Find farmingg Canadian Oat Products at on of our Stress management techniques for mindfulness of sale. Insect identification, scouting Sushainable, economic sustwinable. Despite a limited number of Canadian producers and a higher Essence of Fresh Oranges of difficulty, suatainable team has chosen to use organic oats harvested locally because they are better for you and better for the planet. The best N rate used varied by variety and year. Underseeding legumes with oat is a good way to incorporate green manure into an organic rotation. Where Are Oats Cultivated? Manitoba Management Plus Program by Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation Seeding Oats Treatments There are a limited number of seed treatments available.

Oats and sustainable farming -

I had squandered an opportunity to improve the soil as well as deal with weed seeds. In February or March here, with a last frost date of April 30, six weeks is just enough time here to make enough growth to out-compete the weeds and add to the organic matter in the soil.

Examples of crops in our gardens that occupy beds too late for us to sow winter cover crops include late cabbages, the last lettuce, leeks and fall Asian greens. Examples of late spring crops the next year include eggplants, peppers, tomatoes, edamame and chard.

In some cases, we might even have no food crop planned until August or the beginning of September. Six—ten weeks depending on your climate is long enough in early spring to get worthwhile growth from oats before prepping for the food crop. Once we get to March 31 here, it is too late in the year for oats they will quickly head up after making very little growth and too soon to rely on frost-tender cover crops.

See the section below on Stale Seedbed Technique. I wrote about oats as a winter-killed cover crop in August. Large oat plants will be killed by three nights at 20°F —7°C or by a single plummet to 6°F —14°C.

Oats seedlings die at 17°F —8°C. Consider your likely nighttime low temperatures during the period in question, and how likely your seedlings are to die.

Oat cover crops of a medium size die around 10°F —12°C. If they die after growing to adolescent size, no worries — just till them in before planting your next crop. The minimum soil temperature for germination of oats is 38°F 3°C , and the time required to grow to a worthwhile height in cool weather is 6—10 weeks.

If you are in zone 8 or warmer, oats will not winter-kill, and can be grown in winter too — they may not reliably mow-kill, but are relatively easy to incorporate. Like most cover crops, oats add biomass and nutrients, increase the biological activity of the soil, smother weeds, reduce soil erosion their fibrous roots anchor the soil and absorb and store rainfall.

Oats are easy to establish, are fast-growing and particularly good at shading out germinating weed seeds and at salvaging any nutrients especially nitrogen left from the previous crop and making them available to the following crop. Certainly not enough to be a no-till cover crop for your next food crop.

Oats provide some allelopathic effect producing biochemicals which inhibit the growth of other plants although less than winter rye. Oats are not as good as some other cover crops at breaking up compacted subsoil, although they do loosen the upper layers of topsoil nicely.

Just where you are going to sow. Oats do not add nitrogen, and unlike flowering cover crops, they do not attract beneficial insects assuming they are turned under or mowed before heading up and shedding pollen. We plan ahead and order extra Organic spring oats in summer when making our big cover crop seed order.

Oats will grow in soils with a pH range of 4. They have some tolerance to flooding, but not much to heat or drought although more than rye. If you have less than 8 weeks until you need to plant the food crop, you are better off mowing when you can, or weed whipping, to prevent weeds seeding.

A map of oat production in different countries and the number of articles from the different locations were produced using the map chart feature in Excel. Summary figures and tables of the interventions and management categories identified were produced to summarize and visualize the results.

The number of publications per year, type of pathogen and disease and intervention are visualized in figures, while articles for each climatic zone and disease per country, as well as fungicide control measures, are presented in tables.

As studies within individual articles sometimes included more than one disease type, intervention, and outcome category, individual articles were mapped as separate studies when adequate. The searches in five scientific databases and on Google Scholar resulted in records Fig.

When duplicates were removed, records were included for the screening process, and 51 articles that met the eligibility criteria were included in the systematic map after the screening at the title, abstract and full text levels. In total, records were removed at the title and abstract levels; records were not accessible online or at the SLU library , and records were removed at the full text level.

