Respiratory health and pollution -
Find out how to protect your health and improve air quality when state and federal environmental agencies forecast unhealthy air quality. Skip to content. More than million Americans live in communities with unhealthy levels of air pollution.
What is Air Pollution? Two common types of air pollutants that can reach unhealthy levels and affect lung health: Ground level ozone smog, commonly referred to as smog, is formed by a chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds VOCs and nitrogen oxides NOx in the presence of sunlight.
How Does Air Pollution Affect the Lungs? Air pollution is a danger to lung health, particularly for: Babies and children, whose normal breathing is faster than older children and adults; The elderly, who may have higher respiratory rates; People who work or spend time outdoors; and People with heart or lung disease.
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Though the induced effects may be insignificant, frequent exacerbation of symptoms and lung function impairment may accelerate COPD progression.
Time-series studies appear to show evidence of an association between acute exposures i. Prior to discussing the relationship between particle exposure and lung cancer, it is important to note the evolving scientific evidence.
In the context of EPA, the evaluation of scientific evidence for cancer and other health effects for particle pollution occurs in an Integrated Science Assessment ISA Integrated Science Assessment ISA Reports that represent concise evaluations and syntheses of the most policy-relevant science for reviewing the National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS.
All Integrated Science Assessments are vetted through a rigorous peer review process, including review by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee as well as the public. See www. as part of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAAQS The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment.
The EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six criteria pollutants: sulfur dioxide S02 , particulates PM2. Periodically, the standards are reviewed and may be revised.
review process. The ISA the most recent ISA for particle pollution describes that epidemiologic studies generally demonstrated consistent positive associations between fine particle exposure and lung cancer mortality, but studies generally did not report associations between fine particles and lung cancer incidence Pope et al.
Evidence from toxicological studies indicated that various combustion-related sources e. More recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC conducted an evaluation on the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution, including particle pollution, and concluded that both are Group I agents carcinogenic to humans.
This IARC review focused on all routes of exposure and included an evaluation of individual components of particle pollution that are known human carcinogens.
Since , there has been a dramatic increase in the number of epidemiologic studies that have examined chronic particle pollution exposures and both lung cancer incidence and mortality.
Many of these studies are summarized in a meta-analysis by Hamra et al. As part of the upcoming review of decisions to retain or revise the NAAQS for particle pollution, the EPA recently began an evaluation of evidence for cancer and other health effects resulting from particle pollution exposures that has been published since completion of the ISA.
Information pertaining to publicly available drafts of EPA evaluations of the scientific evidence for particle pollution and lung cancer and other health effects can be found at EPA's Integrated Science Assessments website. PREVIOUS NEXT. Skip to main content. Particle Pollution and Your Patients' Health.
Contact Us. Particle Pollution and Respiratory Effects. On this page: Why is particle pollution a respiratory health concern? How does particle pollution affect the respiratory system?
What are the respiratory effects of acute exposure? What are the respiratory effects of chronic exposure? How does particle pollution affect people with asthma? What are the health disparities for asthma?
How does particle pollution affect people with COPD? What is the role of fine particles in lung cancer incidence and mortality? Why is particle pollution a respiratory health concern? Studies have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of respiratory health effects, including: Respiratory symptoms including cough, phlegm, and wheeze.
Acute, reversible decrement in pulmonary function. Inflammation of the airways and lung this is acute and neutrophilic. Bronchial hyperreactivity. Acute phase reaction. Respiratory infections. Respiratory emergency department visits. Respiratory hospitalizations.
Decreased lung function growth in children. Chronic loss of pulmonary function in adults. Asthma development. cities and found a causal relationship with exposure to PM 2. Particle pollution also has many other harmful effects, ranging from decreased lung function to heart attacks. Extensive research has linked short-term increases in particle pollution to:.
Decades of research have firmly established that breathing particle pollution day in and day out can also be deadly. Across numerous seminal studies that looked at different groups of people living in different parts of the country, the results consistently showed a clear relationship between long-term exposure to particulate matter and mortality.
