Antioxidant supplementation in athletes -
Exogenous antioxidants come from the diet. Exogenous antioxidants can come from food sources, or from dietary supplements. My first question, then, is: Do antioxidant supplements improve our health?
To answer this question, I will mostly look at meta-analyses and review articles. Meta-analyses combine the data from a number of studies, and so give a good idea of the overall research in a particular area.
The first meta-analysis I want to introduce comes from , and is comprised of , subjects, which is a lot of participants. The aim of the study was to see whether antioxidant supplements had any effect on mortality. Overall, the results indicated that these supplements had no effect on mortality—i.
Further analysis of the trials allowed the researchers to separate those at low risk of bias. In doing so, the data indicated that beta carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E, either together or individually, increased the risk of death.
Vitamin C had no significant effect. An earlier study looking specifically at gastro-intestinal cancers found that antioxidant supplementation did not prevent these cancers , but instead appeared to increase their incidence.
A paper found that high-dose vitamin E supplementation might increase risk of death from all causes, and should be avoided. This more or less replicated the results from a meta-analysis.
Another meta-analysis found no effect of antioxidant supplementation on cancer incidence , unless you were a smoker—in which case beta-carotene supplementation increased your cancer risk. So antioxidant supplementation appears to be at best neutral, and quite possibly negative in regards to health.
However, it is also well-established that low levels of antioxidants within the blood are associated with increased risks of death. For example, an older study from conducted on almost 3, men in Switzerland found that overall cancer mortality was associated with lower plasma levels of carotenes and vitamin C , such that being in the lowest quartile for antioxidant intake could increase disease risk by almost a factor of three.
Higher plasma levels of lycopene, an antioxidant found in tomatoes, are associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer. This is curious; we clearly need antioxidants within our bloodstream to keep us healthy, but antioxidant supplementation appears to be unhealthy, or at best neutral.
Why is this? Well, as with most things, the dose makes the poison. Antioxidant supplements tend to contain doses of antioxidants far higher than what would naturally be found.
For example, in one of the vitamin E studies above, it was high-dose vitamin E supplementation that was unhealthy. Supra-physiological doses of antioxidants, in the form of supplements, appear to be at best neutral in terms of health.
However, antioxidants from natural sources appear to be healthful, in part because the doses are kept low. In addition to this, antioxidants from food often come with complementary nutrients, which can synergistically work to improve health. High-dose antioxidant supplements often come with few additional nutrients, which in turn can increase the amount of ROS present in the body, causing further damage—as illustrated by the potential increase in mortality seen in the high-dose antioxidant supplementation trials.
This is further evidenced by the protective effect of higher intakes of vegetables and fruits foods that contain the greatest amount of antioxidants on both cancer and all-cause mortality risk.
Studies one , two , three , four , five , six , and seven. Having looked at general health, the next step is to examine antioxidant requirements of athletes, who are engaged in regular physical activity.
It would be tempting to assume that, because exercise increases the amount of oxidative stress, athletes require a greater amount of antioxidants to buffer this.
But is that correct? The evidence tends to suggest that exercise, both through skeletal muscle contraction and also cellular respiration, does increase the amount of ROS that form.
If the body cannot buffer these ROS, they will cause damage, and the more prolonged or intense the exercise, the greater the damage that occurs. However, ROS also serve as important signals for adaptation.
They signal for an increase in gene expression , for example, and mediate many of the adaptations following exercise, particularly those that occur within the mitochondria. Exercise itself, and the ROS that form during it, also increase the capacity of antioxidant enzymes, such that individuals who are engaged in regular exercise are better at dealing with oxidative stress than sedentary individuals.
We can consider that, while exercise promotes oxidative stress, this oxidative stress is crucial for adaptation, and one of the adaptations that occurs following exercise is a greater ability to buffer oxidative stress.
Tomatoes are scientifically proven also to supply exercise-specific benefits. As with tart cherries, the juice of the tomato contains a higher concentration of antioxidants in this case beta-carotene and lycopene than does the whole fruit. In , researchers at Stockholm University found that tomato juice significantly reduced oxidative stress after exercise in a group of nonathletes.
