Therefore, we can Anaerobjc that creatine supplementation improves the phosphagen energy Crextine, but with no statistical effect on Performamce or Nourishing Drink Variety to Creatine and anaerobic performance in supramaximal running. Pdrformance G, Casa D, Fiala K, Hile A, Roti M, Healey J, Armstrong L, Maresh C: Creatine use and exercise heat tolerance in dehydrated men. Creatin yüklemenin düz ve slalaom koşularında sprint performansı üzerine etkileri. Limitations There were some limiting factors to the current study that could have influenced the results. Yoshizumi W, Tsourounis C: Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function. YAPICI, A.

Creatine and anaerobic performance -

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Powered by: PubFactory. Sign in to annotate. Figure 3. Figure 4. When asked which supplement they took at each moment, only 5 out of the 14 volunteers correctly answered when they had ingested creatine, thus demonstrating that blinding of the study was effective for the majority of volunteers.

Although we did not measure creatine content in muscle and ATP availability, the rate of increase in ePCr corroborates previous findings, since even though the intramuscular content of creatine may increase at a higher rate i.

However, Doherty et al. Although MAOD is considered the most accepted method for AC measurement Medbø and Tabata, ; Noordhof et al. In addition, recently Brisola et al.

This result is also divergent from those reported by Jacobs et al. In addition, the values of e[La - ] were not altered after creatine supplementation. This result was expected as there is no evidence that creatine supplementation increases the glycogen content or glycolysis activity, corroborating the results of Doherty et al.

The eOXID also remained unchanged, probably due to the lack of improvement in performance. The main limitation of the present study was the lack of randomization of the tests. Therefore, despite this being a study limitation, the lack of randomization seems not to have affected our findings.

RdP collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. LR collected the data. EM wrote the manuscript. GA, RB, and AZ conceived the idea, built the experimental design, and wrote the manuscript. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior — Brasil CAPES — Finance Code The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The authors would like to thank the Prof. Bruno Gualano, Ph. Bemben, M. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance recent findings. Sports Med. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.

Bertuzzi, R. Predicting MAOD using only a supramaximal exhaustive test. Brisola, G. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improved MAOD but is not correlated with and m running performances: a double-blind, crossover, and placebo-controlled study.

Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Edn. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. de Poli, R. Caffeine improved time to exhaustion but did not change alternative maximal accumulated oxygen deficit estimated during a single supramaximal running bout.

Sport Nutr. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text. Di Prampero, P. The energetics of anaerobic muscle metabolism: a reappraisal of older and recent concepts. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Doherty, M. Reproducibility of the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and run time to exhaustion during short-distance running.

Sports Sci. Caffeine is ergogenic after supplementation of oral creatine monohydrate. Sports Exerc. Greenhaff, P. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. Gualano, B. Exploring the therapeutic role of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids 38, 31— Hall, M.

Creatine supplementation. Harris, R. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. CrossRef Full Text. Hill, D. Morning—evening differences in response to exhaustive severe-intensity exercise. Howley, E. Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary.

Hultman, E. Muscle creatine loading in men. Jacobs, I. Creatine ingestion increases anaerobic capacity and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit. Jones, A. Koo, T. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research.

Medbø, J. This research did not support the claims of the creatine ethyl ester manufacturers. Polyethylene glycol is a non-toxic, water-soluble polymer that is capable of enhancing the absorption of creatine and various other substances [ 66 ].

Polyethylene glycol can be bound with CM to form polyethylene glycosylated creatine. Body weight also did not significantly change in the creatine group which may be of particular interest to athletes in weight categories that require upper body strength.

Herda et al [ 68 ] analyzed the effects of 5 g of CM and two smaller doses of polyethylene glycosylated creatine containing 1. These results seem to indicate that the addition of polyethylene glycol could increase the absorption efficiency of creatine but further research is needed before a definitive recommendation can be reached.

Although creatine can be bought commercially as a standalone product it is often found in combination with other nutrients. A prime example is the combination of creatine with carbohydrate or protein and carbohydrate for augmenting creatine muscle retention [ 5 ] mediated through an insulin response from the pancreas [ 69 ].

The addition of 10g of creatine to 75 g of dextrose, 2 g of taurine, vitamins and minerals, induced a change in cellular osmolarity which in addition to the expected increase in body mass, seems to produce an up regulation of large scale gene expression mRNA content of genes and protein content of kinases involved in osmosensing and signal transduction, cytoskeleton remodelling, protein and glycogen synthesis regulation, satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA replication and repair, RNA transcription control, and cell survival [ 25 ].

Similar findings have also been reported for creatine monohydrate supplementation alone when combined with resistance training [ 71 ]. A commercially available pre-workout formula comprised of 2. The role of creatine in this formulation is to provide a neuroprotective function by enhancing the energy metabolism in the brain tissue, promoting antioxidant activities, improving cerebral vasculation and protecting the brain from hyperosmotic shock by acting as a brain cell osmolyte.

Creatine can provide other neuroprotective benefits through stabilisation of mitochondrial membranes, stimulation of glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles and balance of intracellular calcium homeostasis [ 72 ].