Recent research using publicly available data on a cohort of more than million adults in the U. reconfirmed that long-term exposure to PM 2.
The increased risk was primarily associated with death from cardiovascular and respiratory causes, including heart disease, stroke, influenza and pneumonia. Researchers also found a similar association between exposure to fine particle pollution and an increased risk of death from lung cancer among never-smokers.
Research has also linked year-round exposure to particle pollution to a wide array of serious health effects at every stage of life, from conception through old age.
Among pregnant people, fetuses and children, long-term particle pollution exposure is linked to:. The good news is, cleaning up particle pollution makes a difference. Research has shown a consistent relationship between decreasing PM 2.
Anyone who lives where particle pollution levels are high is at risk. Some people face greater risk, however, based on their underlying health and other characteristics.
Ozone air pollution, sometimes known as smog, is one of the most widespread pollutants in the United States. It is also one of the most dangerous. Scientists have studied the effects of ozone on human health for decades. Hundreds of studies have confirmed that ozone harms people at levels currently found in many parts of the United States.
Ozone is a gas composed of molecules with three oxygen atoms. The oxygen we need for life is made up of molecules with two oxygen atoms. NOx and VOCs are produced primarily when fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel, oil, natural gas or coal are burned or when solvents and some other chemicals evaporate.
NOx is emitted from power plants, motor vehicles and other sources of high-heat combustion. VOCs are emitted from motor vehicles, oil and gas operations, chemical plants, refineries, factories, gas stations, paint, consumer products and other sources. If these ingredients are present under the right conditions, they react to form ozone.
Sunlight is key, with higher temperatures increasing ozone production. Because the reactions take place in the atmosphere, ozone often shows up downwind of the sources of the original emissions, sometimes many miles from where it formed.
Ozone air pollution is sometimes called ground-level ozone, to distinguish it from the much higher-altitude stratospheric ozone layer that protects the Earth from damaging ultraviolet rays from the sun. Ozone gas is a powerful lung irritant.
When it is inhaled into the lungs, it reacts with the delicate lining of the airways, causing inflammation and other damage that can impact multiple body systems. Ozone exposure can also shorten lives.
Ozone has a serious effect on the respiratory system, both in the short term and over the course of years of exposure. When ozone levels are high, many people experience breathing problems such as chest tightness, coughing and shortness of breath, often within hours of exposure.
Even healthy young adults may experience respiratory symptoms and decreased lung function. These include:. The damage ozone does to the body can be deadly. Recent research has affirmed earlier findings that short-term exposure to ozone, even at levels below the current standard, likely increases the risk of premature death, particularly for older adults.
Anyone who spends time outdoors where ozone pollution levels are high may be at risk. Some people face a higher-than-average risk, however, because of their underlying health and other characteristics. Both ozone and particle pollution can impact the functioning of the immune system and increase susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Air pollution also increases the risk of chronic lung and cardiovascular diseases that put people at higher risk of poor outcomes from COVID It should come as no surprise then, that since the pandemic began, a growing body of research has found an association between exposure to air pollution and an increased risk of severe illness and death from COVID Short-term exposure to both ozone and PM 2.
The health burden of air pollution is not evenly shared. Some people are more at risk of illness and death from air pollution than others. These risk factors are not mutually exclusive and often interact in ways that lead to significant health inequities among subgroups of the population. Taken all together, these high risk categories account for a large proportion of the U.
Research has shown that people of color are more likely to be exposed to air pollution and more likely to suffer harm to their health from air pollution than white people.
Much of this inequity can be traced to the long history of systemic racism in the United States. Over the years, decision-makers have found it easier to place sources of pollution, such as power plants, industrial facilities, landfills and highways, in economically disadvantaged communities of color than in more affluent, predominantly white neighborhoods.
