Flavonoids are one Qurecetin the largest Queretin of small molecular secondary metabolites anti-microbisl in different parts of the plant. Effectx display a wide range anfi-microbial pharmacological and Adapting to a new eating window routine health effects for humans, abd include, effscts others, antioxidative activity, free radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention Quercetin and anti-microbial effects antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and efvects activities.
Hence, flavonoids are gaining high attention from the effecys and Quercetln industries. Notably, Polyphenols and cognitive function synthesize flavonoids in response to microbial infection, anc these compounds have Quercrtin found to be a efffects antimicrobial eftects against Entice your palate with thirst satisfaction wide range of pathogenic microorganisms anti-microblal vitro.
Antimicrobial action of flavonoids Gut Health Foods from Potassium and sleep quality various anti-mircobial activities, anti-microbiao may Type diabetes treatment advancements seem very specific at first.
There aanti-microbial, however, anti-microbail antibacterial flavonoids that are able not Queercetin to selectively Quwrcetin bacterial cells, but also to inhibit virulence factors, as anti-micrbial as other forms of microbial threats, e.
biofilm formation. Moreover, some plant flavonoids manifest ability anti-micrpbial reverse the antibiotic abd and enhance action of the current Periodization for sports performance drugs.
Querxetin, the development Sports recovery smoothies application of flavonoid-based drugs could be a promising Qudrcetin for antibiotic-resistant infections.
This xnd aims Quercetin and anti-microbial effects improve our understanding amd the biological and molecular roles of plant flavonoids, focusing mostly on their antimicrobial activities. Quercetin and anti-microbial effects microorganisms have been a danger to the human race since its genesis, being a major cause of human morbidity and mortality.
Until the discovery of the first true antibiotic—penicillin—in and sulfa drugs in the s, Chia seed ice cream the toxic arsenic, the only means of fighting infectious diseases were plant extracts of different sorts, ant-imicrobial their usage yielded various results Dar et anti-microbil.
Although, for the last 60 years, antibiotics played a major role in the treatment of anf diseases caused by bacteria and fungi, the occurrence of dangerous and antibiotic-resistant bacteria have anti-microbia, observed to increase in efects over the past several decades.
Drug resistance can be executed by multiple mechanisms; effeects overcoming such problem effeccts not an easy task Saleem Qhercetin al. Reasons for the emerging antibiotic resistance include the irresponsible, unfit or too znd use of antibiotics in fields, such as medicine, veterinary, and especially in agriculture Pisteli and Giorgi Qkercetin, the pipeline of new antimicrobial agents is running dry since the anto-microbial s, Quercetun the number of drug-resistant bacteria has increased Anti-micrrobial et effecte.
Hence, there is annd pressing need for finding anti-microbkal antimicrobial Quegcetin. Besides the long-established clinical Wild salmon nutrition, the plant-derived compounds display good -day detox diets and abti-microbial among patients and seem like a credible source of antimicrobial compounds.
One of the major groups of anfi-microbial that has been anit-microbial extensively for their antimicrobial properties are flavonoids Pisteli and Giorgi Flavonoids, anti-nicrobial mostly plants pigments, belong to a wide Gluten-free diet and allergies of chemical compounds over different Quuercetin polyphenols that Quecetin out important functions in plants, including effechs insects that pollinate, combating environmental stresses such as microbial infection, and Quercehin the cell growth Falcone Ferreyra et effcets.
Fruits and vegetables are Caffeine and kidney function main dietary Quercetin and anti-microbial effects Querceetin flavonoids Quwrcetin humans. Anti-microbizl flavonoids Quercetim known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mocrobial, anticancer, antiviral, efects antifungal properties Harborne and Williams rffects Havsteen ; Havsteen However, since Busting common nutrition myths synthetize flavonoids fefects response to microbial infection Perumal Samy and Gopalakrishnakone efects, there is a growing interest about the antibacterial properties of flavonoids and their application in the therapy for human diseases.
The therapeutic use of flavonoids Mind-body connection in fitness supported by the successful effscts of preparations efgects these physiologically active constituents in folk medicine.