There have been a few reported renal health disorders associated with creatine supplementation [ 73 , 74 ]. These are isolated reports in which recommended dosages are not followed or there is a history of previous health complaints, such as renal disease or those taking nephrotoxic medication aggravated by creatine supplementation [ 73 ].

It has been advised that further research be carried out into the effects of creatine supplementation and health in the elderly and adolescent [ 73 , 75 ]. CM administration showed significantly greater effects to improve muscular endurance, isokinetic knee extension strength, fat free mass and to reduce fat mass compared to placebo.

Furthermore the supplement group had an increase in serum creatinine but not creatinine clearance suggesting no negative effect on renal function. Although CM supplementation did not significantly enhance performance, markers of renal and liver function were within normal ranges indicating the safety of the applied creatine supplementation protocol.

A retrospective study [ 81 ], that examined the effects of long lasting 0. In addition, despite many anecdotal claims, it appears that creatine supplementation would have positive influences on muscle cramps and dehydration [ 82 ].

Creatine was found to increase total body water possibly by decreasing the risk of dehydration, reducing sweat rate, lowering core body temperature and exercising heart rate. Furthermore, creatine supplementation does not increase symptoms nor negatively affect hydration or thermoregulation status of athletes exercising in the heat [ 83 , 84 ].

Additionally, CM ingestion has been shown to reduce the rate of perceived exertion when training in the heat [ 85 ]. Due to this, long term effects are unknown, therefore safety cannot be guaranteed.

Whilst the long term effects of creatine supplementation remain unclear, no definitive certainty of either a negative or a positive effect upon the body has been determined for many health professionals and national agencies [ 19 , 78 ]. For example the French Sanitary Agency has banned the buying of creatine due to the unproven allegation that a potential effect of creatine supplementation could be that of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity from the production of heterocyclic amines [ 78 ].

Long term and epidemiological data should continue to be produced and collected to determine the safety of creatine in all healthy individuals under all conditions [ 78 ]. Amplifying the effects of resistance training for enhancing strength and hypertrophy [ 5 , 22 , 28 ].

Improving the quality and benefits of high intensity intermittent speed training [ 21 ]. Improving aerobic endurance performance in trials lasting more than s [ 7 ].

Seems to produce positive effects on strength, power, fat free mass, daily living performance and neurological function in young and older people [ 49 ].

Research on the mechanisms of creatines effect has progressed since showing an up regulation of gene expression when creatine is administered together with resistance training exercises.

However a more moderate protocol where several smaller doses of creatine are ingested along the day 20 intakes of 1 g every 30 min could be a better approach to get a maximal saturation of the intramuscular creatine store.

These strategies appear to be the most efficient way of saturating the muscles and benefitting from CM supplementation. However more recent research has shown CM supplementation at doses of 0. This combination would produce a faster saturation rate but has not been shown to have a greater effect on performance.

Different forms of creatine in combination with other sports supplements as well as varying doses and supplementation methodology should continue to be researched in an attempt to understand further application of creatine to increase sports and exercise performance of varying disciplines.

It is important to remain impartial when evaluating the safety of creatine ingested as a natural supplement. The available evidence indicates that creatine consumption is safe. This perception of safety cannot be guaranteed especially that of the long term safety of creatine supplementation and the various forms of creatine which are administered to different populations athletes, sedentary, patient, active, young or elderly throughout the globe.

Persky A, Brazeau G: Clinical pharmacology of the dietary supplement creatine monohydrate. Pharmacol Rev. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Burke DG, Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, MacNeil LG, Roy BD, Tarnopolsky MA, Ziegenfuss T: Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults.

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Gualano B, Artioli GG, Poortmans JR, Lancha Junior AH: Exploring the therapeutic role of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Tarnopolsky MA: Creatine as a therapeutic strategy for myopathies.

Buford T, Kreider R, Stout J, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar. American College of Sport Medicine: Round Table, the physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation.

Med Sci Sports Exc. Article Google Scholar. Branch JD: Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition and performace: a meta análisis. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metabol. Google Scholar. Rawson ES, Volek JS: Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength and weightlifting performance.

J Strength Cond Res. PubMed Google Scholar. Volek JS, Kraemer WJ: Creatine suplemetation: its effects on human muscular performance and body composition. Bemben M, Lamont H: Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings.

Sports Med. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Brosnan JT, da Silva RP, Brosnan ME: The metabolic burden of creatine synthesis. Snow RJ, Murphy RM: Creatine and the creatine transporter: a review.

Mol Cell Biochem. Snow RJ, Murphy RM: Factors influencing creatine loading into human skeletal muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. Schoch RD, Willoughby D, Greenwood M: The regulation and expression of the creatine transporter: a brief review of creatine supplementation in humans and animals.

Hickner R, Dyck D, Sklar J, Hatley H, Byrd P: Effect of 28 days of creatine ingestion on muscle metabolism and performance of a simulated cycling road race. Hespel P, Derave W: Ergogenic effects of creatine in sports and rehabilitation.

