Mnopause— Menlpause Google Performance food planning Scoville, W. Table II. Green tea EGCG and menopause, with its potential to boost thermogenesis, promote fat oxidation, enhance insulin sensitivity, and regulate appetite, offers a natural and holistic approach to managing weight during this transformative phase. Wang, C. and Mishell,D.

EGCG and menopause -

All women completed a comprehensive health history questionnaire at the baseline visit by which they provided information on medical and reproductive history, medication and supplement use, demographics, and lifestyle factors.

At the beginning and end of intervention, each participant also completed the Dietary History Questionnaire, a validated food frequently questionnaire developed by the NCI Rockville, MD; ref.

Women were also asked to maintain their routine dietary intake and physical activity level throughout the trial. Hepatic function and potential adverse events AE were also closely monitored and identified throughout the trial and described elsewhere Overall, the study intervention was well tolerated and the total frequencies of reported AEs were similar between the two groups.

MD was assessed at month 0 preintervention and month 12 postintervention by selecting the left cranio-caudal CC view of full-field digital mammography FFDM screening images.

Mammograms were assessed for density by one experienced reader G. Ursin using the validated, computer-assisted, area-based quantitative Madena method developed at the University of Southern California as described previously 8, 29— In brief, to read the density, the reader draws a region of interest that excludes the pectoralis muscle and other artifacts.

The software counts the number of pixels within the region of interest, which represents the area with absolute density. The entire breast area is outlined with an outlining tool on the computer screen by E.

Lee , and the computer counted the total number of pixels, which represents the total breast area. The MD, or the mammographic percent density, is the absolute density dense area divided by the total breast area.

Mammograms were read in batches of 50, and both baseline and month 12 mammograms for each participant were read in the same batch with the readers blinded to both treatment assignment and time point of each image. In randomly selected mammograms of 52 participants that were read in duplicate, the intraclass Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.

We also assessed the volumetric-based MD from corresponding left CC view of raw for processing FFDM images for an available subset of 99 participants using a validated and fully automated method Volpara version 1. The supplement used in this study was a decaffeinated GTE.

Each capsule contained Participants were instructed to consume two capsules in the morning and two in the evening per day for 12 months after a meal to minimize any possible gastrointestinal irritation.

Overall, women consumed an average of 1, mg catechins, including mg EGCG daily, which is equivalent to five 8-ounce cups mL of brewed green tea A placebo capsule that was devoid of catechins and caffeine consisted of mg maltodextrin, mg cellulose, and 2 mg magnesium stearate as a flow agent.

Further details of the supplement composition have been provided previously Both GTE and placebo capsules were identical in appearance and were supplied in 8 batches by Corban Laboratories Eniva Nutraceutics. Compliance was confirmed by pill count, a pill diary, and monitoring concentrations of urinary catechins, including epigallocatechin EGC and epicatechin EC , which has been described elsewhere A whole-blood sample was drawn into a tube containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Buffy coat was separated from the whole blood following centrifuging and mixing with 0. Genomic DNA was extracted from μL of buffy coat samples using the QIAGEN DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions Qiagen.

A TaqMan genotyping assay was defined for the COMT genotype, and the assay was performed by an Applied Biosystems TaqMan PCR Core Reagent Kit. The mean values of PMD and absolute density measures at baseline and 12 months in two treatment groups were calculated, and the change in MD from baseline and 12 months was analyzed as the primary outcome.

The two-group t test from continuous variables or χ 2 statistics for discrete or nominal variables were used to compare the differences in the distributions of demographic characteristics between two treatment groups.

One-way ANCOVA was used to examine the difference in the change in PMD or absolute density between the GTE and placebo groups with adjustment for age and BMI at baseline and BMI at month mammogram, which is equivalent to adjusting for BMI change between baseline and month follow-up.

We also conducted stratified analysis by COMT genotype, age, BMI, years since menopause, tea drinking, alcohol drinking, and parity. An interaction term between treatment and stratifying variables was included in the model to evaluate the potential modifying role of stratified variables on GTE effect on MD.