The reasons for exclusion at full text level were the following: language out of the review scope, experiments not conducted in the field, no relevant outcome, no relevant intervention, no relevant climate, use of nonapproved fungicides, and studies conducted with crops other than oat, and conference abstracts.

In total, 58 eligible articles were included in the systematic map: 51 scientific journal articles, six project reports, and one M. Sc thesis. The articles were published by 40 different journals, organizations, or universities. All journal articles and four reports were written in English, two reports were written in Norwegian and the Master thesis was written in Swedish.

The geographical distribution of the articles included in the systematic map and the number of articles per country are presented in Fig. The majority of the studies were conducted in the Northern Hemisphere, where most of the world's oat production are located [ 4 ].

The majority of studies were conducted in regions with Dfb and Cfb climatic zones Table 4 , which correspond to the main climate of large parts of Canada and Europe. It should be noted that for two articles, the studies were conducted in different countries and in different climatic zones, and in five of the articles, studies were conducted in different climatic zones within one country.

Thus, the total number of studies per location and climatic zone was different from the total number of articles included in the systematic map Table 4. Among the included articles, the earliest was published in , followed by an oscillating temporal distribution of the studies over the following years, ranging from zero to five Fig.

Annual number of published articles included in the systematic map during the selected time period, — The disease-causing organisms were classified according to pathogen type. Viruses and nematodes were studied in ten and three articles, respectively.

Bacteria were only reported in one article. It should be noted that two articles included experiments with two different pathogen types, and 12 articles included two or more diseases.

Pathogen types a and disease names b reported by the articles included in the systematic map. The diseases are presented with both their common name and the scientific name of the disease-causing organism.

In total, 16 different diseases were reported by the articles included in the systematic map Fig. More than half of the studies concentrated on just five diseases: Fusarium head blight Fusarium spp. All of these are considered important oat diseases and cause serious economic losses in oat production worldwide.

However, Fusarium head blight FHB is currently of the greatest concern due to mycotoxin production, which can lead to impairment of quality parameters [ 5 ]. FHB is caused by several Fusarium spp. that differ in prevalence depending on the region and climate [ 18 ].

These pathogens produce mycotoxins that can lead to chronic toxicity when consumed by animals and humans, even when mycotoxins are present at low levels [ 5 ]. For this reason, several countries have already created legislation to limit the level of mycotoxins in cereals for human consumption and animal feed.

EU legislation has defined the allowable prevalence of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol DON , zearalenone ZEN , and fumonisins B1 and B2 [ 19 ] and provides recommendations for monitoring the presence of HT2 and T2 toxins in cereals [ 20 ]. The production of each specific mycotoxin depends on the Fusarium spp.

infecting the plants and the weather conditions [ 5 , 18 ]. Among the FHB studies included in the systematic map, a total of six Fusarium spp.

were analyzed Fig. In seven studies, there was no indication of the target species, and as a result, it was only noted as Fusarium spp. on the map. Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum were the most studied species three studies each , followed by F. langsethiae , F. avenaceum , F.

crookwellense syn. cerealis , and F. FHB studies were conducted in Europe, Canada and Brazil Table 5. In Canada and Brazil, F. graminearum , which is the most common species worldwide, was the only species studied [ 18 ]. In Europe, the most studied species were F.

avenaceum, F. culmorum , and F. langsethiae , and the first two species together with F. graminearum are considered the most common species in Europe [ 18 ]. The best way, both economically and ecologically, to control FHB is an integrated approach based on the use of resistance genotypes [ 21 ].

However, there is little information about FHB resistance in oats because until recently, this disease was considered less important in oats than in wheat and corn. Currently, oat cultivars do not have good resistance to FHB, and the use of healthy seeds and good agronomic practices are recommended [ 22 ].

Increased effort and focus on breeding programs to develop oat cultivars resistant to FHB and mycotoxin production are needed [ 23 ].

Number of studies about the different species of Fusarium causing head blight reported in the articles included in the systematic map. Crown rust P. coronata , the second most studied disease, is the most damaging fungal disease of oat worldwide and may cause substantial yield losses [ 9 ].