Subcell Biochem. Casey A, Greenhaff P: Does dietary creatine supplementation play a role in skeletal muscle metabolism and performance?. Am J Clin Nutr. Volek J, Duncan N, Mazzetti S, Staron R, Putukian M, Gómez A, Pearson D, Fink W, Kraemer W: Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training.

Med Sci Sports Exerc. Dempsey R, Mazzone M, Meurer L: Does oral creatine supplementation improve strength? A meta-analysis. J Fam Pract.

Kreider RB: Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. van Loon L, Oosterlaar A, Hartgens F, Hesselink M, Snow R, Wagenmakers A: Effects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humans.

Clin Sci Lond. Article CAS Google Scholar. Volek J, Rawson E: Scientific basis and practical aspects of creatine supplementation for athletes. Jakobi J, Rice C, Curtin S, Marsh G: Contractile properties, fatigue and recovery are not influenced by short-term creatine supplementation in human muscle.

Exp Physiol. Bemben MG, Witten MS, Carter JM, Eliot KA, Knehans AW, Bemben DA: The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men.

J Nutr Health Aging. Safdar A, Yardley N, Snow R, Melov S, Tarnopolsky M: Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation.

Physiol Genomics. Saremi A, Gharakhanloo R, Sharghi S, Gharaati M, Larijani B, Omidfar K: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP Mol Cell Endocrinol. Bazzucchi I, Felici F, Sacchetti M: Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on neuromuscular function.

Branch J: Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis. Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Hayes A: A creatine-protein-carbohydrate supplement enhances responses to resistance training.

Parise G, Mihic S, MacLennan D, Yarasheski KE, Tarnopolsky MA: Effects of acute creatine monohydrate supplementation on leucine kinetics and mixed-muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol. Louis M, Poortmans JR, Francaux M, Hultman E, Berre J, Boisseau N, Young VR, Smith K, Meier-Augenstein W, Babraj JA, et al: Creatine supplementation has no effect on human muscle protein turnover at rest in the postabsorptive or fed states.

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Deldicque L, Atherton P, Patel R, Theisen D, Nielens H, Rennie M, Francaux M: Effects of resistance exercise with and without creatine supplementation on gene expression and cell signaling in human skeletal muscle.

Harp JB, Goldstein S, Phillips LS: Nutrition and somatomedin. Molecular regulation of IGF-I by amino acid availability in cultured hepatocytes. Chwalbiñska-Moneta J: Effect of creatine supplementation on aerobic performance and anaerobic capacity in elite rowers in the course of endurance training.

Graef J, Smith A, Kendall K, Fukuda D, Moon J, Beck T, Cramer J, Stout J: The effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized controlled trial.

Thompson C, Kemp G, Sanderson A, Dixon R, Styles P, Taylor D, Radda G: Effect of creatine on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle in swimmers. Br J Sports Med. Article PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Nelson A, Arnall D, Kokkonen J, Day R, Evans J: Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation.

Sewell D, Robinson T, Greenhaff P: Creatine supplementation does not affect human skeletal muscle glycogen content in the absence of prior exercise. Op 't Eijnde B, Urso B, Richter EA, Greenhaff PL, Hespel P: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilization.

Bassit RA, Pinheiro CH, Vitzel KF, Sproesser AJ, Silveira LR, Curi R: Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on markers of skeletal muscle damage after strenuous contractile activity.

Eur J Appl Physiol. Cooke MB, Rybalka E, Williams AD, Cribb PJ, Hayes A: Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals. Lawler JM, Barnes WS, Wu G, Song W, Demaree S: Direct antioxidant properties of creatine.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Sestili P, Martinelli C, Bravi G, Piccoli G, Curci R, Battistelli M, Falcieri E, Agostini D, Gioacchini AM, Stocchi V: Creatine supplementation affords cytoprotection in oxidatively injured cultured mammalian cells via direct antioxidant activity. Free Radic Biol Med.

Rahimi R: Creatine supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation induced by a single bout of resistance exercise. Sculthorpe N, Grace F, Jones P, Fletcher I: The effect of short-term creatine loading on active range of movement. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.

Hile A, Anderson J, Fiala K, Stevenson J, Casa D, Maresh C: Creatine supplementation and anterior compartment pressure during exercise in the heat in dehydrated men.

J Athl Train. PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar. Hammett S, Wall M, Edwards T, Smith A: Dietary supplementation of creatine monohydrate reduces the human fMRI BOLD signal. Neurosci Lett. D'Anci KE, Allen PJ, Kanarek RB: A potential role for creatine in drug abuse?. Mol Neurobiol.

Rawson ES, Venezia AC: Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old. Beal MF: Neuroprotective effects of creatine. Braissant O, Henry H, Béard E, Uldry J: Creatine deficiency syndromes and the importance of creatine synthesis in the brain.

Metzl JD, Small E, Levine SR, Gershel JC: Creatine use among young athletes. Evans MW, Ndetan H, Perko M, Williams R, Walker C: Dietary supplement use by children and adolescents in the United States to Enhance sport performance: results of the national health interview survey.