Statistical analyses were carried out based on the intention-to-treat principle using SAS software version 9. Following assessment of more than , screening mammograms, 1, women were randomized into the MGTT among whom were randomly allocated to GTE and to placebo Fig.

Overall, Four participants in the placebo group and one participant in the GTE group were missing a month screening mammogram; thus, results are presented for a total of participants in the GTE and in the placebo group.

The dropout rate was Baseline characteristics and dietary intake of dropped participants were not significantly different between the two treatment groups except for higher weight and soy intake in the placebo subjects Table 1 summarizes the baseline demographic characteristics of the study participants by treatment group.

All baseline characteristics were equally distributed between the GTE and placebo groups. a P values were calculated from GLM for continuous variables and from the Pearson χ 2 test for categorical variables.

No differences were observed in baseline PMD between the two groups Table 2. One-year supplementation with GTE did not result in significantly different changes in either PMD or absolute density compared with the changes in the placebo group after adjustment for age at baseline and BMI at both baseline and month b P value for difference of PMD between baseline and month 12 means within GTE or placebo group based on paired t test.

Changes in MD measures according to COMT genotype are presented in Table 3. a P value for comparison between treatment groups based on two-way ANCOVA test adjusted for age and BMI.

b P value for the interaction between treatment effect and stratifying variable derived from the linear mixed model. c P value for change of PMD across stratifying variable within each treatment group based on one-way ANCOVA test with adjustment for age and BMI.

The GTE supplementation significantly reduced PMD in younger women included in the study. Women aged 50 to 55 years at enrollment in the GTE arm had a 4. BMI, years since menopause, tea drinking status, parity, and alcohol intake did not significantly modify the effects of GTE intake on PMD Table 4 or absolute MD Table 5.

a P value for comparison between treatment groups based on two-way ANCOVA test adjusted for age and BMI where appropriate. c P value for change of PMD across stratifying variable within each treatment group based on one-way ANCOVA test with adjustment for age and BMI where appropriate.

c P value for change of absolute mammographic density across stratifying variable within each treatment group based on one-way ANCOVA test with adjustment for age and BMI where appropriate.

We did not observe any effect of GTE supplementation on the percent and absolute FGV Supplementary Table S2. The COMT did not change the null effect of GTE on the FGV measures Supplementary Table S3.

We examined the effects of a GTE supplement with high dose of EGCG on MD measures in an RCT among healthy postmenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer due to high MD.

Daily green tea supplementation of 1, mg catechins including mg EGCG for 1 year had no significant effects on absolute density or PMD. The dose of catechins particularly, EGCG used in this trial is at the high end of green tea intake in humans and the highest dose used in a research study of a healthy population.

Our null findings are consistent with the results of the one published intervention study. That small RCT was a study of 40 Caucasian premenopausal and postmenopausal women with a history of hormone receptor—negative breast cancer In that study, daily green tea polyphenols polyphenon E supplementation in doses of , 1,, and 1, mg of EGCG for 6 months did not result in any significant changes in PMD compared with the placebo counterparts.

Our results differ, however, from the only published epidemiologic study of green tea intake and MD in which regular green tea consumption was linked to 2. The reasons for the discrepancy in results between the cross-sectional study and our clinical trial as well as the other published clinical trial are not clear, but may be related to the study population Singaporean Chinese vs.

Caucasian women or difference in the mode of green tea consumption green tea beverage vs. green tea supplement. In addition, the findings from the observational cross-sectional study reflect the long-term green tea drinking habits, whereas our results are representative of 1-year intervention and the timing of green tea intervention i.

Finally, the age at which the consumption of green tea initiated e. The finding of a statistically significant reduction in PMD for the youngest women 50—55 years enrolled in the study is intriguing.

This result is well in accord with the findings from two intervention studies aimed to investigate the effect of tamoxifen on changes in PMD.

Cuzick and colleagues 14 reported a net reduction of Similar findings have also been reported by Meggiorini and colleagues Although the precise mechanisms by which green tea influences MD in younger women of our study are not known, plausible explanations could be due to the hormonal-mediated pathways.

