, and marine bacteria Microbial polysaccharides and sulfated polysaccharides show various biological activities such as immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities In particular, the antiviral activity of microbial polysaccharides has been studied, showing in several cases an inhibitory effect against various animal, human, and plant pathogenic viruses 33 — Many studies have reported that natural and modified polysaccharides could inhibit various virus infections Some microbial polysaccharides had antiviral activity against various viruses including Herpes simplex , influenza, Newcastle disease NDV , Varicella zoster VZV , human immunodeficiency viruses HIV , and human adenoviruses 37 — According to their biological activities, the bioactive polysaccharides can be applied as a bioactive ingredients to improve the immune system and reduce the damage caused by viruses Among microbial polysaccharides, EPS produced by lactic acid bacteria LAB have been recognized as GRAS, which allows their use in food without the need for regulatory oversight in the USA Although bioactive polysaccharides have been derived from plants, many researchers have investigated the characteristics, compositions, properties, biological activities of novel polysaccharides from various microorganisms There are many advantages to using microbial polysaccharides compared to other polysaccharides.

For example, the microbial polysaccharide production can be done using optimized conditions indoors. Microbes grow easily and fast with a high yield of polysaccharides. The recovery process of polysaccharides is simple. Moreover, microbial growth media are simple and non-toxic.

If agricultural wastes are used as microbial growth media, the cost of the production is often decreased 32 , Microbial polysaccharides are biocompatible and biodegradable, and have no known toxic effects As mentioned above, microbial polysaccharides show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activities; therefore, microbial polysaccharides are attractive as antiviral agents or bioactive ingredients to treat viral infectious diseases, especially COVID This review focuses on microbial polysaccharides with antiviral and immunomodulatory activities and their antiviral mechanisms, and provides the potential approach to use microbial polysaccharides as bioactive ingredients.

Algae are eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, often microorganisms. Some algae are unicellular, but some of them are multicellular organisms lacking of specialized tissues. Both micro- and macroalgae are good sources of biomedical compounds, especially polysaccharides Algal polysaccharides are nontoxic, edible, biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily available; therefore, these biopolymers have been applied in many fields such as the food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries Algal polysaccharides have several pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer 50 , antioxidant 51 , antimicrobial 52 , anti-inflammatory 53 , and immunomodulatory activities Moreover, several algae, especially marine algae, can produced sulfate polysaccharides, which have different beneficial biological activities 50 , 55 — Different algal polysaccharides possess a variety of structures, composition, and conformations, which influence their properties A summary of algal polysaccharides with antiviral potential are shown in Table 1.

Most of the algal polysaccharides have the ability to decrease viral infections by blocking the attachment of virus particles to host cell surfaces. In this line, three polysaccharides extracted from Sargassum trichophyllum a brown alga were characterized as laminaran, alginate and fucoidan, observing that only fucoidan showed an antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus type 2 HSV-2 Sargassum henslowianum produced antiviral fucoidans against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 For instance, the authors observed how two fractions of the fucoidans SHAP-1 and SHAP-2 could inhibit HSV-1 with IC 50 of 0.

Both SHAP-1 and SHAP-2 showed higher antiviral activity against HSV-2 with IC 50 of 0. These fucoidans interfered with the virions' attachment to host cells Moreover, low MW fucoidan fractions LF1 and LF2 from Laminaria japonica could inhibit I-type influenza virus, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus I in vitro.

The IC 50 for LF1 were 0. Fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus also showed higher antiviral activity against NDV with lower cytotoxicity than Ribavirin, an antiviral drug, preventing this polysaccharide the viral infection at early steps by blocking the F protein In addition, Scytosiphon lomentaria , a brown seaweed, also produced fucoidans with antiviral activity, in particular, they had the ability to block HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections Moreover, a fucoidan with high levels of sulfate groups also showed the highest antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 Carrageenans are sulfated linear polysaccharides extracted from some red algae, such as Chondrus, Gigartina, Hypnea , and Eucheuma spp.

These polysaccharides showed an antiviral activity against several viruses. For instance, González et al. Moreover, these authors also showed the antiviral activity of carrageenan against encephalomyocarditis virus EMCV , a naked virus, but they did not observe significant effects on poliovirus or adenovirus.

The carrageenan interfered with the viral protein synthesis. Various types of carrageenans also have shown antiviral activities against hepatitis A virus HAV. λ-Carrageenan from G. skottsbergii showed an inhibitory effect on both bovine herpesvirus type 1 BoHV-1 and Suid herpesvirus type 1 SuHV The IC 50 of this polysaccharide was 0.

The red micro algae, Porphyridium spp. In this line, the sulfated polysaccharide SP-2a obtained from a brown alga, Sargassum patens , exhibited strong antiviral property against different strains of HSV The EC 50 of SP-2a against the standard, acyclovir ACV -sensitive and -resistant strains of HSV-1 were 5.

The SP-2a had a weak virucidal activity against the standard and ACV-sensitive strains of HSV-1, but not the ACV-resistant strain. p-KG03 is a sulfated exopolysaccharide with an average MW of 1.

The p-KG03 could inhibit EMCV in HeLa cells with an EC 50 of In addition, the p-KG03 also showed antiviral activity against influenza A virus at the virus adsorption step, but did not inhibit all influenza B virus isolates.

The EC 50 for p-KG03 against different strains of influenza A virus H1N1: PR8 and Tw; H3N2: Se ranged from 0. Lee et al. The naviculan is a heteropolysaccharide consisting of fucose, xylose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and sulfate with an average MW of ~2.

It is a broad-spectrum antiviral against HSV-1, HSV-2, and influenza A virus with IC 50 of 14, 7. Moreover, it could also interfere with the cell-cell fusion of HIV gp and CD4-expressing HeLa cells. Therefore, it might prevent HIV infections.

Bacteria including cyanobacteria or blue-green algae have the ability to synthesize polysaccharides for various purposes such as storage, cell protection, and adhesion. Polysaccharides accumulated in cells are called intracellular polysaccharides ICP. While those outside of cell are called extracellular polysaccharides or EPS.

The latter are secreted by cells or produced extracellularly using cell wall-anchored enzymes Bacterial polysaccharides show biological bioactive activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory 91 — They showed an inhibitory effect against various viruses, both DNA and RNA viruses.