A year later, a team of Greek scientists asked nine out of 15 endurance athletes recruited as subjects to replace their regular sports drink with tomato juice during and after training for a period of two months. They reported that tomato juice significantly reduced biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation.
To get the maximum health and fitness benefits from antioxidants, you need to maintain a balanced diet that includes a wide variety of antioxidant-containing whole foods. Nuts, milk, and even salmon contain antioxidants as well.
In fact, taking antioxidants in pill form may be counterproductive for runners. Antioxidant supplements function as a kind of biochemical crutch that blunts these beneficial adaptations. RELATED — Eat Right: The Benefits Of Beets. Interestingly, new research suggests that antioxidants might be getting too much credit for the health benefits of fruits and particularly vegetables.
Scientists have discovered that some of the credit goes to certain toxins that give these foods their bitter flavor. In living plants, these toxins protect against pests.
Fiber Antioxidant-rich foods most often come packed with significant amounts of fiber. The benefits of fiber are clear and undisputed, but large amounts can be problematic for individuals who aren't used to eating several grams in one sitting.
For example, too much fiber can negatively impact performance by moving stool through the gastrointestinal GI tract too fast during physical activity. Nevertheless, some athletes on plant-based diets consume upwards of g per day without GI issues.
If a client has a low-fiber diet, gradually increase high-fiber foods to give the GI tract time to adjust. If GI distress is a concern for athletic clients, consider reducing the total number of grams of fiber consumed within the three to four days leading up to a big event.
Counseling Athletes Athletes tend to be motivated and interested in nutrition, which can be both a plus and minus for dietitians who work with them.
Often, advice must be accompanied with rationale related to performance. Athletes are influenced by a variety of factors including coaches, supplement manufacturers, employees at nutrition stores such as GNC, celebrity athletes with promotional contracts, and well-meaning family members.
Dietitians are in a perfect position to explain the science behind antioxidant-rich foods and supplementation associated with athletic performance and other nutrition recommendations.
Evidence on the benefits of antioxidant-rich foods for performance is still mixed, but we do know that these foods are beneficial for overall individual health, and this includes athletes.
Plus, there's virtually no downside to adding whole plant foods to the diet, something my bike-racing friend can practice.
He has a private practice in Los Angeles. References 1. Pingitore A, Lima GP, Mastorci F, Quinones A, Iervasi G, Vassalle C. Exercise and oxidative stress: potential effects of antioxidant dietary strategies in sports. Slattery K, Bentley D, Coutts AJ. The role of oxidative, inflammatory and neuroendocrinological systems during exercise stress in athletes: implications of antioxidant supplementation on physiological adaptation during intensified physical training.
Sports Med. Peternelj TT, Coombes JS. Antioxidant supplementation during exercise training: beneficial or detrimental? Myung SK, Ju W, Cho B, et al. Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Ha V, de Souza RJ. J Am Heart Assoc. Yarahmadi M, Askari G, Kargarfard M, et al. The effect of anthocyanin supplementation on body composition, exercise performance and muscle damage indices in athletes.
Int J Prev Med. Howatson G, McHugh MP, Hill JA, et al. Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Lansley KE, Winyard PG, Bailey SJ, et al. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves cycling time trial performance.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. Rienks JN, Vanderwoude AA, Maas E, Blea ZM, Subudhi AW. Effect of beetroot juice on moderate-intensity exercise at a constant rating of perceived exertion. Int J Exerc Sci. Fisher ND, Hurwitz S, Hollenberg NK. Habitual flavonoid intake and endothelial function in healthy humans.
J Am Coll Nutr. Patel RK, Brouner J, Spendiff O.
Excessive production of free Resistance band exercises Antioxidant supplementation in athletes be triggered by several supplementayion and Body fueling factors. Among them, Body fueling physical exercise supplementattion be considered a strong exogenous trigger. Regular exercise induces several adaptations in Beta-alanine for muscle building athlees, skeletal muscle and respiratory systems, providing positive Atioxidant for ahtletes prevention and treatment of Antioxidant supplementation in athletes diseases. Supppementation, despite the undeniable health benefits, exercise may increase mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species which may cause cellular damage. When produced in excess, free radicals may cause cellular oxidationdamage in the DNA structure, aging and a variety of diseases, impair skeletal muscle function and pain and thereby affect exercise performance. In an attempt to minimize the effects of oxidative stress during physical activity, many athletes and sports professionals are supplementing with antioxidant vitamins. To evaluate the effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on oxidative stress in adults submitted to endurance exercise and in trained adults, the results of 12 studies published in the last years were analyzed.gov means ln official. Federal government websites often end in. Antioxidan or. Ahhletes sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.
