Hypertension and family history -
Rev Saude Publica. The appearance of AH depends on the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Effects of Parental Hypertension on Longitudinal Trends in Blood Pressure and Plasma Metabolic Profile. In this respect, predictive risk models can be used to identify those with higher and lower probability of developing early AH and are essential for the prevention of complications in adult life.
Arq Bras Cardiol. High blood pressure in the young: why should we care? Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. Primary prevention has been recommended for individuals with a family history of AH, and consequently, with an increased risk of developing AH.
Children of hypertensive parents, compared with children of normotensive parents, tend to have higher blood pressure to levels compatible with prehypertension. Hipertensão arterial: bases fisiopatológicas e prática clínica.
São Paulo; For this reason, individuals should be screened for family history of AH, since children of hypertensive parents both mother and father have higher odds of becoming hypertensive as compared with children of one hypertensive parent.
Familial aggregation of first degree relatives of children with essential hypertension. Blood Press. Vasc Health Risk Manag. The influence of lifestyle on the health of different populations has been extensively discussed and indicated that risk behaviors in adolescence can lead to numerous diseases, including hypertension.
Comportamento sedentário e consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados entre adolescentes brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar PeNSE , Cad Saude Publica. Prevalência de comportamento sedentário de escolares e fatores associados. Rev Paul Pediatr. An environmental aspect, related to HA in this age group, that has reached major proportions is sedentary lifestyle which, combined with a high-calory diet, may result in obesity, metabolic disorders, and low cardiorespiratory fitness, which are contributing factors to cardiovascular disease.
Aptidão cardiorrespiratória, perfil lipídico e metabólico em adolescentes obesos e não-obesos. Rev Bras Educ Física e Esporte. Anthropometric measures and blood pressure in school children. J Pediatr. Therefore, the importance of an early identification of an increased risk for hypertension has been highlighted by several studies in which anthropometric assessments were performed.
Waist-to-height ratio, body mass index and waist circumference for screening paediatric cardio-metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. Waist Circumference is Associated with Blood Pressure in Children with Normal Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 3, School Children.
However, these studies did not assess the impact of a family history of AH on blood pressure levels, which would involve the assessment of both genetic and environmental factors.
The assessment of physical activity levels through reliable procedures and instruments can be essential for the surveillance and evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention actions aimed at protective effects on blood pressure levels.
Medidas Hipertensivas em Escolares : Risco da Obesidade Central e Efeito Protetor da Atividade Física Moderada-Vigorosa.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify blood pressure levels and the prevalence of AH associated with family history, and their relationship with anthropometric indicators of obesity and physical activity level in schoolchildren. This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of students 11 to 17 years old , selected by convenience, from private elementary and high schools in the city of São José do Pinhais, Paraná, in southern Brazil.
After the consent of the educational institutions, visits were made to the classrooms for presentation of the research objectives to the students and invitation for participation. Data collection was performed by trained employees, under responsibility of one of the investigators.
The proportional stratified sampling procedure was used, so that schools with a larger population contributed more to the sample. The study excluded pregnant girls, individuals with limitations that prevented them from participating in a procedure, and those who did not sign the informed consent form.
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, PUC — PR approval number Sample power was calculated afterwards using the GPower v3.
The t-test statistic was used for analysis of the presence of the family history of hypertension. An effect size of 0. Based on these parameters and the final sample size schoolchildren , we observed a sample power of 0.
Age at peak height velocity PHV was used as an indicator of somatic maturity. Enhancing a somatic maturity prediction model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Anthropometric measurements were collected at school, following the procedures recommended by the Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual.
Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign:Human Kinetics Books. Body mass BM [kg] was evaluated using a Seca Aura digital flat platform scale, with g accuracy and capacity of kg, with the participant wearing light clothing, standing barefoot, feet together on the center of the platform.