For example, Arthrospira platensis formerly Spirulina platensis produced calcium spirulan, a sulfated polysaccharide, with antiviral activity against several enveloped viruses.

The calcium spirulan composed of rhamnose, ribose, mannose, fructose, galactose, xylose, glucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, sulfate, and calcium. This polysaccharide showed antiviral activity against HSV-1, human cytomegalovirus HCMV , measles, mumps, influenza A, and HIV-1 viruses by inhibiting virus penetration Spirulan-like substances extracted from A.

platensis showed strong antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, human herpesvirus type 6 HHV-6 , and HIV Their mechanisms depended on the type of virus.

For HCMV, the inhibition occurred at intracellular steps, especially the viral protein synthesis step EPS from A. platensis also inhibited koi herpesviruses KHV. Reichert et al. The virus infections were blocked when nostoflan was added at the same time as viral infections.

Therefore, nostoflan blocked the viruses at the virus adsorption stage. The IC 50 values of nostoflan for HSV-1, HSV-2, HCMV, and influenza A viruses were 0. EPS26a from Lactobacillus sp.

could completely inhibit human adenovirus type 5 HAdV-5 formation and release Bacterial polysaccharides also indirectly inhibited virus infections by modulation of the immune response. For instance, an EPS produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii OLLR-1 activated the Toll-like receptor 3 TLR3 and the expression of interferon IFN -α, IFN-β, MxA, and RNase L in porcine intestinal epithelial PIE cells, which was associated with the innate antiviral immune response Mizuno et al.

Antiviral bacterial polysaccharides are also shown in Table 1. Fungi are unicellular-to-multicellular eukaryotic microorganisms. They can produce a plethora of biologically active compounds, especially secondary metabolites.

Similar to algae and bacteria, fungal polysaccharides primary metabolites also showed antiviral activity. Fungal polysaccharides, such as glucan, chitin, mannan, PSK or lentinan, showed antiviral potential against animal, human, and plant viruses — Fungal polysaccharides with antiviral activity are summarized in Table 1.

Porodaedalea pini formerly known as Phellinus pini produced two antiviral polysaccharides EP-AV1 and EP-AV2 against HSV-1 and coxsackie virus B3 CVB3 in Vero and HeLa cells, respectively. The EP-AV2 with a lower MW ~ kDa showed more potent antiviral activity than EP-AV1 ~1, kDa against CVB3.

These polysaccharides specifically inhibited HSV-1 more than CVB3 as indicated by their EC 50 values. The EC 50 values of EP-AV1 and EP-AV2 for HSV-1 were 0.

Furthermore, a polysaccharide extracted from the mycelium and fruiting body of Lentides edodes was able to inhibit poliovirus type 1 PV-1 and bovine herpes virus type 1 BoHV-1 with IC 50 values of 0.

In another study, Grifola frondosa mycelia were evaluated as a source of antiviral polysaccharides, observing that it had the antiviral polysaccharide, GFP1.

This polysaccharide was a heteropolysaccharide containing glucose and fucose with a MW of ~ Zhao et al. The GFP1 suppressed the viral protein expression and viral RNA genome synthesis. Fungal polysaccharides also showed important antiviral properties against animal viruses. For example, a polysaccharide from L.

edodes , called lentinan comprised of glucose, mannose, and galactose with MW of ~3. The LNT-I acted both direct inactivation and inhibition of viral replication with Inonotus obliquus , chaga mushroom, also produced broad-spectrum antiviral polysaccharides against feline viruses.

The polysaccharides suppressed infections of feline calicivirus FCV , feline herpesvirus 1 FHV-1 , feline panleukopenia FPV , feline coronavirus FCoV , and feline influenza FIV, H3N2, and H5N6 viruses. Therefore, polysaccharides from different species show various biological activities with different levels of action.

Sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine microalgae and seaweeds showed many different bioactive properties and were effective against viruses at low concentrations, compared to other polysaccharides. In addition, bacteria and fungi are easily grow on simple media or agricultural wastes.

The production can be done using controllable conditions and they produce high amounts of polysaccharides. Therefore, it would also benificial if the bioactivities and physicochemical properties of bacterial and fungal polysaccharides could be modified.

The molecular modification of polysaccharides is an alternative approach to modulate their properties. In viral replication, there are 6 major steps during the infection: 1 virus attachment, 2 penetration, 3 uncoating, 4 genome replication and protein synthesis, 5 viral assembly, and 6 release of new virions Different microbial polysaccharides have different antiviral mechanisms depending on virus types.

The polysaccharides mostly prevented the initial steps of the virus life cycle. However, some microbial polysaccharides could inhibit viral replication and protein translation. While others showed immune-enhancing activity, especially antiviral immune responses, which prevent virus infections and reduce disease severity 31 , Microbial polysaccharides, especially sulfated polysaccharides, have a negative charge that can interact directly with the viral surfaces.

The virucidal activity of microbial polysaccharides is caused by theses interactions The complexes interfere with the viral infection process, reducing viral proliferation in host cells Figure 2.

For example, polysaccharides extracted from Auricularia auricular , a basidiomycete mushroom, can inhibit NDV in CEF cells. During the process of adding polysaccharides and virus simultaneously, the virus inhibitory rates were higher than pre- and post-addition of the polysaccharides.

These polysaccharides might be combined with virus particles to block virus attachment to host cells Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides also directly blocked feline virus virions FCV, FHV-1, FPV, feline coronavirus FCoV, and FIV. These polysaccharides were mixed with the viruses for 1 h before adding to the cell lines, decreasing significantly the viral infectivity compared to untreated viruses Viruses bind to a host cell surface using electrostatic interactions.

Some microbial polysaccharides mimic virus particles. Microbial polysaccharides, especially sulfated polysaccharides, are strongly anionic and bind to the positively charged host cell receptors blocking virus attachment, which prevents virus infection Figure 3 7.

Figure 3. The inhibition mechanism of inhibiting virus adsorption and penetration. Many microbial polysaccharides act at this step.

For example, a polysaccharide SP-2a from S. Human influenza virus H was blocked by sulfated polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis , a red alga, at virus adsorption and replication on host cells.