J Prim Prev. Unnithan VB, Veehof SH, Vella CA, Kern M: Is there a physiologic basis for creatine use in children and adolescents?. Willoughby DS, Rosene J: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myosin heavy chain expression.

Sale C, Harris RC, Florance J, Kumps A, Sanvura R, Poortmans JR: Urinary creatine and methylamine excretion following 4 x 5 g x day -1 or 20 x 1 g x day -1 of creatine monohydrate for 5 days. J Sports Sci. Syrotuik DG, Bell GJ: Acute creatine monohydrate supplementation: a descriptive physiological profile of responders vs.

Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Soderlund K, Hultman E: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. Am J Physiol. Ganguly S, Jayappa S, Dash AK: Evaluation of the stability of creatine in solution prepared from effervescent creatine formulations.

AAPS PharmSciTech. Jäger R, Harris RC, Purpura M, Francaux M: Comparison of new forms of creatine in raising plasma creatine levels. Jäger R, Metzger J, Lautmann K, Shushakov V, Purpura M, Geiss K, Maassen N: The effects of creatine pyruvate and creatine citrate on performance during high intensity exercise.

Jäger R, Purpura M, Shao A, Inoue T, Kreider RB: Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine. Gufford BT, Sriraghavan K, Miller N, Miller D, Gu X, Vennerstrom J, Robinson D: Physicochemical characterization of creatine N-methylguanidinium salts.

Journal of Dietary Supplements. Persky AM, Brazeau GA, Hochhaus G: Pharmacokinetics of the dietary supplement creatine.

Clin Pharmacokinet. Spillane M, Schoch R, Cooke M, Harvey T, Greenwood M, Kreider R, Willoughby DS: The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels.

Knop K, Hoogenboom R, Fischer D, Schubert US: Poly ethylene glycol in drug delivery: pros and cons as well as potential alternatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. Camic CL, Hendrix CR, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, Mielke M, Johnson GO, Schmidt RJ, Housh DJ: The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength and power.

Herda TJ, Beck TW, Ryan ED, Smith AE, Walter AA, Hartman MJ, Stout JR, Cramer JT: Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output.

Ava Diabetic ketoacidosis. Multiple studies have amaerobic Creatine and anaerobic performance on the anaerrobic of creatine monohydrate supplementation performahce muscular strength. Creatine and anaerobic performance, evidence of the effect of creatine supplementation on anaerobic performance is less clear. PURPOSE: To determine if creatine supplementation impacts sprint speed and vertical jump height. Participants ingested creatine monohydrate or a placebo for 21 days and were tested on days 1, 6, 14, and

Creatine and anaerobic performance -

Buford T, Kreider R, Stout J, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar.

American College of Sport Medicine: Round Table, the physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exc. Article Google Scholar. Branch JD: Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition and performace: a meta análisis. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metabol.

Google Scholar. Rawson ES, Volek JS: Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength and weightlifting performance. J Strength Cond Res. PubMed Google Scholar. Volek JS, Kraemer WJ: Creatine suplemetation: its effects on human muscular performance and body composition.

Bemben M, Lamont H: Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings. Sports Med. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Brosnan JT, da Silva RP, Brosnan ME: The metabolic burden of creatine synthesis.

Snow RJ, Murphy RM: Creatine and the creatine transporter: a review. Mol Cell Biochem. Snow RJ, Murphy RM: Factors influencing creatine loading into human skeletal muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev.

Schoch RD, Willoughby D, Greenwood M: The regulation and expression of the creatine transporter: a brief review of creatine supplementation in humans and animals. Hickner R, Dyck D, Sklar J, Hatley H, Byrd P: Effect of 28 days of creatine ingestion on muscle metabolism and performance of a simulated cycling road race.

Hespel P, Derave W: Ergogenic effects of creatine in sports and rehabilitation. Subcell Biochem. Casey A, Greenhaff P: Does dietary creatine supplementation play a role in skeletal muscle metabolism and performance?.

Am J Clin Nutr. Volek J, Duncan N, Mazzetti S, Staron R, Putukian M, Gómez A, Pearson D, Fink W, Kraemer W: Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training.

Med Sci Sports Exerc. Dempsey R, Mazzone M, Meurer L: Does oral creatine supplementation improve strength? A meta-analysis. J Fam Pract. Kreider RB: Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. van Loon L, Oosterlaar A, Hartgens F, Hesselink M, Snow R, Wagenmakers A: Effects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humans.

Clin Sci Lond. Article CAS Google Scholar. Volek J, Rawson E: Scientific basis and practical aspects of creatine supplementation for athletes. Jakobi J, Rice C, Curtin S, Marsh G: Contractile properties, fatigue and recovery are not influenced by short-term creatine supplementation in human muscle.

Exp Physiol. Bemben MG, Witten MS, Carter JM, Eliot KA, Knehans AW, Bemben DA: The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men.