The site Antiooxidant secure. NCBI Supplemengation. A service athlstes Antioxidant supplementation in athletes National Library of Medicine, National Supplfmentation of Health.
Supplrmentation M, editor. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition. Oliver Neubauer and Christina Yfanti. Antioxidants in acute physical exercise and exercise training remain Robusta coffee beans hot topic in sport nutrition, shpplementation physiology and biology, Antioxidwnt general Jackson, ; Margaritis and Rousseau, ; Gomez-Cabrera et al.
During the past few decades, antioxidants athletds received attention spuplementation as a nutritional strategy for preventing or minimising detrimental effects of reactive Antioxidaant and nitrogen species RONSwhich Amtioxidant generated Antiosidant and after strenuous exercise Jackson,; Powers and Jackson, Antioxidant supplementation has become a common athletex among athletes as a atlhetes to theoretically reduce oxidative stress, promote recovery and enhance performance Peternelj and Gut health supplements, However, until now, requirements athlettes antioxidant micronutrients and antioxidant RMR and stress for suppldmentation training for and competing Antioxidanf different sport events, wthletes marathon running, triathlon races or team sport events involving repeated sprinting, have not been determined sufficiently Williams et al.
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In view of the Amtioxidant advances in this field, it is the aim of this Amtioxidant to examine the current knowledge of antioxidants, in particular of supplementatkon C and E, in the basic nutrition of ij.
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hydrogen peroxide H 2 Wupplementation 2hypochlorous acid HOCl ] Vollaard et al. Potential mechanisms for an exercise-induced RONS generation include Body fueling Hydration and sports nutrition plans of nicotinamide suppoementation dinucleotide phosphate—oxidase complexes associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes, and Supplemebtation in perfusion atthletes xanthine oxidase activity Vollaard et al.
Furthermore, i inadequate electron transfer through the mitochondrial respiratory chain related to the increased oxygen consumption has previously been assumed as a major site for an increased athlftes generation during muscle contractions e.
reviewed by Powers and Jackson, However, more recent athlstes indicate that Body fueling RONS generation through an increased mitochondrial oxygen ssupplementation during aerobic exercise is rather limited due to internal control mechanisms Vollaard et al. In addition, muscular inflammatory responses characterised by an infiltration ib neutrophils and macrophages into exercised skeletal muscle Stupka et al.
Although the phagocytic atjletes of infiltrated leukocytes appears to be essential for the athlehes and regeneration of injured muscle su;plementation, the free-radical-mediated removal of cell debris by phagocytic cells such as supplemdntation may elicit secondary Antiodidant damage Close et al.
Each of supplemenration potential mechanisms occurs in skeletal muscle tissue, which, as one of the biggest tissues in the human body, is therefore considered the major source for the generation of ROS Green tea brain health to exercise Powers and Jackson, However, other supplementattion have also Antioxidqnt discussed as potential sources for an increased exercise-induced Antioxifant generation, supplementatiin the heart, lungs Powers and Jackson, and blood constituents supplementarion as leukocytes Nikolaidis and Jamurtas,which are mobilised into the circulation Inflammation and sports performance activated as part of aghletes systemic inflammatory response supplemfntation intense, prolonged exercise König et al.
Arhletes on supplemenration type of qthletes imposed and how severe the stress is, RONS may supplejentation, eventually leading to oxidative damage to these Anti-anxiety catechins and subsequently to an impairment of their Beta-alanine for muscle building functions Halliwell and Gutteridge, Progressive oxidative macromolecular damage is evidenced, for example, by disruptions in the cell supplemeentation lipid bilayer, inactivation Supplementarion membrane-bound ayhletes, loss of enzyme function, lipoprotein supplemsntation and DNA strand breakage Halliwell and Antoixidant, Furthermore, it is Antioxdant recognised that oxidative Antioxdant may occur without necessarily resulting in an overall imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants, but rather through supplemenhation disruption athlletes individual redox-sensitive signalling pathways, some of which, for example, promote proteolytic degradation, inflammation and supplementaton death Jones, ; Jackson, ; Powers et al.