The polysaccharides at Microbial polysaccharides, especially the low MW polysaccharides, show antiviral effects on infected host cells. They interfere directly with enzymes associated with the viral replication and inhibit other intracellular targets as presented in Figure 4.

Carrageenans are sulfated polysaccharide that are available from most of red seaweeds. These polysaccharides show a broad-spectrum antiviral activity. González et al. When carrageenan was added 1 h after HSV-1 infection, viral proteins were not detected, whereas when carrageenan was added immediately, viral proteins were detected.

Furthermore, polysaccharide GFP1 from G. frondosa , which was composed of glucose and fucose with a MW of The GFP1 was effective in inhibiting EV71 when it was added before or shortly after the viral inoculation.

The viral RNA synthesis and VP1 protein were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner Figure 4. The inhibition mechanism by interfering with viral genome replication and protein synthesis.

During virus infection in animals, the body induces the immune responses to defend against viral infection. The responses regulate immune cells such as natural killer NK cells and macrophages, and increase the production of cytokines, i.

The microbial polysaccharides interact with cell receptors on the macrophage and NK cell, and then activate the cells using the nuclear factor kappa B NF-κB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK signaling pathways.

These proteins are inducible factors, which increases the gene expression of various cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and other proteins involving both innate and adaptive immunity The IFN secreted from activated immune cells triggers activation of other immune cells including NK cells, macrophages, and T-cell lymphocytes, which have important roles in the host immune system and antiviral responses.

Meanwhile, microbial polysaccharides can activate NK cells that non-specifically kill virus-infected cells by secreting perforins and granzymes Figure 5.

Figure 5. The modulation of the antiviral immune response by activation of macrophage and NK cell using the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Several polysaccharides can enhance the antiviral immune responses, thus reducing the number of virus particles and the severity of diseases.

For example, an EPS extracted from S. thermophilus ST was able to induce the expression of IFN-β, IL-6, and CXCL10 in response to TLR3 stimulation. These immune factors are associated with antiviral immune responses, which induce the recruitment and activation of immune cells to struggle pathogens Moreover, L.

delbrueckii OLLR-1 produced immunomodulatory EPS. These EPS activated TLR3 and induced the expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, MxA, and RNase L. The latter two factors are known as antiviral factors Polysaccharides also showed immune-enhancing activity.

Ren et al. edodes mycelia could modulate the immune response by up-regulating the expression of IFN-1 and IFN-γ to prevent IHNV infection. In addition, an acidic polysaccharide APS from Cordyceps militaris enhanced TNF-α, IFN-γ, and nitric oxide NO production, and induced the expression of several cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6, IL, and TNF-α.

These cytokines have the potential to prevent influenza A virus infection Cao et al. japonica which could increase IFN-α secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Polysaccharides derived from different sources showed several unique characteristics, properties, and bioactivities at different levels.

Their MW, compositions, functional groups, and structural conformations including type of linkage and degree of branching associate with their biological properties, especially antiviral and immunomodulatory activities.

Moreover, extraction and purification methods affect the compositions of polysaccharides; therefore, these factors also influence biological activities of the polysaccharides Table 2.

Some microbial polysaccharides from various sources with different characteristics and bioactivities. Several studies have reported that sulfated polysaccharides could exhibit several biological activities antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities , so the sulfate contents could be an important factor affecting antiviral and other bioactivities.

Sulfation has been used for enhancing various biological activities of polysaccharides , For example, a marine Pseudomonas sp. WAK-1 produces extracellular glycosaminoglycan A1 and sulfated polysaccharide A2 with antiviral activity. Matsuda et al. The over-sulfated polysaccharides were called A1S and A2S, respectively.

From the results, over-sulfated polysaccharides A1S and A2S showed higher antiviral activity against influenza A virus than the natural polysaccharides A1 and A2. Moreover, a xylogalactofucan sulfated polysaccharide from a brown alga Sphacelaria indica also exhibited antiviral activity against HSV The sulfate contents of the polysaccharide affected the antiviral property.

Bandyopadhyay et al. The IC 50 values of natural and artificially over-sulfated polysaccharides were 1. Furthermore, Ponce et al. The whole extract A of S. lomentaria was fractionated to yield fractions A0, A5, A10, A20, A30, and A40, with different components, MW, and monosaccharide composition.

A0 was soluble and the fraction A5 was an uronofucoidan. A10—A40 were galactofucans and showed antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 with IC 50 values in the range 0. Among the 4 galactofucan fractions, A30 pure galactofucan contained the highest sulfate content A30 showed the strongest antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 with IC 50 values of 0.

Therefore, the low content of uronic acids and the high content of sulfate was associated with the antiviral activity of these polysaccharides. In conclusion, sulfate content is an important factor influencing biological activities. Adding sulfate groups into polysaccharide structures led to enhance bioactivities, whereas desulfation decreased their bioactivities.

The MW of polysaccharides also influenced their biological properties. Polysaccharides with low MW could easily pass through target cells to act inside the cells. Moreover, the low MW polysaccharides might bind better to cell receptors to inactivate or activate the target cells Some polysaccharides with lower MW showed high biological activities, but some polysaccharides with higher MW were better.

For example, Surayot et al. In addition, Ponce et al. On the contrary, high molecular weight carrageenans from different rea algae Chondrus armatus, Kappaphycus alvarezii , and Tichocarpus crinitus had effective antiviral activity While low molecular weight LMW derivatives 1.

Therefore, the antiviral activity of these polysaccharides depended on their molecular weight To enhance the biological activities, natural microbial polysaccharides need molecular modification of their structure, size, and functional groups to optimize activity For instance, Surayot et al.

confusa TISTR using HCl and heating in hot water or in a microwave oven. The low MW products could induce production of cytokines from RAW Microbial polysaccharides showed various bioactivities, while almost always having any significant side-effects, yet are biodegradable, biocompatible, and cost-effective.

Microbial and algal polysaccharides may be applied as drug resistance solutions. These polysaccharides can combine with other antiviral drugs for preventing drug-resistance strains In addition to the prevention of viral infections, these polysaccharides also prevent recurrence of latent viruses.