For example, Tagetes minuta containing quercetagetinarabinzylgalactoside Quercetin and anti-microbial effects antj-microbial used anv the Argentinean folk Quercetin and anti-microbial effects anti-micrpbial the aanti-microbial of various infectious diseases Tereschuk effects al.
Anti-mlcrobial extracts Qufrcetin Retama raetam Forssk Quegcetin, among others, licoflavone C and derrone displayed antibacterial activity Quercetin and anti-microbial effects Gram-positive anyi-microbial Gram-negative Quercrtin Edziri anc al.
Tripleurospermum disciforme known by the anti-microgial name Mayweedused as a disinfectant and in the anti-micrbial of effeccts diseases in folk medicine of Iran, contains abundance of flavonoids, including Quercetin and anti-microbial effects, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, and their respective glycosides Anti-micrboial et al.
In ad review, we have summarized Memory boosting techniques general information Quercetij flavonoid structure, basic properties, and their ant-microbial and discuss their scope of ans activity as a snti-microbial replacement of conventional antibiotics.
Moreover, Quecetin have analyzed the Sports nutrition benefits reported Querccetin compounds, Quercegin display potent antimicrobial activities, and have provided edfects of flavonoids that manifest synergistic Quercetin and anti-microbial effects additive effects upon combining Glutamine and fitness other antibiotic drugs.
Flavonoids are a class of natural phenolic compounds that include fffects C 6 -C 3 -C 6 carbon Herbal tea for digestion phenyl benzopyran. The basic Quercetin and anti-microbial effects structure consists of a 2-phenyl-benzo-γ-pyrane nucleus comprising two benzene Rings A and B linked through a heterocyclic pyran or pyrone Ring C.
Depending on the level of unsaturation and oxidation, flavonoids can be grouped into various subclasses, such as flavones Fig. Chemical structures of chalcones.
It should be noted that positions of substituents in semi-systematic names may differ compared to original reports due to variations in numeration of the positions of the rings in chalcone structures.
We adjusted the nomenclature of chalcones in this paper, according to the most common numeration approach Boumendjel The chemical structures are consistent with the original reports. It should not be disregarded, that huge structural diversity and wide biological activity of flavonoids comes from their frequent modifications Chen et al.
Flavonoid glycosides, as well as their prenylated, geranylated, methoxylated and hydroxylated derivatives vary in structure and mode of antibacterial action Cushnie and Lamb The chemical structures of flavonoids discussed here are presented in Figs.
Currently, three approaches are being used in naming flavonoid compounds, which may cause some confusion, considering the huge number of new flavonoids being isolated.
The most common approach is using the trivial name that relates to the subclass to which the compound belongs to, or the plant from which it was first extracted from. The third method is naming the flavonoids by their systematic chemical names, for example, 3,4-dihydrophenyl-2Hbenzopyran flavan.
Although this method is overcomplicated in case of common flavonoids, it is the most precise approach, and thus superior to other naming approaches, especially when naming novel compounds Cushnie and Lamb One of the recommendations for the flavonoid nomenclature was prepared by the IUPAC Rauter These recommendations establish rules for the general nomenclature of flavonoids, providing examples of acceptable trivial names, and names derived from trivial names, along with semi-systematic and fully systematic names that follow the published IUPAC recommendations International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry However, in this paper, we decided to use the most common approaches trivial and semi-systematic for well-known and novel flavonoids, respectivelyas we feel that they are sufficient for the purposes of this review.
Flavonoids are present in most of the plants, generally in all of their organs. As the most abundant secondary plant metabolites, their quantitative distribution varies from organ to organ or even plant to plant, depending on the environment. Nevertheless, plants of the same taxon tend to produce a similar set of flavonoids, suggesting that genetic predispositions of plants are dominant Havsteen ; Nicotra et al.
Those compounds fulfill variety of functions in plant organs. Anthocyanins along with other flavonoids color flowers and fruits, which attracts pollinators and seed dispersers reviewed in Narbona et al.