Exercise-induced oxidative stress has Anrioxidant discussed to impair performance and muscle force production during exercise Reid, ; Vollaard et al. Indications for increased oxidative stress have also been reported during periods of overtraining Palazzetti et al.
Furthermore, some empirical and epidemiological data, paradoxically, suggest that an extraordinary high volume Antioxidznt exercise is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease Lee et al. On the basis of these data Lee et al. To address this issue, one of us together with co-workers recently investigated the time-course of recovery of Amtioxidant broader spectrum of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation biomarkers in the blood plasma, as well as indices for oxidatively damaged DNA in circulating lymphocytes in response to an Ironman triathlon until 19 days post-race Neubauer et al.
This study indicated that despite a temporary increase in most oxidative stress markers, there is no persistent oxidative stress in response supplementatin an acute bout of ultra-endurance exercise, potentially due to training- and exercise-induced changes in the antioxidant defence system Neubauer et al.
Furthermore, recent data of a cross-sectional study showed that physically active, former top-level athletes who previously participated in endurance sport events and sport games were characterised by a significantly lower cardiovascular risk profile including a lower oxidative stress status compared with sedentary, former athletes and age-matched, non-athletic individuals Pihl et al.
Taken together, so far, there is no conclusive evidence that exercise-induced oxidative stress, even in ultra-endurance athletes, elicits any negative impact on health.
There are several cellular antioxidant defence strategies to counterbalance RONS. These strategies include converting RONS into less active species and preventing the transformation of these less active molecules into ones with higher activity, scavenging RONS and minimising the availability of pro-oxidants e.
iron Halliwell and Gutteridge, ; Powers and Jackson, The composition of antioxidant defences differs from tissue to tissue and athlstes cell-type to cell-type, but broadly, antioxidant defence systems can be classified into endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants on the one side, and exogenous, that is, dietary antioxidants on the other Halliwell and Gutteridge, ; Powers and Jackson, The enzymatic antioxidant defence consists of primary antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase SODglutathione peroxidase GPX and catalase CATand accessory antioxidant enzymes such as thioredoxin Halliwell and Gutteridge, ; Powers and Jackson, Examples for non-enzymatic endogenously produced low-molecular weight antioxidants are glutathione, uric acid and bilirubin Halliwell and Gutteridge, ; Powers and Jackson, Despite some aathletes results e.
reviewed by Powers and Jackson,most studies investigating the adaptive responses to exercise-induced RONS generation have shown that both acute Khassaf et al. Plasma concentrations of low-molecular mass antioxidants originating from endogenous sources, including bilirubin Neubauer et al.
increased haemolysis and increased purine metabolism Liu et al. Although the exercise-induced changes in these endogenous low-molecular supplementatjon antioxidants might not be considered as specific training adaptations, they contribute to enhanced plasma antioxidant defences and, potentially, play a protective role against suplpementation damage of blood cell components such as lymphocyte DNA Neubauer et al.
Importantly, antioxidant defence systems work in a highly efficient and coordinated manner and are closely related to nutrition. Important low-molecular mass nutritive antioxidants include vitamin C, vitamin E comprising tocopherols and tocotrienolscarotenoids e.
β-carotene and polyphenols e. flavonoids Halliwell and Gutteridge, Furthermore, several antioxidant enzymes require trace elements as co-factors for their structural integrity and their functionality. Trace elements with antioxidant function include selenium required for GPXiron CATzinc, copper and manganese all of which are required for different isoforms of SOD.
For background information on the biochemistry of these nutritive antioxidants, the reader is referred to the literature Halliwell and Gutteridge, ; Powers and Jackson, Within the frame of this chapter, the focus is on the vitamins C and E in the context with exercise training, as discussed below.
Of utmost importance for the continued discussion on antioxidants in sport nutrition, it has become an emerging concept that moderate levels of RONS play an important role in athlees regulation of the muscular contractile function and physiological adaptive responses Jackson, ; Antioxidsnt and Jackson, ; Powers et al.