For height measurement students were instructed to stand barefoot with their feet together, arms along their body, and head positioned in the Frankfurt Plane looking forward , with their heels, buttocks and shoulders were in contact with the vertical backboard of a portable stadiometer AVANUTRI.
The body mass index BMI was calculated for evaluation of nutritional status, by dividing body mass kg by the square of height m 2.
In addition, the BMI z-score BMI-z was calculated according to the Growth reference data for years 17 17 Onis M de, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishidaa C, Siekmanna J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. using the WHO Anthro Plus® software , version 1.
Waist circumference WC was measured using a flexible and inelastic measuring tape at the nearest 0. The classification of WC was made following the cut- offs proposed by Fernández et. Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents.
Developing waist-to-height ratio cut-offs to define overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr. Blood pressure BP was classified according the percentiles for age, sex and height proposed by the 7th Brazilian Guidelines on Arterial Hypertension 3 3 Malachias M, Souza W, Plavnik FL, Rodrigues C, Brandão A.
and the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents for schoolchildren aged from 1 to 17 years old, of both sexes. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Blood pressure was measured by nurses that voluntarily participated in the investigation, in an isolated classroom, in a silent environment.
The student was asked not to speak during the measurement, to rest for at least five minutes in a calm environment, not to exercise 60 to 90 minutes before the measurement, not to drink alcoholic beverages, coffee, or food and not to smoke on the same day.
At the time of measurement, the students kept their legs uncrossed, feet flat on the floor, back against the chair and relaxed. BP measurements were taken from the right arm, with the palm facing upwards and the elbow slightly flexed; 3 3 Malachias M, Souza W, Plavnik FL, Rodrigues C, Brandão A.
the cuff was placed at the level of the heart. The level of physical activity was assessed according to the World Health Organization , which recommends that schoolchildren aged 5 to 17 years should perform a minimum of 60 minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activities daily, 21 21 World Health Organization.
Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva; with a weekly volume of minutes of moderate to vigorous activities. Statistical analysis was performed using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences , version Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median range interquartile range , while categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage.
Analyses of categorical variables were performed using the chi-square test. Normality of continuous variables was tested using the Shapiro- Wilk test.
The unpaired Student's t-test was used for parametric variables, and the Mann-Whitney test for non-parametric variables. Odds ratio analysis of PFH and NFH was performed for the anthropometric variables and MVPA through binary logistic regression, adjusted for PHV.
A total of volunteer schoolchildren of both sexes, aged 11 to 17 years old mean age After applying the questionnaire on the family history of AH, students mean age Table 1 presents the general characteristics of the sample according to family history PFH or NFH.
Girls with PFH of AH had lower PHV, higher weight, height, WC, BMI, BMI-z, SBP and physical activity level than girls with NFH. Table 2 presents the proportion of individuals with PFH and NFH by sex. Greater proportions of girls with central obesity, overweight, high WHtR and pre-hypertension were observed among those with PFH than NHF.
These differences were not observed among boys. Table 3 shows the distribution of individuals by anthropometric variables, BP, and physical activity level by sex and family history of AH.
There was a higher frequency of hypertension in individuals with central obesity, overweight and high WHtR than those with adequate values. Likewise, hypertensive subjects with central obesity, overweight and high WHtR had higher frequency of elevated SBP, but not DBP.
According to the risk analysis Table 4 , it was found that for the total sample, individuals with a PFH of AH were 2. Girls with PFH had a 4.
The present study evaluated the association between the diagnosis of hypertension in schoolchildren and the presence of hypertension in their parents.
It was observed that one third of the participants had a PFH of AH; girls with a PFH of hypertension were more likely to be overweight, centrally obese, and have increased SBP values than girls with NFH. However, there was no increased risk of AH and high anthropometric indicators in boys with a PFH of AH.
In the present investigation, higher means of SBP were identified among girls with a PFH, which suggests an influence of genetic factors upon these alterations, as found in some studies. Associação de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em adolescentes e seus pais.