In our study population, young women showed higher baseline levels of circulating and urinary estrogens data not shown as well as MD Supplementary Table S1. It would be expected that the impact of any agents targeting the estrogen pathway would be stronger in young women.

Our findings support such a notion. We found no apparent evidence of effect modification by COMT polymorphism in this study, possibly due to the small number of participants homozygous for the high activity allele of COMT. To the best of our knowledge, no other study has to date examined the interaction between COMT genotype and GTE on the changes in PMD.

It is possible that nondifferential misclassification of MD by using the two-dimensional area-based methods may have biased the results toward the null. Limitations of area-based methods for measurement of MD include that they are labor-intensive, subjective, and do not take into account the breast as a three-dimensional object.

However, consistent with our main results based on the area-based approach, we observed no significant differences in the volumetric measure of MD based on a subset of the study participants 53 in the GTE and 46 in the placebo group.

This finding should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size for this substudy. The MGTT had several strengths and limitations. A major strength is its double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled design.

This study is the largest intervention trial with adequate statistical power that has evaluated the effects of oral supplementation of GTE on MD with the longest intervention period to date.

MD was quantified using a highly reproducible method in which one very experienced reader blinded to the treatment assignment evaluated the density of all mammograms. High compliance among the participants consuming the GTE capsules was also confirmed by the results from using a biomarker-based approach in which GTE participants showed significantly increased concentrations of urinary EGC and EC compared with placebo following initiation of study intervention, while as expected, baseline levels of EGC and EC did not differ between the two groups Finally, we showed that participants in both treatment and placebo groups experienced a significant decrease in PMD following month consistent with the reduction in PMD with increasing age 39, Study limitations include a nonethnically diverse study population, which potentially affects generalizability of the findings, and the lack of data available for the duration and amount of green tea consumption in the past.

As a result, we were statistically underpowered to detect any potential interaction between green tea catechin consumption and COMT genotype. Finally, there was a gap of up to 3. In summary, the supplementation with a high dose of EGCG for 12 months had no significant effect on reduction of MD measures in all postmenopausal women in this large clinical trial.

However, the statistically significant effect on reduction in PMD for women 50 to 55 years old suggests that green tea supplementation may be effective for women with more dense MD.

Future studies on green tea supplementation and prevention of breast cancer are warranted in younger women. Conception and design: G. Ursin, C. Le, C. Yang, M. Yu, D. Yee, J. Yuan, M. Development of methodology: H. Samavat, M. Yu, A. Wu, J. Acquisition of data provided animals, acquired and managed patients, provided facilities, etc.

Samavat, T. Emory, C. Torkelson, A. Dostal, K. Swenson, C. Yang, D. Yee, M. Analysis and interpretation of data e. Samavat, G. Ursin, E. Lee, R. Wang, C. Yang, A. Ursin, T. Emory, E. Lee, A. Yee, A. Administrative, technical, or material support i. Samavat, K. We sincerely thank the Minnesota Green Tea Trial MGTT participants for taking part in this research.

We also acknowledge all staff at the University of Minnesota J. Mobeck-Wilson, W. Smith, M. Wachter, S. Bedell, S. Kjellberg Muehlhausen, A. Brehm, K. Ringsak, L. Carpenter, A. Schumacher, K.

Mischke, study radiologists Drs. Kuehn-Hajder and M. Mckeon, and study pharmacist Dr. Luke , graduate students contributing to the MGTT A. Perry and A. Newman , and staff at the Oncology Research Department of the Park Nicollet Institute A.

Egan and J. Nissen for their assistance with participant recruitment, mammogram screening, conducting clinic visits and laboratory measurements, data entry, and all other administrative tasks.

We also thank our Data and Safety Monitoring Board members P. Brown, chair; S. Groshen; and C. Norton for monitoring the trial's integrity, progress, and safety.

Army Medical Research and Materiel Command W81XWH , the University of Minnesota Graduate School, Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship, the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station project MIN ; and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health UL1TR The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges.