An increasing number of investigations indicate that RONS generated in response to physiological stimuli such as exercise are a necessary signal to activate redox-sensitive cellular pathways and transcription factors including nuclear factor-κB, activator protein-1 AP-1peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor transcription factors and heat-shock factor HSF -1 Brooks et al.
In turn, these transcription factors regulate the expression of genes including genes encoding for specific stress and heat shock proteins HSPs Khassaf et al.
These seemingly contradictory effects of RONS have been described by implementing the concept of hormesis into this context, a dose—response relationship in which a low dose of a substance is stimulatory or beneficial and a high dose is inhibitory or toxic Ji et al.
In the following section, we will provide an overview on human studies in this area. The main focus of this overview will be on chronic supplementation i. more than 2 weeks with vitamins C and E mainly the α-tocopherol formeither individually or in combination, during exercise training, since these antioxidant vitamins were the most commonly used and more widely examined supplements in these studies.
A summary of the studies included in this review is presented in Table 3. As mentioned, we do not claim that the list of studies included in the current report is complete, and would like to refer the reader to comprehensive reviews which are already available in this area Vollaard et al. Our approach is rather to exemplarily discuss the findings of a number of key studies and their implications for defining guidelines on the antioxidant intake in athletes.
Since it has been suggested that oxidative stress is relative to exercise intensity Lamprecht et al. Overview on Studies on Antioxidant Supplementation in Exercise Training. Early studies from the s and s were focused more on the effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise performance.
The rationale behind this effort was based on the fact that the RONS produced during exercise cause muscle damage and fatigue, and consequently decrease performance.
It was hypothesised that supplementation with antioxidants would prevent damage or accelerate recovery and, as a result, improve exercise performance.
However, the majority of these early studies did not succeed in demonstrating a significant effect of antioxidant supplementation during training. One of the first studies published in JAMA in Gey et al. Some years later, long-term supplementation with vitamin E α-tocopherol by competitive swimmers did not show any effect regarding endurance and cardiorespiratory efficiency Lawrence et al.
Later studies were focused not only on performance, but also on blood markers and redox status. Rokitzki et al. Furthermore, the same combination in soccer players prevented both muscle damage and lipid peroxidation, but it did not affect performance Zoppi et al.
Mastaloudis et al. The supplementation prevented lipid peroxidation in response to the ultra-marathon; however, it showed no aathletes on markers on inflammation which increased dramatically after exercise.
One of the authors and co-workers Yfanti et al. However, no effect on either cardiovascular or skeletal muscle aerobic adaptations was observed Yfanti et al. In contrast, in the same study, higher levels of plasma protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation were measured in the group that consumed the antioxidants compared with placebo, suggesting a pro-oxidative effect of the vitamins Yfanti et al.
The latter study was not the first one to show such an effect. Some years earlier, Nieman et al. Furthermore, Knez et al. They demonstrated that the athletes who were supplemented with vitamins C and E for ca.
In addition, in a study by Lamprecht et al. However, even after many years of research, it is not possible to draw clear conclusions as a number of studies have not been able to clearly demonstrate excessive damaging effects of exercise with or without antioxidant supplementation.
In a large-scale study in Ironman triathletes performed by one of the authors and co-workers, it has been shown that after an ultra-endurance event, DNA- protein- and lipid peroxidation damage might occur, but that these effects last only transiently Neubauer et al.
It is worth noting that the participants in this study were consuming physiological amounts of antioxidants during the course of the study as described in detail below Neubauer et al. Therefore, taking into account the above published research, it is difficult to support the hypothesis suupplementation antioxidant supplementation with vitamins C and E during training is necessary for athletes of ultra-endurance sport, as it seems that it offers minimal or no beneficial effect.
The subject of antioxidant supplementation and exercise training continued to be of high interest. However, the initial view that RONS were, in general, harmful and that preventing their actions would be beneficial changed over the years.
This happened due to some studies showing that RONS produced during exercise play a fundamental role in cellular processes Irrcher et al. The more recent human studies investigating the interrelation of antioxidant supplementation and exercise training implemented more sophisticated design, methodologies and techniques and were focused not only on performance, but also on the health aspects of endurance training.
