Botanical extract supplements J Pharmacol — Medically extrqct by Kerry Boyle D. Although this study did not support the finding anti-inflammatpry Green tea extract and anti-inflammatory effects animal studies [ 57 ], other research designs may yet show a benefit in its use. Medically reviewed by Jerlyn Jones, MS MPA RDN LD CLTNutrition — By Arlene Semeco, MS, RD and Alyssa Northrop, MPH, RD, LMT — Updated on May 31, Green tea extract is available in liquid, powder, and capsule forms.

Green tea extract and anti-inflammatory effects -

Oral tissue inflammation is primarily initiated by epithelial gingival cells and macrophages when exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferon-γ, or oral bacterial LPS lipopolysaccharides [ 17 ]. Activation of macrophage may stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators also known as pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-β1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α [ 17 , 18 ].

The production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in prolonged oral tissue inflammation i. To better prevent or avoid prolonged side effect of oral tissue inflammation, development of more anti-inflammatory agents is still needed as to be employed in treatment of oral diseases.

In recent years, the inflammatory-inhibitory potential of naturally derived GTE substances has gained increasing attention. In comparison with steroidal or non-steroidal chemical drugs for treating inflammation, naturally derived substances for preventing prolonged inflammation have limited side effects and fewer intolerance issues, and could be available at lower costs than synthetic drugs [ 10 ].

Previous studies have shown green tea polyphenols, such as EGCG, to inhibit matrix-metalloproteinase-2 and matrix-metalloproteinase-9 key proteases involved in destructive periodontal diseases [ 19 ]. However, the exact role of these EGCGs in mediating inflammation on oral tissues is still unknown since most of previous research have been focusing on the use of green tea EGCC on reducing oral hard tissue erosion-abrasion [ 7 , 9 ].

As previous studies have focused on the use of green tea extract polyphenols on inflammation in other cell line types and in animal models, it seems expedient to study the application of green tea phenols for their potential to block cytokine-involved inflammatory cascades in oral cells.

Further, more knowledge is needed on how these EGCG polyphenols would improve oral tissue wound healing. In addition, other pathways were pointed to assist on progression of inflammation and one of these pathways is the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Nrf2 pathway [ 20 ].

The activation of Nrf2 triggered by medication has increasingly gained attention on its possible use in therapies for inflammatory disorders [ 21 , 22 ] and proved that Nrf2 pathway indeed may play a critical role in inflammation.

However, there have been only few Nrf2 activators found to be employed to support oral therapies. Thus, the development of new activating clinical drugs of Nrf2 pathway should be an important goal in the pharmaceutical industry. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to analyze the distinct anti-inflammatory activity and wound healing potential, given the ease of application, of green tea extract topically on the oral epithelium via oral mouth rinse hygiene products.

To this end, we have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of green tea extract in human gingival epithelial keratinocytes treated with periodontopathogenic bacterial endotoxin LPS by assessing the positive effects on cell viability, wound healing, and downregulation of important inflammatory markers.

Also, our findings suggest that GTE could be a strong potential Nrf2 activator for the treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory diseases. PBS 1× was used as negative control in the cell treatment experiments. This concentration was chosen based on previous studies of dentin erosion using oral mouth rinses containing GTE [ 7 , 9 , 19 ].

Immortalized human gingival epithelial keratinocytes HGEK were donated by the Oral Microbiology Institute, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich. Medium was changed every 3 to 4 days and cells were passaged once a week. The cells used in this study were between the fifth and fifteenth passage.

The cells were incubated for 24 h and cell-free supernatant was used for the IL-β1 , IL-6 , and TNFα gene expression assay. Gingival epithelial keratinocytes 0. After an exposure time of 24 h, the solutions were aspirated and the cells washed with PBS 1× before culture medium was newly added.

At 24 h after exposure to the respective GTE solution, ml of MTT was added to each well and incubated for 4 h at 37 °C in the dark. In the next step, MTT was removed by aspiration from the wells and isopropanol was added ml, 1 N HCl to solubilize the MTT-formazan crystals formed. The test absorbance at nm and reference absorbance at nm were measured using a spectrophotometer plate reader Corning Costar, Corning, NY, USA.

Experiments were performed in triplicate. Primer sequences for genes encoding IL-β1 , IL-6 , and TNFα were designed from Primer3 version 0.

Total ribonucleic acid 40 ng was used per sample well. All samples were tested in triplicate and 3 independent experiments were performed. Protein levels of inflammatory markers were determined from cell culture supernatant using human IL-1β RAB , IL-6 RAB , and TNFα RAB enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA Kits Sigma-Aldrich, St.