The resulting disproportionate exposure to air pollution has contributed to high rates of emergency department visits for asthma and other diseases. People of color are also more likely than white people to be living with one or more chronic conditions that make them more susceptible to the health impact of air pollution, including asthma, diabetes and heart disease.
There is evidence that having low income or living in lower income areas puts people at increased risk from air pollution, although the correlation is not as strong as with race and ethnicity. Children are both more susceptible to harm from air pollution and more likely to be exposed than adults.
Long-term exposure to particle pollution during pregnancy and early childhood has been linked to reduced lung growth and long-term exposure to ozone has been linked to increased potential for the development of asthma.
The developing brain and heart may also be affected, with life-long consequences. Children have more respiratory infections than adults, which also seems to increase their susceptibility to air pollution. Children breathe more rapidly and inhale more air relative to their size than do adults.
They are more likely to spend time outdoors, running around, being active and breathing hard. Consequently, they are more exposed to polluted outdoor air than adults typically are. Much of the illness and premature death caused by air pollution occurs in older adults, who are at increased risk of harm for several reasons.
As a person ages, the normal process of thinning and weakening of the lung tissue and the supporting muscle and bones of the ribcage results in diminishing lung function over time.
The impairment that results from exposure to air pollutants then has an add-on effect, putting stress on the lungs and heart. Older people are also more likely to be living with chronic diseases, and there is evidence that co-existing chronic lung, heart or circulatory conditions may worsen following exposure to environmental pollutants.
The strength of the immune system also declines with age, leaving older people at greater risk of contracting infections and less able to get them under control before they become serious. Because exposure to air pollution increases susceptibility to respiratory infections, it also increases the risk of severe illness and death in older adults.
For the millions of people in the U. living with illnesses such as asthma, COPD, diabetes, heart disease and lung cancer, exposure to air pollution places them at greater risk of harm to their health than those without disease.
This can result in a worsening of symptoms, increased medication use, more frequent emergency department visits and hospitalizations, an overall reduced quality of life and far too often premature death.
Pregnancy is always a susceptible time for both the mother and the developing fetus. The pregnant body undergoes dramatic physiological changes in hormone levels, metabolism and circulation throughout months of gestation.
The rapid and complex development of the fetus is a precisely timed and sequenced process. The inflammation and oxidative stress resulting from exposure to air pollution during pregnancy can increase the risk of hypertensive disorders, including preeclampsia, in the mother and lead to intrauterine inflammation and damage to the placenta that can disrupt the growth and development of the fetus.
Fetal health may also be impacted in a number of ways by environmental contaminants that have been shown to cross the placenta. Exposure to both ozone and particle pollution during pregnancy is strongly associated with premature birth, low birth weight and stillbirth.
These risks are amplified in pregnancies where the mother is already at higher risk, such as people of color and those chronic conditions, especially asthma.
Hralth out who Respiratory health and pollution most pollutoin risk from air pollution, and how different types of air healtj can affect your lungs. Air pollution is anything that makes the Respiratory health and pollution Respiratort toxic and damaging to our health. Air pollution can affect all parts of Respiratory health and pollution Allergy relief through chiropractic care, including the health of our lungs, heart, and brain. Being exposed to air pollution over a long period of time can cause lung conditions, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD. Particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulphur dioxide are particularly damaging types of air pollution. Particulate matter PM is made up of tiny pieces of solids or liquids in the air, such as dust, dirt, and smoke in the air. Large particles such as dust, soot, dirt or smoke are large or dark enough to be seen. Healtg pollution has emerged as a silent but deadly adversary, casting a shadow over Respiratoey global healthcare Respiratory health and pollution. This article delves into the critical Mental endurance techniques of air pollution and its alarming association with respiratory illnesses in the healthcare sector. It explores the latest statistics and events that underscore this problem's gravity and potential solutions to mitigate its impact. As we enter the second decade of the 21st century, air pollution remains a persistent and escalating concern. According to the agency's data4.
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