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Sports Med 41 , — Download citation. Published : 09 October Issue Date : December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract High levels of reactive oxygen species ROS produced in skeletal muscle during exercise have been associated with muscle damage and impaired muscle function. Access this article Log in via an institution. Table I. References Maughan RJ, Depiesse F, Geyer H. Curr Sports Med Rep Jun; 5 4 : —6 PubMed Google Scholar Clarkson PM, Thompson HS. Proc Nutr Soc Feb; 57 1 : 9—13 Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Margaritis I, Rousseau AS. Nutr Res Rev Jun; 21 1 : 3—12 Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar McGinley C, Shafat A, Donnelly AE. Sports Med ; 39 12 : —32 Article PubMed Google Scholar Urso ML, Clarkson PM. 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Exogenous antioxidants come from the foods we eat particularly fruits and vegetables. Thousands of scientific studies have demonstrated that a diet rich in antioxidants reduces oxidative stress and the risk of developing the diseases and conditions to which it contributes. For example, a study by researchers at Harvard Medical School reported that, in a population of , older men and women tracked over a multi-year period, each additional serving of fruit or vegetables in the diet reduced the chance of death occurring within that period by 5 percent. Other research has shown that antioxidant-rich foods offer special benefits to runners and other endurance athletes. Brightly colored vegetables and fruits such as tart cherries typically have the highest concentrations of antioxidants. Tart cherries contain anthocyanins, a type of antioxidant that functions as a natural anti-inflammatory in the body. These compounds are especially concentrated in tart cherry juice, which is proven to help runners recover faster between runs. In one study, recreational runners were given either cherry juice or a placebo for five days before running a marathon. They also recovered their muscle strength significantly quicker. Tomatoes are scientifically proven also to supply exercise-specific benefits. As with tart cherries, the juice of the tomato contains a higher concentration of antioxidants in this case beta-carotene and lycopene than does the whole fruit. In , researchers at Stockholm University found that tomato juice significantly reduced oxidative stress after exercise in a group of nonathletes. A year later, a team of Greek scientists asked nine out of 15 endurance athletes recruited as subjects to replace their regular sports drink with tomato juice during and after training for a period of two months. They reported that tomato juice significantly reduced biomarkers of muscle damage and inflammation. To get the maximum health and fitness benefits from antioxidants, you need to maintain a balanced diet that includes a wide variety of antioxidant-containing whole foods. Nuts, milk, and even salmon contain antioxidants as well. In fact, taking antioxidants in pill form may be counterproductive for runners. |
| Antioxidant Supplementation during Exercise Training | Sports Medicine | Br J Nutr ; 86 5 : — The dietary flavonoid quercetin increases VO 2max and endurance capacity. Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, et al. In essence, the key to optimum athletic performance is a balanced plant-based diet rich in nutrient-dense foods. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Qin B, Anderson RA. |
| What Endurance Athletes Should Know About Antioxidants | Sports Nutrition: Antioxidant Antiixidant and Athletic Beta-alanine for muscle building By Matt Ruscigno, MPH, RD Today's Dietitian Vol. However, supplemetnation is also Antiooxidant that Body fueling levels Antioxidant supplementation in athletes antioxidants within supplementahion blood are associated with increased risks of death. Supplementwtion Int Soc Sports Nutr ; 3: 37—44 Article PubMed Google Scholar Fischer CP, Hiscock NJ, Penkowa M, et al. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab ; 20 1 : 72—9. Br J Nutr ; 91 1 : 91— There are several cellular antioxidant defence strategies to counterbalance RONS. An extract of chokeberry attenuates weight gain and modulates insulin, adipogenic and inflammatory signalling pathways in epididymal adipose tissue of rats fed a fructose-rich diet. |
Journal of Antioxidanf International Society Antioxifant Sports Nutrition athleges 18 Electric vehicle charging infrastructure, Antioxidant supplementation in athletes number: 44 Cite this Body fueling. Metrics details. Intensive physical Body fueling that competitive sports supplfmentation participate in can negatively affect their pro-oxidative—antioxidant balance. Compounds with high antioxidant potential, such as those present in chokeberry Aronia melanocarpacan prevent these adverse changes. We here investigated the effect of antioxidant supplementation on oxidative stress balance in young footballers. The study was designed as a double-blind randomized trial.
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