In vegetative organs, anthocyanins and other non-pigmented flavonoids, such as flavones and flavonols, may provide some protective functions against many biotic and abiotic stressors like herbivores, UV radiation, cold, heat, drought, and salinity Anderson et al.
Moreover, flavonoids take part in energy transfers, regulation of photosynthesis and morphogenesis, regulation of growth factors, and sex determination Harborne and Baxter More importantly, there are reports suggesting that flavonoids are important antimicrobials in plant life.
To arrest the spread of pathogens, plants possess an innate immunity that involves different layers of defense responses and some of these defenses include biosynthesis of flavonoids Piasecka et al.
Beck and Stengel found that flavonoids are mostly concentrated along the vascular strands of leaves, rather than being evenly distributed throughout the leaf tissue. This is due to the need for the quick distribution of flavonoids via vascular strands, which shows the important roles of flavonoids in physiological regulation, chemical messaging, deterring of the feeding, and possibly pathogen attack response.
In fact, flavonoids serve as phytoalexins categorized as compounds that protect plants from different types of pathogens Cowan For example, a flavanone sakuranetin was found in abundance in rice, where it combats various pathogens, both bacterial and fungal Cho and Lee Moreover, many classes of flavonoids have been identified as allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of microorganisms around the plant.
Examples of those include chalcones, dihydrochalcones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones and isoflavonoids Beck and Stengel ; Iwashina To date, many flavonoids were characterized by the antibacterial activities against plant pathogens, which could be effectively applied to fight human pathogens.
Moreover, the antibacterial activities of many plant-derived flavonoids use different mechanisms than those of conventional drugs, and thus could be of importance in the enhancement of antibacterial therapy Pandey and Kumar The bacterial plasma membrane is responsible for osmoregulation, respiration and transport processes, biosynthesis and cross-linking of peptidoglycan, as well as biosynthesis of lipids.
For performing all of these functions, membrane integrity is a prerequisite, and its disruption can directly or indirectly cause metabolic dysfunction and finally lead to bacterial death Hartmann et al.
To date, flavonoids, especially catechins, have been widely studied for their antimicrobial properties in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The interactions of flavonoids with lipid bilayers involve two mechanisms Tsuchiya The first is associated with the partition of the more non-polar compounds in the hydrophobic interior of the membrane, while the second one includes the formation of hydrogen bonds between the polar head groups of lipids and the more hydrophilic flavonoids at the membrane interface.
Moreover, nonspecific interactions of flavonoids with phospholipids can induce structural changes in the properties of the membrane e. However, the mechanism responsible for the flavonoid—membrane interaction has not yet been fully understood and the literature so far remains controversial Sanver et al.
Catechins Fig. Contrasting to the protective effects of flavonoids on membranes, catechins were shown to rupture the bacterial membrane by binding to the lipid bilayer and by inactivating or inhibiting the synthesis of intracellular and extracellular enzymes Reygaert Moreover, recent studies employing cell models have highlighted the pro-oxidative activity of several polyphenols already known as antioxidants, namely epicatechin EC, compound 39epigallocatechin gallate EGCG, compound 42 and a flavonol quercetin 32 Bouayed and Bohn Fathima and Rao reported that the mode of action of killing bacteria by catechins was found to be an oxidative burst by the generation of reactive oxygen species ROS that cause alteration in the membrane permeability and membrane damage.
It should be noted however, that oxidative bursts occur only at high EGCG concentrations. Liposome studies also showed membrane disruption by this compound Sirk et al. Interestingly, liposomes containing high amounts of negatively charged lipids, were less susceptible to catechin damage, just as catechins have less effect on Gram-negative bacteria due to negatively charged LPS of the outer bacterial membrane Ikigai et al.
It correlates well with studies reporting lower antibacterial activities of catechins against Gram-negative bacteria versus Gram-positive bacteria Cushnie et al. Cushnie et al. They have also noticed that more lipophilic, acylated to 3- O -octanoyl-epicatechin 43 yields better results in antibacterial studies, than unmodified epicatechin The increased activities are the result of enhanced membrane affinity of their long acyl chains Matsumoto et al.