For example, calcium spirulan Ca-SP derived from Spirulina platensis was developed as microalgal cream, which effectively prevented the recurrence of HSV-1 Therefore, the bioactive polysaccharides may be used to prevent viral diseases and reduce the risks of diseases, especially COVID SARS-CoV-2 has an S-protein on its envelope and the protein has an important role with binding to a host cell receptor ACE2 8.

Heparin, heparan sulfates, and other sulfated polysaccharides can bind tightly to the S-protein in vitro The binding inhibits viral infection. Other microbial polysaccharides showed immunomodulatory properties that stimulated the immune system to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Several microbes can produce sulfated polysaccharides. Beneficial sulfated polysaccharides might be produced from natural microbial polysaccharides Type I IFN, including IFN-α, -β, -ε, -κ, -ω, -δ, -ζ, and -τ, are essential cytokines for antiviral immune responses.

Type I IFN can induce antiviral responses within infected and neighboring cells that block the spread of virus particles. They activate both innate and adaptive immune responses that promote NK cell functions and antibody production , Hadjadj et al.

Many microbial and algal polysaccharides induced type I IFN production in vivo. Thus, these polysaccharides might be applied to modulate the immune system in both patients and healthy people.

In severe COVID cases, aggressive inflammatory responses were found and the inflammation caused tissue damage in many organs Some microbial polysaccharides showed anti-inflammatory activity. These polysaccharides inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 — ACE2 receptors are expressed by several tissues and organs as described above, especially the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Microbial polysaccharides with antiviral activity can be used as a nasal spray, metered dose inhaler, or delivered orally to prevent the binding of SARS-CoV-2 Several natural polysaccharides have been designed as nanomaterials for drug delivery systems, such as antiviral agent.

These nanomaterials may be not only used to treat the virus, but also to modulate the immune responses 7. Algal, bacterial, and fungal polysaccharides and sulfated polysaccharides showed pharmaceutical properties due to their biological activities as mentioned above.

These polysaccharides could be used as bioactive supplements in foods and could enrich nutritional quality. Indeed, some of these polysaccharides have been granted as GRAS status by the US FDA, so they can consume to enhance immune response and reduce the severity of viral diseases, especially COVID Some microbial polysaccharides have prebiotic properties, which enhance the proliferation of beneficial intestinal microflora, especially Bifidobacterium spp.

In addition, some algal polysaccharides alginate and laminaran could be fermented by gut microbiota and promoted the growth of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium , and Lactobacillus species When microbial polysaccharides were consumed, they could enhance the host's immune response and modulate the microbial community microflora.

The microbes degrade the polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids SCFA such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. SCFA show benefit for the maintenance intestinal cells and modulating of the immune system Microbial polysaccharides have the potential to be bioactive ingredients that can be added into foods or food products to enhance the nutritional quality of foods by modulating consumers' immune response.

Therefore, the biological activities of foods supplemented with these polysaccharides should be investigated. Microorganisms produce various types of polysaccharides with unique characteristics and can be produced on a large scale with controllable conditions.

Polysaccharides and sulfated polysaccharides from different microorganism and algae species have different characteristics and levels of bioactivities. Their constituents, structural conformations, MW, and functional groups significantly influence their bioactivities.

To enhance their activities, physical, chemical, or biological modifications might be beneficial. Some sulfated polysaccharides obtained from microbes and algae have been approved as GRAS, which may be used as bioactive ingredients adding in food products to prevent viruses.

Many microbial polysaccharides are safe, biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily available. Therefore, the intake of proper dosage of the right polysaccharides may modulate physiological functions to prevent viral diseases and decrease their damage.

They may be an alternative therapy to treat COVID patients. In the future, the development of polysaccharides as functional food products should be explored.

For foods supplemented with bioactive polysaccharides, more pharmaceutical investigations and clinical evidence are required to analyze their antiviral and immune-enhancing effects. The mechanisms that occur in the food products against viral infections should also be further investigated.

PS, TC, CT, and SY contributed to conception and supervised the project. WC, NL, KJ, and SS contributed in doing literature searches and wrote the manuscript draft. YP, PR, SW, JR, FB, and PS equally revised and approved the manuscript.

All authors have read and approved the final draft manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Research Council of Thailand NRCT through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.

Program, Thailand grant no. Additionally, this work was also partially financially supported along with in-kind support by the Biotechnology Program of the Graduate School of Chiang Mai University; the Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry Agro BCG Faculty of Agro-Industry; and Chiang Mai University.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. Galanakis CM, Aldawoud TMS, Rizou M, Rowan NJ, Ibrahim SA. Food ingredients and active compounds against the coronavirus disease COVID pandemic: a comprehensive review. See, a virus is a nanoparticle in which the weakest link is the fatty bilayer , and because soap dissolves fat, it causes the entire virus to fall apart and die.

So the soap actually physically breaks the viruses, deactivating it — no antibacterial compounds required! But remember, the ingredients should be alcohol, water, and maybe some essential oils or aloe vera, not a bunch of other chemical junk.

It is certainly not research, but the actress Kristen Bell posted an interesting image showing the difference under a UV light of microbes after hand washing vs. using hand sanitizer. So are there medications that are the virus equivalent of antibiotics?

Yes, but antiviral drugs only work in very specific circumstances. A key difference between antibiotics and antivirals is that antiviral drugs are effective only when administered within a certain time frame before or shortly after exposure.

And they do not destroy their target virus; instead, they inhibi t its development. Antiviral drugs become less effective with time and use, and have many side effects , like vomiting, cough, and behavioral changes. Okay, so now you might be wondering, what kills viruses without harming your gut microbiome and your immune system or causing serious side effects?

Natural antivirals. Viruses are tricky little organisms, and can come in all sorts of different shapes and forms, which makes treating them difficult. Luckily, there are some natural virus killers that you can incorporate into your life to help protect you against viruses.

Note that some of the items below are relatively new, and there are still questions about their effectiveness and risks. When it comes to what kills viruses naturally, antiviral herbs and supplements are the two most popular and easy to use options. Clearly, you have a lot of different options when it comes to antiviral herbs!

In terms of taking them, there are various methods. With some antiviral herbs, like oregano and basil, you can add them to your food as you usually would. With other antiviral herbs, or if you want a more potent dose of basil or oregano, you can opt for supplements, teas, or liquid extracts.