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Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 10, Issue Previous Article Next Article. Materials and Methods. Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Authors' Contributions. Grant Support. Article Navigation. Research Articles December 03 This reduced metabolic rate means that the body burns fewer calories at rest, making weight management a more challenging task.

Muscle mass, which plays a crucial role in calorie burning, may also decrease due to hormonal imbalances, further contributing to the metabolism slowdown.

The Science Behind Green Tea Extract. Green tea, derived from the Camellia sinensis plant, has been consumed for centuries and is renowned for its potential health benefits. One of its key components is catechins, which are potent antioxidants with various health-promoting properties. The catechin epigallocatechin gallate EGCG has received particular attention for its potential role in boosting metabolism and supporting weight management.

Metabolism-Boosting Mechanisms of Green Tea Extract:. Thermogenesis: Green tea extract is believed to enhance thermogenesis, a process in which the body generates heat by burning calories.

EGCG in green tea extract has been shown to increase energy expenditure by promoting the oxidation of fat cells. This means that the body burns more calories, even while at rest, contributing to a more active metabolism.

Fat Oxidation: EGCG may also increase the body's ability to use fat as a source of energy. This is crucial because menopausal weight gain often involves the accumulation of fat, especially around the abdomen. By promoting fat oxidation, green tea extract could potentially help reduce stubborn belly fat.

Insulin Sensitivity: Menopause can be associated with insulin resistance, which can contribute to weight gain and metabolic issues. Some studies suggest that green tea extract might improve insulin sensitivity, which could help regulate blood sugar levels and prevent excessive fat storage. Appetite Regulation: Green tea extract could also impact appetite regulation by affecting hormones that control hunger and satiety.

By promoting a feeling of fullness and reducing cravings, it might help manage calorie intake and prevent overeating. Incorporating Green Tea Extract into Your Routine. While green tea extract shows promise as a metabolism booster during menopause, it's important to approach its use with caution and a well-rounded perspective.

Consult Your Healthcare Provider: Before adding any new supplement to your routine, especially during menopause when hormonal changes are significant, consult your healthcare provider. They can assess your individual health needs and determine whether green tea extract is appropriate for you.

Quality Matters: When choosing a green tea extract supplement, opt for high-quality products from reputable brands. Look for standardised extracts with a clear indication of the EGCG content. The MenoShake - Chocolate Collagen and MenoShake - Vegan Vanilla both include a high quality Green Tea Leaf Extract.

Mindful Consumption: While green tea extract can offer benefits, it's not a magic solution. Its effects on metabolism are likely to be modest, and it should be complemented with a balanced diet and regular physical activity for the best results.

Start Slowly: If your healthcare provider gives the green light, start with a low dose of green tea extract and monitor how your body responds. Gradually increase the dosage if needed, while paying attention to any side effects.

Hydration and Caffeine Sensitivity: Green tea extract contains caffeine, which can affect individuals differently. If you're sensitive to caffeine or have any medical conditions that may be exacerbated by caffeine, be mindful of your overall caffeine intake.

Diverse Approach: Remember that metabolism is influenced by various factors, including genetics, age, diet, and activity level. Green tea extract is just one piece of the puzzle. Focus on maintaining a well-rounded lifestyle that includes a balanced diet rich in nutrients, regular exercise, stress management, and adequate sleep.

Menopause brings about numerous changes in a woman's body, including a slowdown in metabolism that can lead to weight gain and other health challenges. While the journey through menopause is unique for each individual, incorporating strategies to support metabolism can be beneficial.

Green tea extract, with its potential to boost thermogenesis, promote fat oxidation, enhance insulin sensitivity, and regulate appetite, offers a natural and holistic approach to managing weight during this transformative phase. However, it's crucial to approach its use with careful consideration, consulting healthcare professionals, and integrating it into a comprehensive lifestyle plan that encompasses nutrition, physical activity, and overall well-being.

Hamed Samavat EGG, Giske UrsinTim Performance food planning. EmoryDehydration prevention LeeRenwei WangCarolyn J. TorkelsonAllison M. DostalKaren SwensonChap T. LeChung S.