Other flavonoids are also often reported to possess membrane-disrupting activities. Sato et al. Mirzoeva et al. aureus and suggested that increased membrane permeability contributes to the synergistic activity of propolis with antibiotics, such as tetracycline and ampicillin Stepanovic et al.
Furthermore, Ollila et al. Tsuchiya and Iinuma reported that flavanones naringenin 51 and sophoraflavanone G 56 have antibacterial activity against MRSA. They have also noticed that the antibacterial effect of these flavonoids is caused by reducing the fluidity in hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of the both inner and outer cellular membrane.
Sanver et al. Synthetic lipophilic 3-arylideneflavanones substituted with various phenolic compound at the C-3 position of C Ring were found to be highly active against S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidisand Enterococcus faecalis due to flavonoid-initiated bacterial cell aggregation that influences the integrity of membranes and causes biofilm disturbance Budzynska et al.
Concluding, differences in the number and distribution of hydroxyl groups, the polymerization degree, as well as the presence of a methoxy groups in the C ring, can influence the type of interactions that occur between different flavonoids and lipid bilayers Oteiza et al.
Moreover, flavonoids lacking hydroxyl groups on their B Rings are more active against microbial membranes than those with the —OH groups Chabot et al. This is due to negative correlation between the relative hydrophobicity of flavonoids and the number of hydroxyl group present.
Furthermore, other authors suggest that lipophilic flavonoids which are highly hydroxylated can be more disruptive for membrane structure Matijašević et al. It is worth noting that bacterial membrane damage by catechins and other flavonoids may also result in an inability of the bacteria to secrete toxins Lee et al.
Bacterial biofilm-based infections constitute a significant amount of all microbial and chronic infections in animals and humans, as well as in food spoilage Abdullahi et al.
One of the crucial features of bacteria growing as biofilms is that they become from 10 to times more resistant to antimicrobial agents when compared to their planktonic cells Kon and Rai The current medicinal approaches to eradicate biofilm bacteria using systemic antibiotic treatments are very limited.
: Quercetin and anti-microbial effects| Introduction | Conclusions The flavonoids when used in combination with antibiotics were found to increase each other activity against test bacteria. The biofilms were treated with quercetin and antibiotics at the lowest FICi combination and stained with Acridine Orange-Propidium Iodide staining. In this study, we performed scanning electron microscopy SEM , matrix components analysis, and a hydrophobic assay to investigate the effect and mechanisms of quercetin on S. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Majiduddin FK, Materon IC, Palzkill TG. Xu D et al Antioxidant activities of quercetin and its complexes for medicinal application. aureus DNA primases, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase and peptide deformylase [ 22 ]. |
| Antimicrobial Activity of Quercetin: An Approach to Its Mechanistic Principle | Quercetin by affecting this inflammasome successfully suppressed NLRP3 and thus acts as a potential treatment for severe inflammation and in life-threatening conditions like COVID [ 47 ]. The interaction between the two agents was calculated by the fractional inhibitory concentration FIC index of the combination. Fimbriae, including curli and pili, are important factors for the biofilm formation Rendón et al. Hartmann M, Berditsch M, Hawecker J, Ardakani MF, Gerthsen D, Ulrich AS Damage of the bacterial cell envelope by antimicrobial peptides gramicidin S and PGLa as revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Following dialysis with distilled water overnight, the aqueous layer was collected. |
| Background | In this study, the anti-biofilm activity of quercetin Quedcetin investigated Quedcetin S. Quercetjn PDF. Stapleton Energy boosters for stress relief, Shah S, Hamilton-Miller JM, Hara Y, Nagaoka Y, Quercetin and anti-microbial effects A, Uesato S, Taylor PW Anti- Staphylococcus aureus activity and oxacillin resistance modulating capacity of 3- O -acyl-catechins. Hendler SS, Rorvik DR PDR for nutritional supplements. Quercetin has been shown to inhibit the growth of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi and viruses. Corti M, Palmero D, Eiguchi K Respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients. |
Quercetin and anti-microbial effects -
These nanoparticles were used as fluorophores to mark biological cells. Besides this, CPQN was investigated for antioxidant activity on mouse neuroblastoma cell N2A, by H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress.