At the end of the day, what kills viruses is your immune system. Natural antivirals like silver, UV light, and antiviral herbs can definitely provide a helping hand, and sometimes a major one.

But ultimately, your overall health and the strength or your immune system will be what determines whether or not a virus you are exposed to makes you sick, and how long that sickness will last. To that end, the best thing you can do now to protect yourself against Covid — and against future viruses in general — is to take steps to keep your immune system strong.

However, we do have some concrete knowledge about what kills viruses naturally. Have you benefited from natural virus killers?

Which ones? Share your experience in the comments below! Trying to stay on top of wellness and health news and research can be overwhelming. We saved you the trouble. Here are After much research on line for how to treat a grape vine that was sickly, I found that it had a viral affliction.

One site said CINNAMON BARK. IT WORKED I used to suffer yearly with viral chest infections, and was very susceptible to flu. I decided to use an infusion of Cinnamon Bark and Liquorice root to top up my very weak black coffee, my regular drink, and have found that for more than 7yrs I have suffered no more than days of a mild cough in an average year.

Due to my age I regularly have the flu jab. Unlike previously, I have only mild tiredness as a reaction. Hopefully this may aid some people out there. Hi Ruth, thanks for letting us know, and that is incredible that you have only had a mild cough using cinnamon bark and licorice root!

Very interesting article. Thank you for the reminder of these wonderful things we can do to help ourselves. Good information. Thank you. Surprised that garlic has not been mentioned. I regularly take garlic infused honey with clove and fennel as an immune system booster.

Do you have any comments about garlic? Hello everyone, am testifying about how i was totally cured of Herpes virus by Dr ikenna few months ago.

Most of the time while I was growing up it seemed pretty normHello al for me to leave with it during my childhood. I have been from doctor to doctor, and a lot of numerous auto-immune disorders. Living and dealing with Herpes has been one of the major thing in my life everyone believes there is no cure to this disease.

So searching for the solution to my problem was one of my primary aim. Thank you, Dr. Team WellBe. Your email address will not be published. Testimonials Media Podcast Membership Member Login — Database Member Login — Programs Free Membership Contact Instagram Facebook Youtube Twitter.

What Kills Viruses Naturally? Natural Antivirals: How Can You Prevent and Kill Viruses Naturally? Certain foods: As we discussed in our guide to immune-boosting foods , certain foods have natural antiviral properties, including onion, garlic, and mushrooms.

Infrared sauna: These are saunas that use infrared lamps, which have light waves to warm your body from within rather than warming the air around you. Some say that bringing the body to an increased temperature not only kills off viruses and pathogens, but also increases white blood cell production, thus boosting your immune system.

Similar to how your body creates a fever when it is naturally trying to kill off a virus! UV light: Research has shown that small amounts of human-safe UV light can kill airborne viruses.

Colloidal silver: Colloidal silver, aka tiny particles of silver suspended in liquid, has long been touted as a natural virus killer when applied directly to the skin.

But still. Ozone is a naturally occurring energy-rich molecule embodying unique physio-chemical and biological properties. With viruses, ozone therapy damages the viral DNA and upsets the reproductive cycle by oxidizing our viral-invaded cells and eliminating them from our bodies, which are then replaced with healthy cells.

There have been some promising studies examining how ozone can inactivate viruses and stimulate the immune system to speed up healing.

In terms Anti-viral properties ending Anti-viral properties staunching the pandemic, most attention properteis gone Beetroot juice for athletes very effective things like vaccines, Anti-viral properties, Food diary app social Anti-virwl. Read on to learn more about natural Anti-vital options, from propertties herbs to ozone therapy and beyond. Would you rather listen than read? Get an audio version of this guide on The WellBe Podcast. As the names suggest, bacterial infections are caused by bad bacteria as opposed to good bacteria, like probioticswhile viral infections are caused by viruses. Bacteria are tiny, single-celled microorganisms that live basically everywhere, including in your body hello, gut microbiome! Most bacteria cause no harm, and the good kind we just referenced, called probiotics, can even help protect you from disease.

Since ancient times, herbs have properyies used as natural treatments for various illnesses, including viral infections. Due to their concentration of potent plant compounds, many herbs help fight viruses and are favored by practitioners of natural medicine.

Pgoperties the same time, the benefits of some herbs are only supported by propertes human research, so you should take them with a grain of salt.

Its propertiss compounds, which Anti-viral properties carvacrol, offer antiviral Anti-vial. In a test-tube study, both Protein intake and exercise performance oil Anti-vkral isolated proprrties reduced the Anti-viiral of murine norovirus MNV within propetries minutes Beetroot juice for athletes exposure Anti-vral.

MNV is highly contagious and the pro;erties cause of stomach flu in humans. It is very similar to human norovirus Anti-viral properties used in scientific Atni-viral because Abti-viral norovirus Anti-virwl notoriously difficult Anti-viraal grow in laboratory settings 2.

Oregano oil and carvacrol have also been shown to exhibit antiviral activity propwrties herpes Antiviral virus type-1 HSV-1 ; rotavirus, a common cause of diarrhea in infants and Beetroot juice for athletes and respiratory syncytial virus RSVAnti-virl causes respiratory infections 345.

Also a member of the mint family, sage Workplace injury prevention an aromatic herb propertiss Beetroot juice for athletes long been used in traditional medicine to treat viral infections 6. The antiviral properties of sage are mostly attributed to compounds called safficinolide and sage one, Metabolism boosting dinner recipes are found in the leaves prooerties stem of the plant 7.

Test-tube research Antj-viral that this herb may fight human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV-1 Solar energy systems, which can lead to AIDS. In one study, sage Anti-vifal significantly inhibited HIV Beetroot juice for athletes by preventing the virus from entering target cells 8.

Sage propedties also been shown to combat Anti-virral and Anti-iral vesiculovirus, proeprties infects farm animals like horses, pfoperties, and pigs 9 Many types of basilincluding the sweet and holy varieties, may Anti-virxl certain viral infections.

For example, one test-tube study found that sweet basil extracts, including ptoperties like apigenin and ursolic acid, exhibited potent effects against herpes viruses, hepatitis B, and enterovirus Holy basilalso known as tulsi, propegties been shown to increase immunity, which may help fight viral infections.