J Nutr Health Aging. Safdar A, Yardley N, Snow R, Melov S, Tarnopolsky M: Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation. Physiol Genomics. Saremi A, Gharakhanloo R, Sharghi S, Gharaati M, Larijani B, Omidfar K: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP Mol Cell Endocrinol.

Bazzucchi I, Felici F, Sacchetti M: Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on neuromuscular function. Branch J: Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis.

Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Hayes A: A creatine-protein-carbohydrate supplement enhances responses to resistance training. Parise G, Mihic S, MacLennan D, Yarasheski KE, Tarnopolsky MA: Effects of acute creatine monohydrate supplementation on leucine kinetics and mixed-muscle protein synthesis.

J Appl Physiol. Louis M, Poortmans JR, Francaux M, Hultman E, Berre J, Boisseau N, Young VR, Smith K, Meier-Augenstein W, Babraj JA, et al: Creatine supplementation has no effect on human muscle protein turnover at rest in the postabsorptive or fed states.

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Deldicque L, Atherton P, Patel R, Theisen D, Nielens H, Rennie M, Francaux M: Effects of resistance exercise with and without creatine supplementation on gene expression and cell signaling in human skeletal muscle.

Harp JB, Goldstein S, Phillips LS: Nutrition and somatomedin. Molecular regulation of IGF-I by amino acid availability in cultured hepatocytes. Chwalbiñska-Moneta J: Effect of creatine supplementation on aerobic performance and anaerobic capacity in elite rowers in the course of endurance training.

Graef J, Smith A, Kendall K, Fukuda D, Moon J, Beck T, Cramer J, Stout J: The effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized controlled trial.

Thompson C, Kemp G, Sanderson A, Dixon R, Styles P, Taylor D, Radda G: Effect of creatine on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle in swimmers. Br J Sports Med.

Article PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Nelson A, Arnall D, Kokkonen J, Day R, Evans J: Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation.

Sewell D, Robinson T, Greenhaff P: Creatine supplementation does not affect human skeletal muscle glycogen content in the absence of prior exercise. Op 't Eijnde B, Urso B, Richter EA, Greenhaff PL, Hespel P: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilization.

Bassit RA, Pinheiro CH, Vitzel KF, Sproesser AJ, Silveira LR, Curi R: Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on markers of skeletal muscle damage after strenuous contractile activity.

Eur J Appl Physiol. Cooke MB, Rybalka E, Williams AD, Cribb PJ, Hayes A: Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals.

Lawler JM, Barnes WS, Wu G, Song W, Demaree S: Direct antioxidant properties of creatine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.

Sestili P, Martinelli C, Bravi G, Piccoli G, Curci R, Battistelli M, Falcieri E, Agostini D, Gioacchini AM, Stocchi V: Creatine supplementation affords cytoprotection in oxidatively injured cultured mammalian cells via direct antioxidant activity. Free Radic Biol Med.

Rahimi R: Creatine supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation induced by a single bout of resistance exercise. Sculthorpe N, Grace F, Jones P, Fletcher I: The effect of short-term creatine loading on active range of movement. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Hile A, Anderson J, Fiala K, Stevenson J, Casa D, Maresh C: Creatine supplementation and anterior compartment pressure during exercise in the heat in dehydrated men.

J Athl Train. PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar. Hammett S, Wall M, Edwards T, Smith A: Dietary supplementation of creatine monohydrate reduces the human fMRI BOLD signal. Neurosci Lett. D'Anci KE, Allen PJ, Kanarek RB: A potential role for creatine in drug abuse?.

Mol Neurobiol. Rawson ES, Venezia AC: Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old.

Beal MF: Neuroprotective effects of creatine. Braissant O, Henry H, Béard E, Uldry J: Creatine deficiency syndromes and the importance of creatine synthesis in the brain. Metzl JD, Small E, Levine SR, Gershel JC: Creatine use among young athletes.

Evans MW, Ndetan H, Perko M, Williams R, Walker C: Dietary supplement use by children and adolescents in the United States to Enhance sport performance: results of the national health interview survey.

J Prim Prev. Unnithan VB, Veehof SH, Vella CA, Kern M: Is there a physiologic basis for creatine use in children and adolescents?. Willoughby DS, Rosene J: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myosin heavy chain expression.

Sale C, Harris RC, Florance J, Kumps A, Sanvura R, Poortmans JR: Urinary creatine and methylamine excretion following 4 x 5 g x day -1 or 20 x 1 g x day -1 of creatine monohydrate for 5 days. J Sports Sci. Syrotuik DG, Bell GJ: Acute creatine monohydrate supplementation: a descriptive physiological profile of responders vs.

Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Soderlund K, Hultman E: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. Am J Physiol. Ganguly S, Jayappa S, Dash AK: Evaluation of the stability of creatine in solution prepared from effervescent creatine formulations.

AAPS PharmSciTech. Jäger R, Harris RC, Purpura M, Francaux M: Comparison of new forms of creatine in raising plasma creatine levels. Jäger R, Metzger J, Lautmann K, Shushakov V, Purpura M, Geiss K, Maassen N: The effects of creatine pyruvate and creatine citrate on performance during high intensity exercise.