Among the articles included in the systematic map, crown rust was mostly studied in the USA and Canada Table 5. BYDV is the most important virus disease affecting oat and is transmitted by the bird cherry oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi , and it was studied mainly in Finland and Sweden.

Leaf blotch P. avenae is a common and devastating oat disease in humid and cool regions of Europe [ 24 ]. Leaf blotches have been studied mainly in Europe and in 13 different countries since two articles focused on varietal reactions to the disease in different European countries.

The three field studies with cereal cyst nematodes CCN Heterodera avenae included in this map were all published in the s data not shown. Research in crop protection is often a needs-driven process, where a problem or question is identified and research is conducted to solve that particular issue.

When effective management practices against a disease e. One such example is BYDV, which was a serious problem in the s, and the disease was successfully managed by the introduction of resistant cultivars and insecticides, limiting the aphid vector and spread of the disease.

No publication was found between and The struggle to protect plants and improve disease management is continuous. Therefore, it is important to retain and update scientific knowledge about all diseases and their control and management strategies, particularly since climate change alters the risk for disease [ 25 ].

In total, 17 different intervention management types to control the diseases were included among the articles in this systematic map Fig. Other types of interventions were mainly related to agricultural management practices. It should be noted that 22 articles involved studies that conducted experiments with more than one intervention type Fig.

Among these, 16 articles analyzed the intervention types in combination, and the remaining six articles only compared the results of different interventions. Studies evaluating cultivar resistance were identified for all diseases, with the exception of seedling blight Table 6.

Number of studies included in the systematic map reporting different types of interventions or management strategies. Fungicide was the most applied pesticide type and was mostly used for foliar diseases, especially for crown rust, leaf blotch, speckled blotch, and stem rust Table 7.

In total, eight different active substances were used among the studies that used fungicide as an intervention. Pyraclostrobin was studied three times for crown rust and once for leaf blotch, speckled blotch, and stem rust control.

Tebuconazole was studied twice for crown rust and once for leaf blotch, spot blotch, and stem rust control. Maneb was used once for BYDV, crown rust, and speckled blotch control. Imazalil was studied once for leaf blotch and loose smut control.

Azoxystrobin and benzothiadiazole were studied once each for crown rust control. Fludioxonil was studied once for seedling blight control, and prothioconazole was studied once for crown rust control.

The combination of different active substances prothioconazole and pyraclostrobin was studied in just one article with the aim of controlling crown rust.

Growth regulators were applied in two studies of FHB control trinexapac-ethyl and chlormequat and in one study for speckled blotch control chlormequat.

Herbicide application was based on glyphosate and applied in one study to indirectly control FHB, in another study to control crown rust and speckled blotch, and in a third study to control leaf blotch and speckled blotch.

Fungicides are commonly used and effective in controlling fungal diseases, but continued use can lead to fungicide resistance and may have a negative environmental impact. In addition, disease control by fungicide application is an added financial cost for farmers [ 10 , 11 ].

For these reasons, studies should be conducted to develop efficient and environmentally friendly alternative approaches to disease control. Studies on fungicide should be conducted with currently or newly approved active substances and with a greater focus on integrated approaches, including good agricultural management practices that can improve the efficacy of the fungicide, decrease the fungicide rate applied, and ensure soil conservation.

In this map, no field studies including biological control agents were identified. Future studies should also be directed toward the application of biological control agents in field experiments to investigate the efficacy of these agents and support nonchemical control strategies.

The use of biological control agents for FHB control is of special interest since effective chemical control is difficult to achieve due to the need for precise fungicide application timing [ 18 ].

Among the agricultural intervention management practices, soil preparation was evaluated in two studies for FHB control minimum-tillage and plowing and in another two studies to control crown rust and speckled blotch and to control leaf blotch and speckled blotch tillage and no-tillage.

In a third study, soil preparation plowing was evaluated to control BYDV, crown rust, and leaf blotch Table 6. Soil amendments were evaluated in four different studies to control BYDV, FHB, speckled blotch nitrogen fertilization , and stem melanosis copper fertilization. Cultivar mixtures were tested in two studies and only for BYVD control.