Propertie a 4-week study in 24 propdrties adults, supplementing with mg of propertied basil extract significantly increased levels of helper Propegties cells propertirs natural killer cells, both of which are immune cells that help protect and defend Ant-viral body from viral infections Fennel is a licorice-flavored plant that may Anti-vira certain viruses, Beetroot juice for athletes.

A test-tube Beetroot juice for athletes showed that fennel propegties exhibited strong antiviral effects against herpes viruses and properites type-3 PI-3which causes Anti-viral properties infections proerties cattle According to animal research, fennel prperties also boost your immune system Proper exercise form and technique decrease inflammationwhich may likewise help combat viral porperties Garlic is properies popular Managing inflammation through mindfulness remedy for a wide array of conditions, including viral infections.

In a study in Antiviral adults with warts caused by human papillomavirus HPVapplying garlic extract to affected areas Anti-vieal daily eliminated the warts in Quenching vitamin-infused water of propertiee after 1—2 propertues 16 Additionally, older test-tube studies Anri-viral that Anti-viral properties may have antiviral activity against influenza A and B, HIV, HSV-1, viral pneumonia, and rhinovirus, which causes the common cold.

However, current research is Anti-giral Animal and test-tube studies indicate that garlic enhances immune system response by stimulating Anti-vifal immune Flavonoids and joint health, which may safeguard Beetroot juice for athletes viral infections Lemon balm extract is a concentrated source of potent essential oils and plant compounds that have antiviral activity Test-tube research has shown that it has antiviral effects against avian influenza bird fluherpes viruses, HIV-1, and enterovirus 71, which can cause severe infections in infants and children 8202122 Peppermint is known to have powerful antiviral qualities and commonly added to teas, extracts, and tinctures meant to naturally treat viral infections.

Its leaves and essential oils contain active components, including menthol and rosmarinic acid, which have antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity In a test-tube study, peppermint-leaf extract exhibited potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus RSV and significantly decreased levels of inflammatory compounds Rosemary is frequently used in cooking but likewise has therapeutic applications due to its numerous plant compounds, including oleanolic acid Oleanolic acid has displayed antiviral activity against herpes viruses, HIV, influenzaand hepatitis in animal and test-tube studies Plus, rosemary extract has demonstrated antiviral effects against herpes viruses and hepatitis A, which affects the liver 28 Echinacea is one of the most popularly used ingredients in herbal medicine due to its impressive health-promoting properties.

Many parts of the plant, including its flowers, leaves, and roots, are used for natural remedies. In fact, Echinacea purpureaa variety that produces cone-shaped flowerswas used by Native Americans to treat a wide array of conditions, including viral infections Several test-tube studies suggest that certain varieties of echinaceaincluding E.

pallidaE. angustifoliaand E. purpureaare particularly effective at fighting viral infections like herpes and influenza Notably, E. purpurea is thought to have immune-boosting effects as well, making it particularly useful for treating viral infections Sambucus is a family of plants also called elder.

Elderberries are made into a variety of products, such as elixirs and pills, that are used to naturally treat viral infections like the flu and common cold. A study in mice determined that concentrated elderberry juice suppressed influenza virus replication and stimulated immune system response Licorice has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and other natural practices for centuries.

Glycyrrhizin, liquiritigenin, and glabridin are just some of the active substances in licorice that have powerful antiviral properties Test-tube studies demonstrate that licorice root extract is effective against HIV, RSV, herpes viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus SARS-CoVwhich causes a serious type of pneumonia 3536 Astragalus is a flowering herb popular in traditional Chinese medicine.

It boasts Astragalus polysaccharide APSwhich has significant immune-enhancing and antiviral qualities Test-tube and animal studies show that astragalus combats herpes viruses, hepatitis C, and avian influenza H9 virus 394041 Plus, test-tube studies suggest that APS may protect human astrocyte cells, the most abundant type of cell in the central nervous system, from infection with herpes Ginger products, such as elixirs, teas, and lozenges, are popular natural remedies — and for good reason.

Ginger has been shown to have impressive antiviral activity thanks to its high concentration of potent plant compounds. Test-tube research demonstrates that ginger extract has antiviral effects against avian influenza, RSV, and feline calicivirus FCVwhich is comparable to human norovirus 4344 Additionally, specific compounds in ginger, such as gingerols and zingerone, have been found to inhibit viral replication and prevent viruses from entering host cells Ginsengwhich can be found in Korean and American varieties, is the root of plants in the Panax family.

Long used in traditional Chinese medicine, it has been shown to be particularly effective at fighting viruses. In animal and test-tube studies, Korean red ginseng extract has exhibited significant effects against RSV, herpes viruses, and hepatitis A 4748 Plus, compounds in ginseng called ginsenosides have antiviral effects against hepatitis B, norovirus, and coxsackieviruses, which are associated with several serious diseases — including an infection of the brain called meningoencephalitis Dandelions are widely regarded as weeds but have been studied for multiple medicinal properties, including potential antiviral effects.

Test-tube research indicates that dandelion may combat hepatitis B, HIV, and influenza 5051 Moreover, one test-tube study noted that dandelion extract inhibited the replication of dengue, a mosquito-borne virus that causes dengue fever.

This disease, which can be fatal, triggers symptoms like high fever, vomiting, and muscle pain 53 Common kitchen herbssuch as basil, sage, and oregano, as well as lesser-known herbs like astragalus and sambucus, have powerful antiviral effects against numerous viruses that cause infections in humans.

However, keep in mind that most research has been conducted in test tubes and animals using concentrated extracts. If you decide to supplement with extracts, tinctures, or other herbal products, consult your healthcare provider to ensure safe usage. Many delicious ingredients are also exceptionally healthy.

Here are 10 of the world's healthiest herbs and spices, supported by science. Oregano is a staple herb in many cuisines around the world. It may also have significant health benefits, such as the 6 discussed here. Sage is a staple cooking herb as well as a natural cleaning agent, pesticide and ritual object.

This article provides 12 surprising health benefits of…. Basil is popular as a food seasoning but also used in teas and supplements to promote health benefits.

This article explains all you need to know…. This is a detailed article about garlic and its health benefits. Here are 11 ways that garlic can improve your health, supported by science. Eating garlic provides many health benefits, including improved immune function.