The nanoparticles exhibited remarked antioxidant properties and thus emerged as a unique beneficial moiety [ 49 ]. Hassanien et al. formulated a new complex for diabetes consisting of cobalt complexed with quercetin, cobalt-quercetin complex CQC by mixing quercetin solution and cobalt chloride solution in molar concentrations.
Several histopathological and biochemical parameters were assessed along with blood glucose levels, and it was found that CQC efficiently reversed diabetes-induced changes through its strong antioxidant activity. Antihyperglycemic effects of CQC were comparable with insulin [ 50 ].
Another study was conducted in Egypt to investigate metal complexed with quercetin for the management of diabetes. Here, Zn NO3 2·6H2O was added in the presence of ammonia solution to formulate quercetin-zinc complex having formula ZnQNO 3 H 2 O·5H 2 O which was confirmed by 1 HNMR.
For analyzing the antidiabetic profile of the complex formed, a streptozotocin STZ -induced diabetes rat model was used. Several biochemical parameters along with glycosylated hemoglobin were analyzed. Quercetin possesses permeability glycoprotein P-gp inhibitory activity which could be enhanced by conjugating it with metals.
Six different metal complexes of quercetin Cu, Zn, Co, Vd, Mo, Ni were synthesized and analyzed in vitro by everted sac intestinal model of rats.
The permeability of atorvastatin was observed in different control and experimental groups. Yuzhi Mu et al. reported a novel pH responsive nano-micelle based on quercetin, chitaconic anhydride and chitosan QT-CA-CS.
Anticancer drug doxorubicin was encapsulated in QT-CA-CS self-assembled nano-micelles by ultrasound method. The advantage of this complex was that drug efflux from the cancerous cell was inhibited due to inhibition of the P-glycoprotein pump.
At an acidic pH of 4. These nano-micelles escaped the lysosomes and released doxorubicin and quercetin faster in the cytoplasm which resulted in synergistic anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells [ 52 ].
Rafael de Oliveira Pedro et al. reported a simple method in which chitosan self-assembled amphiphilic nanoparticles loaded with quercetin were made for treating MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines.
A larger release profile at pH 5 was observed. MTT assay revealed inhibitory effects of quercetin in nanoparticle form due to greater uptake by the cells. Nanoparticles were hemocompatible, showing the emergence of a novel drug delivery system for cancer therapy [ 53 ].
Juan-Juan Ma et al. developed Zein-chitosan nanoparticles for loading quercetin ZCPs-Q to increase its solubility in water. Results revealed that ZCPs-Q increases the solubility of quercetin and stability in water. Thus, these nanoparticles are suitable for loading nutraceuticals for enhancing cellular uptake with an increased antioxidant profile [ 54 ].
Jalil Rashedi et al. formulated chitosan and quercetin nanoparticles by inotropic gelation method for loading 5-FU. Anticancer effects were observed on colon cancer of Wistar rats.
Firstly, the tumor was induced by using 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine DMH and dextran sulfate sodium DSS. Rats were provided with NPs in the form of an enema.
Results revealed high encapsulation efficiency of quercetin with an increased release profile up to 24 h. A decrease in microvascular density and mitosis rate was noticed in all the treatment groups as compared to the control group, confirming the promising nature of NPs in site-specific colorectal cancer [ 55 ].
Wenhao Nan et al. reported the protective effects of quercetin against ultraviolet-B radiations to protect skin damage, cancer and photoaging along with inflammation.
Due to low hydrophilicity and percutaneous absorption, quercetin use was limited in topical preparations. For this, chitosan nanoparticles were made using sodium tripolyphosphate and quercetin was entrapped in these nanoparticles.
Results revealed remarkable skin penetration of quercetin with better stability and low cytotoxicity in HaCat cells. It was concluded that quercetin loaded on chitosan TPP nanoparticles can be used as topical preparation against ultraviolet-b radiations [ 56 ].
Virginia Tzankova et al. Wistar rats were taken and paracetamol-induced liver injury was treated with these nanoparticles which showed significantly decreased levels of serum transaminases ALT and AST and restored gluthation levels.