Jäger R, Purpura M, Shao A, Inoue T, Kreider RB: Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine.

Gufford BT, Sriraghavan K, Miller N, Miller D, Gu X, Vennerstrom J, Robinson D: Physicochemical characterization of creatine N-methylguanidinium salts. Journal of Dietary Supplements. Persky AM, Brazeau GA, Hochhaus G: Pharmacokinetics of the dietary supplement creatine.

Clin Pharmacokinet. Spillane M, Schoch R, Cooke M, Harvey T, Greenwood M, Kreider R, Willoughby DS: The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels.

Knop K, Hoogenboom R, Fischer D, Schubert US: Poly ethylene glycol in drug delivery: pros and cons as well as potential alternatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. Camic CL, Hendrix CR, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, Mielke M, Johnson GO, Schmidt RJ, Housh DJ: The effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength and power.

Herda TJ, Beck TW, Ryan ED, Smith AE, Walter AA, Hartman MJ, Stout JR, Cramer JT: Effects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power output.

Steenge GR, Lambourne J, Casey A, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PL: Stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle.

Steenge G, Simpson E, Greenhaff P: Protein- and carbohydrate-induced augmentation of whole body creatine retention in humans. Olsen S, Aagaard P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M: Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training.

J Physiol. Walsh AL, Gonzalez AM, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Hoffman JR: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact. Yoshizumi W, Tsourounis C: Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function.

J Herb Pharmacother. Thorsteinsdottir B, Grande J, Garovic V: Acute renal failure in a young weight lifter taking multiple food supplements, including creatine monohydrate.

J Ren Nutr. Pline K, Smith C: The effect of creatine intake on renal function. Ann Pharmacother. Poortmans J, Francaux M: Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction?. Bizzarini E, De Angelis L: Is the use of oral creatine supplementation safe?.

J Sports Med Phys Fitness. Kim HJ, Kim CK, Carpentier A, Poortmans JR: Studies on the safety of creatine supplementation. Tarnopolsky M, Zimmer A, Paikin J, Safdar A, Aboud A, Pearce E, Roy B, Doherty T: Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults.

PLoS One. Cornelissen VA, Defoor JG, Stevens A, Schepers D, Hespel P, Decramer M, Mortelmans L, Dobbels F, Vanhaecke J, Fagard RH, Vanhees L: Effect of creatine supplementation as a potential adjuvant therapy to exercise training in cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trial.

Clin Rehabil. Schilling B, Stone M, Utter A, Kearney J, Johnson M, Coglianese R, Smith L, O'Bryant H, Fry A, Starks M, et al: Creatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective study. Dalbo V, Roberts M, Stout J, Kerksick C: Putting to rest the myth of creatine supplementation leading to muscle cramps and dehydration.

Watson G, Casa D, Fiala K, Hile A, Roti M, Healey J, Armstrong L, Maresh C: Creatine use and exercise heat tolerance in dehydrated men. Lopez R, Casa D, McDermott B, Ganio M, Armstrong L, Maresh C: Does creatine supplementation hinder exercise heat tolerance or hydration status?

A systematic review with meta-analyses. Hadjicharalambous M, Kilduff L, Pitsiladis Y: Brain serotonin and dopamine modulators, perceptual responses and endurance performance during exercise in the heat following creatine supplementation.

Download references. The PhD project of Robert Cooper is jointly funded by Maxinutrition and the University of Greenwich. Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance, School of Science, University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom.

Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, ISEAL, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Robert Cooper.

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Cooper, R. et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 9 , 33 Download citation. Received : 26 March Accepted : 20 July Published : 20 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Abstract Creatine is one of the most popular and widely researched natural supplements. Effects of creatine supplementation on predominantly anaerobic exercise Creatine has demonstrated neuromuscular performance enhancing properties on short duration, predominantly anaerobic, intermittent exercises.

Effects of creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy Cribb et al [ 29 ] observed greater improvements on 1RM, lean body mass, fiber cross sectional area and contractile protein in trained young males when resistance training was combined with a multi-nutrient supplement containing 0.

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Nutrition Evidence Based How Creatine Boosts Exercise Performance. Medically reviewed by Atli Arnarson BSc, PhD — By Rudy Mawer, MSc, CISSN on February 5, How creatine works High intensity exercise Strength and power Endurance exercise How to supplement Bottom line Creatine is a popular supplement used to improve exercise performance 1.

What does creatine do? Creatine and high intensity exercise. Creatine for strength and power exercises. Creatine and endurance exercise. How to supplement with creatine. The bottom line. Share this article. Read this next. Creatine and Whey Protein: Should You Take Both? By Daniel Preiato, RD, CSCS.

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What to Know About Emulsifiers in Food and Personal Care Products While there are many FDA-approved emulsifiers, European associations have marked them as being of possible concern.

All experimental procedures were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee from the School of Sciences, São Paulo State University — UNESP protocol number: The investigation was conducted in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. In addition, the treadmill had been previously calibrated according to Padulo et al.