The inoculum level was evaluated in two different studies to control take-all and seedling blight. The seed rate was included in two different studies to control FHB and foot rot caused by Fusarium spp.

and Microdochium nivale , respectively , and sowing time was tested in one study for FHB control and in another study for leaf blotch, speckled blotch, crown and stem rust control.

Cropping systems conventional or organic systems and integrated crop-livestock systems agropastoral and agrosilvopastoral systems were evaluated in two different studies, and both were used for powdery mildew control.

The use of intercrops was used in one study to control the development of BYDV, crown rust, and leaf blotch. A seed thermal treatment was evaluated in one study for leaf blotch and loose smut control.

Crop rotation, lodging, and time of harvest were each evaluated once in different studies for the control of FHB. The climatic selection criteria limited the geographical distribution of the included studies to regions where the climate corresponds to the current Dfc, Dfb, and Cfb and future predicted Cfa climate in Sweden, according to Köppen—Geiger climate classification zones [ 13 ].

Thus, many studies from countries with oat production Fig. In the development of the systematic map protocol, different search strings were tested to gather the most eligible studies for disease management in the six important field crops in Sweden.

No set of papers for comprehensiveness test was compiled and thus this was not performed. The alternative search string captured two additional eligible articles [ 26 , 27 ], which could have been included in the systematic map. Therefore, future maps should include these words in the search string.

The selection criteria to include studies based on field trials resulted in a limited number of studies with nematodes since experiments with this organism group are normally conducted under controlled environmental conditions due to the difficulties of controlling their spread if applied in field trials, which results in a large environmental risk in terms of conducting field experiments.

As an example, the CCN is a nematode species that causes serious economic damage [ 3 ] to oat production and only three studies were identified as field trials, and all were conducted in the s.

Field experiments to evaluate fungicide efficiency and other agricultural cropping methods are often not officially published or published in reports in national language and are available for public use only on country-specific webpages. Thus, these sources may be difficult to identify and understand from outside the specific country or region where the study is published.

Breeding programs for host resistance are a key method for controlling plant diseases [ 28 ]. However, studies on breeding and prebreeding were not included since advancements in these articles are indirectly implemented in crop production, and new cultivars must also undergo registration before marketing.

All new cultivars are not announced in a scientific journal and thus are not included here. For Sweden and other countries, information about new cultivars is included in plant variety gazettes by country.

We have provided a database with literature from which disease management strategies can be extracted and used in updating plant protection recommendations. The method used in this study has great potential for developing sustainable crop protection strategies and could potentially be used for all types of crop management interventions.

Here, we have focused on one crop and only diseases, while crop protection also includes the management of weed and insect pests.

This systematic map collates and catalogs existing evidence for disease management of oat cultivated in temperate climates. Although relevant field studies for oat disease management exist, the map highlights the low quantity of field research on this topic and the resulting knowledge gaps.

For instance, no oat field studies with biological control agents were found. Host resistance was the intervention management most used in the studies included in the systematic map, and this approach is currently the most applied disease management strategy to control the main oat diseases worldwide [ 3 , 9 ].

Oat breeding programs for disease resistance, however, still face many challenges. The newly resistant cultivars to rust diseases have short lifespans an average of 5 years due to the high evolutionary potential of rust pathogens [ 9 , 10 ], which leads to a constant evolution of new virulent variants.

As a result, continued breeding efforts to develop new cultivars with durable resistance to rust diseases are needed [ 29 ]. Breeding efforts should also be directed toward the development of oat cultivars with high resistance to FHB. In addition, further research should focus on a combined approach with different management strategies effective in controlling disease and, at the same time, causing the least possible environmental impact.

It would be beneficial for all agricultural activities if this type of data would be published in an open access format. The use of scientifically relevant study designs and statistical analysis of field trials are essential.

Research on crop protection is often driven by a needs-driven research process, where stakeholders identify a problem or question that needs to be addressed with a systematic approach.

