Citrus aurantium side effects -
P-synephrine, the main extract from bitter orange, has a similar structure to ephedrine, the main component of the herbal weight loss supplement ephedra 8.
This supplement was banned by the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA because it raised blood pressure, increased heart rate, and caused heart attacks and stroke among some consumers 1 , 3 , 7. In addition, p-synephrine is structurally similar to your flight-or-fight hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which also increase your heart rate 1 , 4.
P-synephrine is also found in other citrus fruits and their juices, such as mandarins and clementines 4 , 7. Like other citrus fruits, bitter orange provides limonene — a compound shown to have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties 10 , 11 , Population studies suggest that limonene may prevent certain cancers, namely colon cancer.
However, more rigorous human research is needed An ongoing study is also exploring the use of limonene as a treatment for COVID However, the results are not yet known. Bear in mind that limonene cannot prevent or cure COVID Another protoalkaloid found in bitter orange is p-octopamine.
However, little to no p-octopamine exists in bitter orange extracts. The leaves of the bitter orange plant are rich in vitamin C , which acts as an antioxidant. Antioxidants are substances that may protect your body from disease by preventing cell damage.
They work by deactivating free radicals, which are unstable compounds that damage your cells, increasing inflammation and your disease risk 15 , Protoalkaloids are plant compounds found in bitter orange that have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties.
They have been shown to be safe for consumption. Many weight loss supplements use bitter orange extracts in combination with other ingredients. However, scientific studies have not thoroughly examined the composition of these supplements to determine which ingredient, if any, supports weight loss.
Notably, p-synephrine has been shown to increase fat breakdown, raise energy expenditure, and mildly suppress appetite , all of which may contribute to reduced weight. Yet, these effects occur at high doses that are discouraged due to the lack of safety information 4 , 8 , Bitter orange and its extracts are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM to treat indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation.
In other regions, the fruit is used to treat anxiety and epilepsy 3. Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder A stimulant is a substance that increases your heart rate and blood pressure 1.
Several sports organizations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA , list synephrine as a stimulant. Furthermore, one study determined that bitter orange juice contains furanocoumarin, a compound that may cause the same medication interactions as grapefruit juice Therefore, people taking decongestants or those who have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma should avoid the juice and fruit of bitter oranges.
Despite numerous studies showing that bitter orange extracts are not stimulants, widespread controversy exists, and the NCAA has listed it as a banned substance. Bitter orange may also interact with certain medications.
Generally, bitter orange extracts in dietary supplements are safe to consume in doses of 50—98 mg per day 1 , One study showed that 40 mg of synephrine combined with mg of caffeine is a safe dose of these combined ingredients 3.
In another study, eating a whole bitter orange containing Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1. Bitter orange is likely safe in doses ranging from The juice of the bitter orange can be used as a marinade to flavor fish and meat.
Bitter orange has several other household uses outside of the kitchen. These include 2 :. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with several household and industrial uses, ranging from food additives to perfumery. You may want to avoid this fruit and its extracts if you have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma.
Likewise, bitter orange supplements are banned for NCAA athletes. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
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This article looks at orange juice and whether…. As a result, they are particularly used when there is low stomach acid but not in heartburn where too much stomach acid could initially exacerbate the situation. These herbs literally taste bitter.
Bitters are generally taken either by mixing 1—3 ml tincture into water and sipping slowly 10—30 minutes before eating, or by making tea, which is also sipped slowly before eating. Very little published research is available on the traditional uses of as a digestive aid and sedative.
The German Commission E has approved the use of bitter orange for loss of appetite and dyspeptic ailments. One test tube study showed bitter orange to potently inhibit rotavirus a cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. Bitter orange, in an herbal combination formula, reportedly normalized stool function and completely eased intestinal pain in 24 people with non-specific colitis and, again in an herbal combination formula, normalized stool function in another 32 people with constipation.
has a history of use as a calming agent and to counteract insomnia. There is no clinical trial data to support its efficacy in this regard. The usual amount of tincture used is 2 to 3 ml at bedtime.
Citrus and citrus extracts have long been used to promote weight loss, and research suggests, in general, they have small positive effects on body weight and waist circumference. Bitter orange Citrus aurantium and its active constituent, synephrine, are sometimes included in weight-loss formulas.
Synephrine has been found to activate a type of nerve receptor that helps regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Studies in healthy adults have noted single doses of bitter orange extract increased fat-burning during exercise in men and women, and energy used during digestion, a major avenue for expending calories, in women, but not men.