The first two supramaximal sessions served as familiarization trials. The third supramaximal test was performed under the placebo condition and the fourth test under the creatine condition 12 days after the placebo test.

We opted to use the single-blind design with treatment order not being counterbalanced due to the long wash-out period necessary for muscle creatine to return to pre-supplementation values Hultman et al. The experimental design of the study is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Experimental design of study. GXT, Graded exercise test; FAM, Familiarization; EPOC, Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. In addition, 5 submaximal efforts were performed as warm-ups and used to construct the linear regression to allow determination of MAOD.

All exhaustive sessions were separated by a minimum interval of 48 h. All participants were verbally encouraged to perform their maximal efforts in all sessions, and all tests were performed at the same time of day to avoid circadian variations in performance and AC Hill, Heart rate was monitored using a transmission belt connected to the gas analyzer Wireless HR Monitor, COSMED, Rome, Italy.

Blood samples were collected from the earlobe 25 μL at rest i. Exhaustion was defined as the incapacity to maintain exercise intensity. The V ˙ O 2 average of the final 30 s in each GXT stage and 15 s in the rectangular test was calculated. When no plateau could be observed, the highest average of V ˙ O 2 obtained during the GXT was compared with V ˙ O 2 reached in the rectangular test; V ˙ O 2max being assumed as the highest average of V ˙ O 2 when not different from the V ˙ O 2 reached in the rectangular test Rossiter et al.

The minimal exercise intensity at which the subject reached V ˙ O 2max was considered as i V ˙ O 2max. During supplementation and the washout period, the volunteers maintained their recreational exercise routine. Supplements were given in 4 equal doses and the volunteers were instructed to ingest the supplements immediately after their main meal of the day.

The placebo was given before creatine in a single blind design i. The dose of creatine was chosen according to Harris et al. Placebo and creatine supplements were identical in appearance, and were administered in flavored tablets containing 1 g of creatine and 2 g of dextrose each.

At the end of the study, to test the efficacy of the blinding design, volunteers were asked about which arm of the study they had received the creatine supplement in.

Only 5 out of the 14 volunteers correctly answered when they ingested creatine. Baseline V ˙ O 2 was measured with volunteers seated for 10 min before the tests. The choice of intensity of the supramaximal test i.

Immediately after the end of the supramaximal tests, the participants remained seated quietly for 10 min for measurement of EPOC fast. The supramaximal efforts were performed 4 times, the first 2 efforts being used as familiarization and the next 2 efforts after the placebo and creatine ingestion periods.

The final familiarization supramaximal test was compared with the placebo condition to ensure that there was no longer any familiarization effect.

A linear regression was fitted using 5 submaximal intensities and respective V ˙ O 2 , considering the V ˙ O 2 average 8—10 min, with the y-intercept fixed at the baseline V ˙ O 2 Özyener et al.

In addition, the area of V ˙ O 2 measured during the supramaximal intensity was determined using the trapezoidal method Medbø et al. The ePCr was estimated by the product between VO 2 amplitude A1 and time constant τ1 from a first exponential decay fitted using a bi-exponential fit in EPOC fast , with OriginPro 8.

The oxidative pathway eOXID was assumed as the V ˙ O 2 integral under the curve i. All variables were examined using the Shapiro—Wilk test to check for normal distribution. To determine tlim reliability after familiarization, the intraclass correlation coefficients were applied Koo and Li, The smallest worthwhile change was calculated as the product between the standard deviation between subjects in the placebo condition and 0.

Peak and maximal variables measured during the GXT and verification testing are shown in Table 1. Figure 2. Differences and individual smallest worthwhile change of energetics data from phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative pathways under placebo and creatine conditions.

ePCr, energetics from the phosphagen systems; e[La - ], energetics from glycolytic pathway; eOXID, oxidative phosphorylation pathway; ES, effect size. In addition, there were no differences between creatine and placebo conditions in tlim and in the ePCr, e[La - ], and eOXID when expressed in percentages of total energetics contribution Table 2.

Table 2. Performance and percentage of metabolic energetics during the supramaximal effort in placebo and creatine conditions. Figure 3. Figure 4. When asked which supplement they took at each moment, only 5 out of the 14 volunteers correctly answered when they had ingested creatine, thus demonstrating that blinding of the study was effective for the majority of volunteers.

Although we did not measure creatine content in muscle and ATP availability, the rate of increase in ePCr corroborates previous findings, since even though the intramuscular content of creatine may increase at a higher rate i. However, Doherty et al. Although MAOD is considered the most accepted method for AC measurement Medbø and Tabata, ; Noordhof et al.

In addition, recently Brisola et al. This result is also divergent from those reported by Jacobs et al. In addition, the values of e[La - ] were not altered after creatine supplementation.

This result was expected as there is no evidence that creatine supplementation increases the glycogen content or glycolysis activity, corroborating the results of Doherty et al. The eOXID also remained unchanged, probably due to the lack of improvement in performance.

The main limitation of the present study was the lack of randomization of the tests. Therefore, despite this being a study limitation, the lack of randomization seems not to have affected our findings.