This systematic map has compiled an evidence base for use by researchers and extension organizations working in plant protection to identify new research topics that are relevant and need to be further studied.

Applied research is often based on the availability of funding for a particular disease, and the number of studies is often linked to the economic importance of a disease.

Therefore, this systematic map can be useful for decision-makers and funding organizations to better prioritize research topics on plant protection that need further research, allowing a more impactful allocation of available resources. The map provides an overview of the available disease protection management options for oat production in Sweden and will be a useful tool for field-based advisors to provide scientific-based plant protection strategies for farmers.

In addition, collaboration among farmers, advisors, and researchers is crucial for knowledge transfer and the development of relevant research questions and scientific insights to be applied in practice. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and in its supplementary files.

Ma B-L, Zheng Z, Ren C. Chapter 6—Oat. In: Sadras VO, Calderini DF, editors. Crop physiology case histories for major crops. Cambridge: Academic Press; Chapter Google Scholar. Murphy JP, Hoffman LA. The origin, history, and production of oat. In: Marshall HG, Sorrells ME, editors.

Oat science and technology. Madison: American Society of Agronomy; Google Scholar. Zwer PK. The reason for that is pretty simple: Corn and soy are more profitable and are subsidized heavily by the government.

So the plant-based milk darling, Oatly, is stepping in to become and create a support system for farms growing other crops and simultaneously creating a local oat supply chain for its production while helping farms become more sustainable.

Oatly partnered with two nonprofits, Practical Farmers of Iowa and the Sustainable Food Lab, and an oat miller in Northern Iowa, Grain Millers, to help farmers add oats and a cover crop into their rotations of corn and soy.

The season, summer to late fall, was the last year in their third-year rotation, finishing the cycle of each crop: oats; cover; corn; and soy. In , 14 farmers sold 1, acres of grain to Grain Millers, about , bushels of oats. A bushel of raw oats is about 32 pounds.

Ten farmers and over 1, acres have already been enrolled in the program for oat harvest. Oatly is supplying grant funding for the farmers to start growing oats and is promising to buy the oats after they are harvested.

This guarantee helps offset the economic pressure to grow corn and soy, which sell for a higher value, up to two to three times as much per bushel compared to oats, according to Kunen. We provide some safety in terms of there being a market, but they can sell the corn and soybean for a higher price.

Another leg of support for the pilot is the free agronomic education from the Practical Farmers of Iowa as the farmers push into the unknown territory of oats.

Fifth-generation Minnesotan farmer Martin Larson praised the nonprofit as a phenomenal resource that helped him get to where he is on oat cultivation today.

Let's do a do-over on this year. This is where bringing in the mill as a partner was critical to making farmers comfortable dipping their toes in a new crop.

Oats are a unique crop when it comes to food production. Making these grades depends a lot on the weather during the growing season.

Sustaiable Foods and fqrming of their pulse and oat farmers are partnering with Field to Market Sustainable seafood in a regenerative Oas sustainability project sustainagle Stress management techniques for mindfulness years and 30, acres. Sodium intake and fluid retention this three-year project, Stress management techniques for mindfulness data is collected sustainzble each Oaats on three fields. Anthocyanins and respiratory health to Oats and sustainable farming Canada adds this data to the Canadian Fieldprint Calculator, where it is compared with baseline metrics of land use efficiency, energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion risk. Then education and innovation objectives are set with the goal to improve the metrics. This benchmark will be based off the first two years of pulse and oat acres, and it will establish a baseline for pea and oat production through Avena. While Field to Market continues to collect and catalogue data, the Avena project is moving into Phase 2, exploring systems and technologies that have the potential to improve soil health. Intercropping and cover crops are two practices Avena is currently researching. a sstainable by Faarming. Oats and sustainable farming 19th, Fargo, Stress management techniques for mindfulness. Get prepared to help your clients grow better darming, more efficiently, ecologically, and profitably. Facilitated by Nate Powell-Palm of OATS. Check out our exciting employment opportunities. OATS, the Organic Agronomy Training Service, is a collaboratively-managed training program for agriculture advisors working with organic or transitioning farmers in the United States.