Rev Bras Saúde Matern Infant. Essential hypertension vs. secondary hypertension among children. Am J Hypertens.
Indeed, many studies have reported an important association between the presence of high BP and family history of hypertension, and highlighted the need for research to detect the likelihood of their children developing chronic diseases. Childhood Physical, Environmental, and Genetic Predictors of Adult Hypertension.
Blood pressure change and risk of hypertension associated with parental hypertension: The Johns Hopkins precursors study. Arch Intern Med. Several lines of evidence indicate that both genetic and environmental factors are involved in BP elevation in schoolchildren.
Influência do estado nutricional , circunferência da cintura e história familiar de hipertensão sobre a pressão arterial de adolescentes. Rev Ciência Médica. In the present study, although the prevalence of hypertension was not different between children with PFH and NFH of AH, those with altered anthropometric measurements of obesity BMI, WC and WHtR were more likely to be hypertensive — approximately one third of hypertensive students had high WC and WHtR, while more than half were classified as overweight.
This association between obesity anthropometric data and blood pressure elevation was previously reported, 27 27 Manios Y, Karatzi K, Protogerou AD, Moschonis G, Tsirimiagou C, Androutsos O, et al.
Prevalence of childhood hypertension and hypertension phenotypes by weight status and waist circumference: the Healthy Growth Study. Eur J Nutr. underscoring the impact of excess weight and abdominal fat on the etiology of hypertension.
According to Tozo et al. students with high WC and overweight according to BMI children may have, respectively, 6. This last result was similar to the study by Moser et al. which BMI odds ratio of 2. Thus, our results reinforce that both genetic and anthropometric factors are important predictors of AH in schoolchildren.
Several reports with adolescents and adults have shown a relationship between blood pressure and anthropometric information, suggesting obesity as a strong risk factor for the development of hypertension.
Obesity, High Blood Pressure, and Physical Activity Determine Vascular Phenotype in Young Children. In addition, although WC and WHtR measurements cannot discriminate between visceral fat and subcutaneous fat, there is evidence that individuals with increased WC have a higher risk of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome.
Medidas Hipertensivas e excesso de peso em escolares da rede pública de Curitiba - PR. Fisioter em Mov. In the present investigation, it was observed that girls with a family history of AH had higher anthropometric and SBP values, and also practiced more vigorous physical activity. This finding may reflect an engagement in physical activities as a strategy to reduce body weight, in addition to a greater concern on the part of parents for their children to maintain an active lifestyle, given the benefits of physical activity for health.
Besides, unhealthy behaviors such as physical inactivity, and poor diet quality may increase the risk of hypertension. In this sense, the practice of physical activity can contribute to the reduction of BP levels, metabolic risk and obesity.
Association between active commuting and elevated blood pressure in adolescents. Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents. Int J Obes. Our results indicate that about a quarter of hypertensive students met the recommendations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and did not have a history of hypertension.
In fact, previous studies failed to show a direct relationship between AH and the practice of moderate-intensity physical activity. Physical activity, body mass index and blood pressure in primary school pupils attending private schools.
Afr Health Sci. However, physical activity is known to be an important tool in the prevention and treatment of obesity, 30 30 Leite N, Moser DC, Góes SM, Góes SM, Cieslak F, Eisfeld Milano G, et al. and may hence act as an adjunct in the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
In this study, it was observed that in boys, the risk of AH was not different between those with and without a PFH of AH. In this sense, interventions towards an increase in physical activity level could positively contribute with BP levels in this population.
Furthermore, the results of this research show that boys practice more physical activity than girls, reinforcing the protective aspect of this practice, which was also demonstrated in other studies.
Changes in muscular fitness and its association with blood pressure in adolescents. The OR of family history of hypertension was 4.