Synephrine is a weak stimulant, and is often combined with stronger central nervous system stimulants, particularly caffeine, which may increase calorie-burning. Two clinical trials examining the effect of combination supplements containing bitter orange extract have noted positive effects on weight loss.
However, in a randomized controlled trial using bitter orange alone in subjects with overweight and obesity, no weight loss was attributable to the supplement after six weeks. Reports on the possible blood pressure-raising effect of single doses of bitter orange extract in healthy individuals have been mixed.
An industry-sponsored review of 20 published and unpublished studies with a combined total of approximately subjects concluded taking bitter orange or synephrine, alone or in combination with other ingredients one of which was usually caffeine , for six to twelve weeks has been associated with slight weight loss and has had no substantial adverse effects on heart rate or blood pressure.
Bitter orange is used similarly in a wide variety of traditions. In Mexico and South America the leaf is used as a tonic, as a laxative, as a sedative for insomnia, and to calm frazzled nerves.
Where the patient is weak, the milder, mature fruit is used similarly. Bitter orange has a complex chemical makeup, though it is perhaps most known for the volatile oil in the peel.
The familiar oily residue that appears after peeling citrus fruit, including bitter orange, is this volatile oil. It gives bitter orange its strong odor and flavor, and accounts for many of its medicinal effects.
Besides the volatile oil, the peel contains flavones, the alkaloids synephrine, octopamine, and N-methyltyramine, and carotenoids.
Usually 1 to 2 grams of dried peel is simmered for 10 to 15 minutes in a cup of water; three cups are drunk daily. As a tincture, 2 to 3 ml with a weight-to-volume ratio ranging from to is often recommended for use three times per day.
Decoctions of bitter orange substantially increased blood levels of cyclosporine in pigs, causing toxicity.
Bitter orange might, therefore, interact with drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A. To be on the safe side, bitter orange should not be combined with prescription medications, unless someone is under the care of an experienced natural medicine clinician.
Bitter orange oil may possibly cause light sensitivity photosensitivity , especially in fair-skinned individuals. The oil should not be applied topically and anyone who uses it internally should avoid bright light, including tanning booths.
Internal use of the volatile oil of bitter orange is also potentially unsafe and should not be undertaken without expert guidance. Large amounts of orange peel have caused intestinal colic, convulsions, and death in children.
One text on Chinese medicine cautions against the use of bitter orange in pregnancy. Martinez M. Las Plantas Medicinales de Mexico. Mexico City: Libreria y Ediciones Botas, Gonzalez-Ferrara MM. Plantas medicinales del noreste de Mexico.
Monterey, Mexico: Grupo Vitro, Bejar E, Bussmann R, Roa C, Sharon D. Herbs of Southern Ecuador: A Field Guide to the Medicinal Plants of Vilcabamba.
Spring Valley, CA: LH Press, Molina GV: Plantas Medicinales en el Pais Vasco. San Sebastian, Spain: Editorial Txertoa, Bensky D, Gamble A, Kaptchuk T.
Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica , rev. Seattle: Eastland Press, Inc. Hernandez L, Munoz RA, Miro G, et al. Use of medicinal plants by ambulatory patients in Puerto Rico.
Am J Hosp Pharm ; Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
Cited Jul Available from URL: www. gov, Hou YC, Hsiu SL, Tsao CW, et al. Acute intoxication of cyclosporine caused by coadministration of decoctions of the fruits of Citrus aurantium and the pericarps of Citrus grandis. Planta Med ; Guo LQ, Taniguchi M, Chen QY, et al. Inhibitory potential of herbal medicines on human cytochrome Pmediated oxidation: Properties of umbelliferous or citrus crude drugs and their relative prescriptions.
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Bitter Orange zhi Caffeine pills for endurance, 枳实 Ciitrus, also known as Immature Orange Fruit arantium, Citrus AurantiumAuranitum Orange or Sour Sidfis Ctirus sour citrus fruit ahrantium is a common main ingredient in Orange Marmalade. Native to East Africa, Water retention control Arabian Auarntium, Syria, and Southeast Asia, Bitter Orange aurabtium DKA symptoms and dehydration of the most tart and pungent citrus fruits in the world. During the Middle Ages, Bitter Orange became a favourite in the Middle East and was highly respected by Arabian physicians. During the 16th Century, it was said that an Italian princess named Anna-Marie de Nerola extracted oil from the flowers of this plant to scent her gloves. Till today, this floral oil is still used in perfumes and essential oils. An invaluable therapeutic herb, Bitter Orange is also applauded for its medicinal usages, which are commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine TCM. Such herbs typically treated Qi Stagnation.
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