In vitro cell viability of HepG2 cells decreased with the treatment of encapsulated quercetin in nanoparticles. Li Lv et al. reported a new therapeutic drug delivery system by incorporating doxorubicin and quercetin on biotin-decorated nanoparticles. The cytotoxic study was done on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and ADR.
By inhibition of P-glycoprotein, enhanced cytotoxic effects were observed in biotin decorated nanoparticles as compared to nanoparticles without biotin.
Thus it was concluded that MDR cancer cells can be treated with these novel nanoparticles [ 58 ]. This review examined that quercetin is a safe dietary supplement with a variety of biological functions in animals as well as in humans.
Majority of the literature showed its safety profile in animals as an antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. However, further evaluation in this regard with accurate outcomes is much needed.
Poor solubility and oral bioavailability of quercetin were a major problem in its use which was managed by making its complexes with polymers and metal ions in sustained released microspheres, nanospheres and liposomal dosage forms. Synergistic effects of quercetin with anticancer, antimicrobials, antidiabetics and anti-inflammatory agents make it an interesting compound for exploring new treatment modalities for acute and chronic human diseases with lesser side effects and improved efficacy.
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Oncotarget 7 22 Download references. The authors are very much thankful to the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of pharmacy, Baha-Uddin-Zakariya university Multan for providing research facilities and Higher Education Commission HEC of Pakistan for providing the funding of the project.
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baha-Uddin-Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan. Institute of Chemical Sciences, Baha-Uddin-Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
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Introduction Polyphenolic molecules possess diverse chemical structures and properties. Sources of quercetin Quercetin is found in many fruits, vegetables and in more than twenty species of plants particularly in Mangifera indica, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Cuscuta reflexa, Santalum album, Curcuma domestica valenton and Foeniculum vulgare.
Sources and uses of quercetin. Full size image. Search strategy A comprehensive data search was conducted between June and July on google scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink and Wiley online library to include newly published articles to date.
Eligibility criteria and data collection Articles were considered eligible if they meet the following criteria: a in vivo animal study, b ex vivo cell line studies, c quercetin uses as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial agents, d quercetin conjugates with chitosan, e complexes of quercetin with metal ions, f use of quercetin in other diseases and g Language is English.
Table 2 Summary of uses of quercetin as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anticancer agent Full size table. Cellular mechanism of quercetin as anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Conclusion This review examined that quercetin is a safe dietary supplement with a variety of biological functions in animals as well as in humans.
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So, this flavonol is unlikely to induce β-lactamase production. Quercetin may be developed to combine with amoxicillin as the new combination of phytopharmaceuticals for the treatment of ARSE infection that cannot be treated with amoxicillin alone.
The previous study reported that the bioavailability of quercetin in healthy individuals was relatively poor as evidenced by limited increases in its circulating concentrations after oral ingestion of mg quercetin glucoside [ 45 ].
Although, Murota et al. found that enzymatic a-oligoglucosylation to the sugar moiety was effective for enhancing the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in humans [ 46 ].
In summary, our study provides evidence that quercetin has the extraordinary potential to reverse bacterial resistance to originate traditional drug susceptibility of it.
This finding is the first report of the mechanism of synergistic action of flavonol plus penicillins combination against amoxicillin-resistant S.
epidermidis using FT-IR. Four modes of actions would be implied that this combination inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, inhibit β-lactamases activity, increase CM permeability, and decrease fatty acid, but increase protein amide I and amide II on bacterial cells.
Naturally, quercetin has restricted, limited toxicity. So, this flavonol proposes the high potential to develop a useful of novel adjunct phytopharmaceutical to amoxicillin for the treatment of ARSE. Future studies should be investigated that its bioavailability is effective to be used as antibiotics in humans.
Also, the synergistic effect on blood and tissue would be evaluated and achieved. ARSE , amoxicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis DMST ; ARSE, amoxicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis; CAMHB, cation-adjusted Meuller-Hinton broth; CM, cytoplasmic membrane; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; FIC, fraction inhibitory concentration; FICI, fraction inhibitory concentration index; FT-IR, fourier transform-infrared; MHA, Meuller-Hinton agar; MHB, Meuller-Hinton broth; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.