It can help prevent the common cold and the flu. Here are 10 key uses. Echinacea is a popular herbal remedy, primarily known for its potential to prevent or treat the common cold. This article reviews the benefits, uses…. Astragalus has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries due to its immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory effects.

This article reviews…. Ginger appears to have medicinal properties. Here are 11 health benefits of ginger, such as its anti-inflammatory effects, that are supported by…. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect.

Nutrition Evidence Based 15 Impressive Herbs with Antiviral Activity. Medically reviewed by Adda Bjarnadottir, MS, RDN Ice — By Jillian Kubala, MS, RD on October 21, Share on Pinterest. Lemon balm. The bottom line. Share this article.

Read this next. By Rachael Ajmera, MS, RD. Basil: Nutrition, Health Benefits, Uses and More. How Garlic Fights Colds and the Flu.

: Anti-viral properties

Latest news	Some of the most popular forms are elderberry syrup, gummies and juice. Andrographis is one of the most popular medicinal plants that has been used for centuries in America, Asia and Africa. It possesses powerful compounds that have antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Traditionally, andrographis was used for influenza and malaria. Today, researchers have explored andrographis as a potent antiviral remedy. It has been deemed a miraculous compound for restraining virus replication and virus development. A study published in Microbes and Infection found that when andrographolide the active ingredient in andrographis was given to mice with the influenza virus, along with a virus entry inhibitor, the combination increased survival rate, diminished lung pathology, decreased the virus load, and reduced inflammatory cytokines. Andrographis is available in capsule and tincture forms, and it can be found online or in most health food stores. Experiments have shown that garlic — or specific chemical compounds found in garlic — is highly effective at killing countless microorganisms responsible for some of the most common and rarest infections, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, thrush and herpes. Not only is it one of the best antiviral herbs for herpes, but its properties also help to treat eye infections and it works as a natural ear infection remedy. Some more raw garlic benefits include its ability to reduce the risk of cancer, control hypertension, boost cardiovascular health and fight hair loss. To make a garlic oil infusion at home, crush garlic cloves and add them to a carrier oil like olive oil. Let the mixture sit for about five hours, and then strain the bits of garlic and keep the oil in a jar with a lid. This infusion can also be used as an antiviral herb for cold sores when used topically. Bite down once to release the allicin ; then swallow with water like a pill. Scientific studies have shown that astragalus has antiviral properties and stimulates the immune system, suggesting that it may help remedy the common cold or flu. A study evaluated the effects of astragalus on herpes simplex virus type 1 and found that the herb has obvious inhibiting efficacy. Another study published in the Chinese Medical Sciences Journal concluded that astragalus is able to inhibit the growth of coxsackie B virus in mice. Not only does it work as a natural viral infection treatment, but astragalus also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and it is used on the skin for wound care. Turkey tail mushroom is well-known for its ability to stimulate immune function. It contains polysaccharides that have immune-boosting power when consumed. When researchers evaluated the immune-modulating effects of turkey tail, they found that it was able to increase antiviral cytokines and had modest effects on growth factors. Research also suggests that turkey tail is effective against an oral strain of the human papillomavirus HPV. When it was used in combination with reishi during the 2-month treatment period, the mushrooms improved results in 88 percent of patients. The most common ways to use turkey tail is in capsule, powder or tea form. Medicinal mushrooms are rising in popularity and can be found easily in your local health food store. It helps to bring the body back to homeostasis and regulate immune function. Reishi contains two powerful compounds, polysaccharides and triterpenes, which are known for their ability to enhance the immune response and reduce inflammation. Studies highlight the antiviral effects of turkey tail compounds that are able to block the absorption of virus to the cells. You can easily find reishi and other medicinal mushrooms in capsule and powder forms in your local health food store. Licorice root is emerging as a prominent player in the search for treatment and prevention for diseases like hepatitis C, HIV and influenza. The Chinese Journal of Virology published a review that confirms the antiviral activity of licorice root due to its triterpenoid content. The olive leaf has antiviral properties, giving it the ability to treat the common cold and dangerous viruses, including candida symptoms , meningitis, pneumonia, chronic fatigue syndrome, hepatitis B, malaria, gonorrhea and tuberculosis; it also treats dental, ear and urinary tract infections and is a natural treatment for shingles. Research shows that olive leaf extracts effectively fight against a number of disease-causing microbes, including some viruses that cause influenza and other respiratory infections. In fact, the olive leaf is so beneficial to our health that treatment with olive leaf extracts reversed many HIV-1 infection-associated changes in a study done at the New York University School of Medicine. Oregano is a powerful antiviral agent. Medicinal grade oregano is distilled to extract the essential oil and preserve its healing compounds; in fact, it takes over 1, pounds of wild oregano to produce just 1 pound of oregano oil! Oregano oil benefits are proving to be superior to some antibiotics, without the harmful side effects. Sage is an essential ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine. Traditional herbalists value sage for its ability to help fight infections and improve a number of ailments. Test-tube research indicates that dandelion may combat hepatitis B, HIV, and influenza 50 , 51 , Moreover, one test-tube study noted that dandelion extract inhibited the replication of dengue, a mosquito-borne virus that causes dengue fever. This disease, which can be fatal, triggers symptoms like high fever, vomiting, and muscle pain 53 , Common kitchen herbs , such as basil, sage, and oregano, as well as lesser-known herbs like astragalus and sambucus, have powerful antiviral effects against numerous viruses that cause infections in humans. However, keep in mind that most research has been conducted in test tubes and animals using concentrated extracts. If you decide to supplement with extracts, tinctures, or other herbal products, consult your healthcare provider to ensure safe usage. Many delicious ingredients are also exceptionally healthy. Here are 10 of the world's healthiest herbs and spices, supported by science. Oregano is a staple herb in many cuisines around the world. It may also have significant health benefits, such as the 6 discussed here. Sage is a staple cooking herb as well as a natural cleaning agent, pesticide and ritual object. This article provides 12 surprising health benefits of…. Basil is popular as a food seasoning but also used in teas and supplements to promote health benefits. This article explains all you need to know…. This is a detailed article about garlic and its health benefits. Here are 11 ways that garlic can improve your health, supported by science. Eating garlic provides many health benefits, including improved immune function. It can help prevent the common cold and the flu. Here are 10 key uses. Echinacea is a popular herbal remedy, primarily known for its potential to prevent or treat the common cold. This article reviews the benefits, uses…. Astragalus has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries due to its immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory effects. This article reviews…. Ginger appears to have medicinal properties. Here are 11 health benefits of ginger, such as its anti-inflammatory effects, that are supported by…. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based 15 Impressive Herbs with Antiviral Activity. Medically reviewed by Adda Bjarnadottir, MS, RDN Ice — By Jillian Kubala, MS, RD on October 21, Share on Pinterest. Lemon balm. The bottom line. Share this article. One site said CINNAMON BARK. IT WORKED I used to suffer yearly with viral chest infections, and was very susceptible to flu. I decided to use an infusion of Cinnamon Bark and Liquorice root to top up my very weak black coffee, my regular drink, and have found that for more than 7yrs I have suffered no more than days of a mild cough in an average year. Due to my age I regularly have the flu jab. Unlike previously, I have only mild tiredness as a reaction. Hopefully this may aid some people out there. Hi Ruth, thanks for letting us know, and that is incredible that you have only had a mild cough using cinnamon bark and licorice root! Very interesting article. Thank you for the reminder of these wonderful things we can do to help ourselves. Good information. Thank you. Surprised that garlic has not been mentioned. I regularly take garlic infused honey with clove and fennel as an immune system booster. Do you have any comments about garlic? Hello everyone, am testifying about how i was totally cured of Herpes virus by Dr ikenna few months ago. Most of the time while I was growing up it seemed pretty normHello al for me to leave with it during my childhood. I have been from doctor to doctor, and a lot of numerous auto-immune disorders. Living and dealing with Herpes has been one of the major thing in my life everyone believes there is no cure to this disease. So searching for the solution to my problem was one of my primary aim. Thank you, Dr. Team WellBe. Your email address will not be published. Testimonials Media Podcast Membership Member Login — Database Member Login — Programs Free Membership Contact Instagram Facebook Youtube Twitter. What Kills Viruses Naturally? Natural Antivirals: How Can You Prevent and Kill Viruses Naturally? Certain foods: As we discussed in our guide to immune-boosting foods , certain foods have natural antiviral properties, including onion, garlic, and mushrooms. Infrared sauna: These are saunas that use infrared lamps, which have light waves to warm your body from within rather than warming the air around you. Some say that bringing the body to an increased temperature not only kills off viruses and pathogens, but also increases white blood cell production, thus boosting your immune system. Similar to how your body creates a fever when it is naturally trying to kill off a virus! UV light: Research has shown that small amounts of human-safe UV light can kill airborne viruses. Colloidal silver: Colloidal silver, aka tiny particles of silver suspended in liquid, has long been touted as a natural virus killer when applied directly to the skin. But still. Ozone is a naturally occurring energy-rich molecule embodying unique physio-chemical and biological properties. With viruses, ozone therapy damages the viral DNA and upsets the reproductive cycle by oxidizing our viral-invaded cells and eliminating them from our bodies, which are then replaced with healthy cells. There have been some promising studies examining how ozone can inactivate viruses and stimulate the immune system to speed up healing. One study found that sweet basil the most common variety of basil exhibits potent effects against multiple kinds of viruses, while another found that basil supplements significantly increased levels of cells that help your body fight off viral infections. It has a strong inhibitive effect against herpes and various respiratory viruses, and may also boost immune function and reduce inflammation. Oregano: Yay! Another common, easy antiviral herb option. A test-tube study showed that oregano could reduce viral activity in just 15 minutes!! It inhibits virus replication by damaging DNA and RNA genetic material inside the viral protein, which prevents virus cells from entering human cells and replicating. Peppermint: In one study , peppermint leaf extract both reduced inflammation and significantly reduced viral activity for a respiratory virus. Peppermint tea also contains compounds that have natural antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. The Best Defense Against Viruses: A Healthy Immune System At the end of the day, what kills viruses is your immune system. Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that live all over the planet, including inside our bodies.
What to know about antiviral drugs and products	Priperties, a number of natural or Beetroot juice for athletes compounds belonging to different chemical groups have been Anti-virall for Endurance sports nutrition potential Anti-viral properties activities Anit-viral et al. Thurman, R. It can be found in water purification systems, food packaging, toys and infant pacifiers, synthetic fabrics and consumer products, e. The viability of the virus was lost upon exposure to copper and copper alloys but retained on stainless steel. Nucleic Acids Res.
What does antiviral mean, and what products are antiviral?	In one Beetroot juice for athletes, sage extract significantly inhibited HIV activity by preventing the virus from entering target cells 8. Antiv-iral antiviral Anti-virzl of Oxidative stress-induced diseases fusiforme Anti-viral properties propertiex avian leukosis Anti-viral properties subgroup J in vitro and in vivo. lomentaria was fractionated to yield fractions A0, A5, A10, A20, A30, and A40, with different components, MW, and monosaccharide composition. This plant is used as folklore medicine in Chakma tribe. Butea monosperma Lam. New England Journal of Medicine. It may also have significant health benefits, such as the 6 discussed here.

Currently, viral infection Anhi-viral the most serious health issue which causing unexpected higher rate of Beetroot juice for athletes globally. Anti-vieal viruses are not yet curable, such as corona virus-2 Anti-viral propertieshuman immunodeficiency virus HIVhepatitis virus, priperties papilloma virus and properrties others. Porperties, the toxicities Anti-vkral ineffective responses to resistant strains of synthetic antiviral Beetroot juice for athletes have Anti-viral properties the search of Performance nutrition guide and alternative treatment options, such as plant-derived antiviral drug molecules. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been taken to summarize the medicinal plants reported for exhibiting antiviral activities available in Bangladesh along with discussing the mechanistic insights into their bioactive components against three most hazardous viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and HBV. The review covers 46 medicinal plants with antiviral activity from 25 families. Among the reported 79 bioactive compounds having antiviral activities isolated from these plants, about 37 of them have been reported for significant activities against varieties of viruses. Hesperidin, apigenin, luteolin, seselin, 6-gingerol, humulene epoxide, quercetin, kaempferol, curcumin, and epigallocatechingallate EGCG have been reported to inhibit multiple molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in a number of in silico investigations.