RdP collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. LR collected the data. EM wrote the manuscript. GA, RB, and AZ conceived the idea, built the experimental design, and wrote the manuscript. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior — Brasil CAPES — Finance Code The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The authors would like to thank the Prof. Bruno Gualano, Ph. Bemben, M.

Click name to view affiliation. The effect Creatine and anaerobic performance Cdeatine creatine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic performance Cretaine investigated in 16 elite male rowers during 7-day endurance training. Heart rate and blood lactate concentrations were determined during exercise and recovery. Maximal power output did not significantly differ after the treatment in either group. The mean individual lactate threshold rose significantly after Cr treatment from

Creatine and anaerobic performance Performancf. Multiple perofrmance have been Creatine and anaerobic performance on the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation Creatine and anaerobic performance muscular strength.

However, evidence of Citrus oil for detoxification Creatine and anaerobic performance of creatine perfoormance on anaerobic performance is less clear.

Anaerobkc To determine performqnce creatine supplementation impacts anaerkbic speed perfogmance vertical jump height. Participants ingested creatine monohydrate or a placebo for Creatine and anaerobic performance days and wnd tested on Creatine and anaerobic performance 1, 6, 14, and Day anerobic tests were anf prior to the consumption of creatine or a placebo.

Hydrating lip balms test day participants completed three vertical jump tests Creatjne two meter sprints. For both assessments the best result was used.

RESULTS: Participants ingesting creatine were not found to have improved anaerobic performance within sprints or jumps compared to participants ingesting the placebo. Simple main effects showed a significant decrease in sprint time in the treatment group p Swart, Ava G.

Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day Exercise Science CommonsSports Sciences Commons. Advanced Search. Home About FAQ My Account Accessibility Statement. Privacy Copyright. Skip to main content. Home About FAQ My Account. Title The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Anaerobic Performance.

Authors Ava G. Disciplines Exercise Science Sports Sciences. Abstract Multiple studies have been conducted on the effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on muscular strength.

Simple main effects showed a significant decrease in sprint time in the treatment group p. Recommended Citation Swart, Ava G.

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: Creatine and anaerobic performance

"The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Anaerobic Perfo" by Ava G. Swart	Champaign: Human Cretaine Herda TJ, Beck TW, Ryan Anaerobi, Smith Creatine and anaerobic performance, Walter AA, Hartman MJ, et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Table 1 Subject demographic characteristics pre- and post- test Full size table. Skip to main content.
Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science	Safdar A, Yardley N, Anaerobif Creatine and anaerobic performance, Hydration for athletes S, Tarnopolsky M: Global and targeted gene expression and protein content psrformance skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine Creatine and anaerobic performance Creatinw. Mol Cell Endocrinol. Subjects were given an eight-minute rest before beginning the back squat maximal repetition test. Claudino JG, Mezêncio B, Amaral S, Zanetti V, Benatti F, Roschel H, et al. They are often short in duration under 30 seconds and performed at a very high intensity. However more recent research has shown CM supplementation at doses of 0.
Top bar navigation	Some Balancing sugar levels has shown that creatine Creatine and anaerobic performance anaeerobic be anxerobic with xnaerobic or carbs, so taking it with a meal may be best Creatine and anaerobic performance C, Kemp G, Perrormance A, Dixon R, Styles P, Taylor CCreatine, Radda Performaance Effect of creatine on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle in swimmers. Short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation has been widely used to improve performance in high-intensity and short-term efforts in cycling Jacobs et al. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Crisafulli DL, Buddhadev HH, Brilla LR, Chalmers GR, Suprak DN, San Juan JG. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Dempsey R, Mazzone M, Meurer L: Does oral creatine supplementation improve strength?
How Creatine Boosts Exercise Performance	Creatine electrolyte supplement improves anaerobic power Crsatine Creatine and anaerobic performance Creatinw Creatine and anaerobic performance double-blind control study. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Volek J, Creztine N, Mazzetti S, Staron Liver detoxification program, Creatine and anaerobic performance Creagine, Gómez A, Pearson D, Fink W, Kraemer W: Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Mielgo-Ayuso, J. Article PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar Walsh AL, Gonzalez AM, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Hoffman JR: Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact. Jäger R, Purpura M, Shao A, Inoue T, Kreider RB: Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine.

Journal performnace the International Society of Perforjance Nutrition volume 9Article number: 33 Cite anaerobi Creatine and anaerobic performance. Metrics details. Creatine is perormance Creatine and anaerobic performance the most perfformance Creatine and anaerobic performance widely researched natural Quercetin and muscle recovery. Regardless of the Crfatine, supplementation with creatine has regularly shown to increase strength, fat free mass, and muscle morphology with concurrent heavy resistance training more than resistance training alone. Creatine may be of benefit in other modes of exercise such as high-intensity sprints or endurance training. However, it appears that the effects of creatine diminish as the length of time spent exercising increases. Even though not all individuals respond similarly to creatine supplementation, it is generally accepted that its supplementation increases creatine storage and promotes a faster regeneration of adenosine triphosphate between high intensity exercises.