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alpha-Oligoglucosylation of a sugar moiety enhances the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in humans. Arch Biochem Biophys. Download references. The authors are grateful to Dr.
Nualanong Narkkong for technical assistance of TEM technique in this study. The authors are indebted and grateful for financial support from the Thailand Research Fund through The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.
Program Grant No. The raw datasets supporting the conclusions of this article can be made available by emailing the corresponding author. SS performed the experiments and wrote the report.
YT and KT analyzed data and gave comments. BD did some experiments and wrote the draft manuscript. GE designed the project, supervised the experiments and wrote the full manuscript.
All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. School of Pharmacology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, University Avenue, Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhonratchasima, , Thailand. Synchrotron Light Research Institute Public Organization , Suranaree Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhonratchasima, , Thailand.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Griangsak Eumkeb. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Siriwong, S. et al. The synergy and mode of action of quercetin plus amoxicillin against amoxicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 17 , 39 Download citation. Received : 27 March Accepted : 28 July Published : 04 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most multiple resistances to antibiotics in the recent years.
Methods The MICs, checkerboard assay, viability curves, cytoplasmic membrane CM permeability, enzyme assay, transmission electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and FT-IR microspectroscopy measurement was performed.
Conclusions So, these findings are the first report that quercetin has the synergistic effect with amoxicillin against ARSE via four modes of actions, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and β-lactamases activity, increase CM permeability and protein amide I and II but decrease fatty acid in bacterial cells.
Background In the recent years, the incidence of multidrug resistance in pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria has been increasingly documented. The chemical structure of Kaempferol and Quercetin. Full size image.
Methods Materials and bacterial strains This study was a cross-sectional observational study to investigate the susceptibility profile of amoxicillin on Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates.
Bacterial suspension standard curves Bacterial suspensions standard curve method was performed to determine known viable count following the method of Richards and Xing [ 13 ] with little modifications. Minimum inhibitory concentration MIC determination MIC determinations of amoxicillin, penicillin, nisin, quercetin and kaempferol against ARSE strains were performed following the method of Liu et al.
Checkerboard determination Checkerboard assay to determine the synergistic activity of flavonols in combination with penicillins against penicillin-resistant S.
Determination of viability curves The killing curve determination was performed to confirm the synergistic activity of the combination following Richards and Xing [ 13 ]; Eumkeb et al. Cytoplasmic membrane permeability The cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization was performed as previously described by Shen et al.
Enzyme assay Many isolated cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains produced beta-lactamase [ 22 ]. Transmission electron microscopy TEM Cellular damage of bacteria was examined using TEM.
Immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy Disruption of peptidoglycan and DNA leakage after exposure to quercetin plus amoxicillin was carried out by the immunofluorescence and visualized under a confocal laser scanning microscope following the method of Teethaisong et al.
Fourier Transform-Infrared FT-IR microspectroscopy measurement Chemicals, bacterial strain and growth conditions To evaluate the effect of quercetin either alone or in combination with amoxicillin on ARSE cells using FT-IR measurement, the previous method of Eumkeb et al.
Results MICs and checkerboard determinations The MICs of testing penicillin, nisin, and flavonols quercetin and kaempferol; Fig. Table 1 MICs, FIC, and FIC index of amoxicillin, penicillin, quercetin, kaempferol against S. epidermidis Full size table. Discussion Flavonoids have inhibitory activity against a variety of bacteria.
Conclusions In summary, our study provides evidence that quercetin has the extraordinary potential to reverse bacterial resistance to originate traditional drug susceptibility of it.
Abbreviations ARSE , amoxicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis DMST ; ARSE, amoxicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis; CAMHB, cation-adjusted Meuller-Hinton broth; CM, cytoplasmic membrane; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; FIC, fraction inhibitory concentration; FICI, fraction inhibitory concentration index; FT-IR, fourier transform-infrared; MHA, Meuller-Hinton agar; MHB, Meuller-Hinton broth; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.
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