This result showed that family history of hypertension, diabetes history, drinking behavior and smoking behavior were important factors of hypertension, especially family history and diabetes. It was showed that FH and DM have positive interaction with hypertension. The percentage of the interaction between the pure factors PAP was Because the disorder of glucose metabolism could accelerate the hardening of renal artery and systemic arteriole, increase the peripheral resistance and blood pressure, hyperglycemia can increase blood volume, overload the kidneys, retention of water and sodium, and eventually raise blood pressure.
The increase of blood pressure was related to cardiac output and peripheral resistance. The increase of cardiac output without peripheral change could lead to the rise of blood pressure; the increase of peripheral resistance without the change of cardiac output or blood volume could also lead to the rise of blood pressure, and both changes of diabetic patients led to the rapid rise of blood pressure and serious complications.
Alcohol was one of the risk factors of hypertension 24 , 25 , 26 , Long term small amount of alcohol could increase blood pressure; small amount of alcohol could increase blood pressure, heart rate and heart load of patients with hypertension.
In this study, the result of the logistic regression analysis showed that drinking behavior were risk factor to hypertension, the OR of drinking behavior was 1.
Family history of hypertension and drinking behavior had reverse interaction on hypertension. This might be due to the interference of occasional drinking behavior, small amount of alcohol may have vascular protection.
It needs further study. High salt intake in salt sensitive individuals could lead to elevated blood pressure by affecting water and sodium metabolism, vascular function and sympathetic nervous system 28 , In this study, the result of the logistic regression analysis showed that personal taste were risk factor to hypertension, the OR of personal taste was 1.
Family history of hypertension and drinking behavior had positive interaction on hypertension. Smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and smoking is associated with hypertension 30 , In this study, the result of the logistic regression analysis showed that smoking behavior were risk factor to hypertension, the OR of personal taste was 1.
Family history and smoking behavior had positive interaction on hypertension. Due to space limitation, only the interaction between family history and several common acquired factors were analyzed in this study. In fact, there were also interactions among acquired factors, and the interaction among multiple factors may be even more different.
In short, the individual effect of single factor was strong did not mean that it must be very important role in the outcome of disease, the individual effect of single factor was weak did not mean that it must be very unimportant role in the outcome of disease.
Pay attention to the interaction between factors, and expect more and better research results appear. Family history and diabetes were very important risk factors with significant effect for hypertension.
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Blood Press. Download references. Heartfelt thanks to all doctors, nurses and public health workers in 13 community health service centers in Jiading district in Shanghai for their hard work. Thank for some advice of the experts! This study was funded by Jiading district health and family planning commission research project in Shanghai No: KY Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. The original idea for the project was conceived by A. and Y. participated in the collection of early data, quality control and gave a lot of administrative support.
conceptualized the paper, analyzed data and wrote a first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to subsequent drafts and approved the final manuscript.
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Thank Hypertension and family history for Flaxseeds for diabetes management Hypertension and family history. You are using a browser version with limited Anc for CSS. Hyppertension obtain the best experience, we Hypsrtension you use HHypertension more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. To explore the individual effect and interaction of diabetes and family history and other risk factors on hypertension in Han in Shanghai China. From Hypertension and family history Antioxidant-rich beverages of Thermogenesis and blood flow Health and Preventive Medicine, Northwestern Hypertenion Medical School, Chicago Ms Stamler and Dr Stamlerand the Ciba Pharmaceutical Company, Summit, Hypertensjon Mr Riedlinger, Mr Algera, and Dr Histoyr. Hypertension reduction techniques a nationwide Hypertension and family history program, blood pressure Hpyertension, family parental histories of hypertension, and self-evaluations of weight class were obtained for more than a half million people. Positive family history was associated with hypertension prevalence double that found in persons with negative history and was independent of weight. When overweight was also present, however, hypertension prevalence was three to four times as high. Hypertension was more likely to have been previously diagnosed in screenees if family history was positive. However, such screenees did not have a higher proportion receiving effective treatment than those with negative family history. 
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