Briefly, gingival epithelial keratinocytes 0. After incubation time, the cell culture supernatant was collected in preparation for the ELISA. To determine the effect of GTE concentrations on wound healing, a scratch-wounded monolayer model was used. The cells were seeded at a density of 0.

The wound was produced by scratching with a μl pipette tip — μm in diameter. Digital images were captured using a camera-equipped, inverted microscope Carl Zeiss, Inc.

The distance between edges of injured monolayers was measured using the ImageJ software National Institutes of Health, USA in pixels and wound closure was expressed as the difference in widths at 0 h and 24 h after wound simulation. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins after cell treatment with LPS and GTE.

The cells 0. Protein was extracted with radio-immunoprecipitation assay RIPA buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail and centrifuged at 12,× g for 15 min at 4 °C. Total lysates were resolved in SDS-PAGE. Proteins were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane and incubated with primary antibodies and the corresponding secondary antibodies.

Immune complexes were visualized by the use of an enhanced chemiluminescence western blotting system BioRad, Richmond, CA. Antibodies used for immunoblotting were as follows: antibody against Nrf2 ab , HO-1 ab , and GAPDH ab Abcam. All the in vitro experiments were performed in triplicate and from three independent experiments unless otherwise mentioned.

The cell viability, as a preliminary study, was shown to be significantly enhanced after GTE exposure at concentrations of 2. Increase in cellular activity of keratinocyte cells 24 h after exposure. A significant increase in keratinocyte cellular activity was detected for GTE at 2.

The circle in the figure indicates the outliners. Data is shown of 3 samples 3 wells each. Thus, LPS-treated keratinocytes showed the highest level of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulators tested in this study. The protein levels of IL-β1, IL-6, and TNFα by ELISA analysis have also shown significant decrease on GTE test cell groups GTE at 2.

GTE-stimulated downregulation of inflammatory markers and protein production of same markers on gingival keratinocytes exposed to LPS.

b ELISA results showed decrease in translational production of inflammatory proteins IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα in the cells treated with GTE and LPS compared with control white bars. Mean ± standard deviation. HEGK cells exposed to GTE at concentrations of 2. Wound closure was observed to be almost complete after 24 h in the presence of GTE 2.

Representative images are shown from 3 independent experiments and light gray areas define the areas lacking cells scale bar μm. Images were analyzed using the ImageJ software to calculate wound area.

time-matched treated control for 12 h and 24 h. In order to understand whether GTE could exert its anti-inflammatory effect through activating the Nrf2 pathway, the downstream protein HO-1 of the Nrf2 pathway was investigated in this study.

The effect of GTE on the activation of Nrf2 and the expressions of HO-1 in LPS-stimulated oral keratinocytes. The total proteins of the cells were prepared and the expressions of Nrf2 a and HO-1 b were analyzed using western blot. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the anti-inflammatory and wound healing stimulating effects of green tea extract on human gingival epithelial keratinocyte cells challenged with LPS.

Green tea also has shown antimicrobial activity against most oral bacteria. Additionally, it may enhance oral peroxidase activity and prevent the establishment and progression of periodontitis [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Based on its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, green tea EGCG could be considered for treatment of innumerous diseases, including neurological diseases, diabetes, and hypertension [ 30 , 31 , 32 ].

Our results Fig. However, it was shown that green tea EGCG could provoke increased cytotoxicity in cells when applied at higher concentrations. An EGCG concentration higher than μM was reported to cause production increase of H 2 O 2 and oxidative DNA damage, while concentrations of more than μM EGCG could even affect cell cycle progression [ 34 , 35 ].

Consequently, the concentration of EGCG in the test green tea solution should be carefully controlled for in in vitro assay applications. GTE solutions at 2. IL-β1 , IL-6 , and TNFα decreased in gene expression compared with those in the control, and the combination with GTE at 2.

LPS is an important component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which promotes cellular signal transduction through toll-like receptors and secretion of pro-inflammatory interleukins, eicosanoids, and nitric oxide [ 36 ].

As seen in cells treated only with LPS Fig. This is a predicted biological reaction to LPS bacterial endotoxin, especially from the highly oral pathogenic bacteria P. Tumor necrosis factor α is responsible for increase in levels of inflammation by upregulating other pro-inflammatory cytokines e.

Tumor necrosis factor α has been targeted by anti-inflammatory screening agents due to its multiple roles in inflammation [ 41 ]. Interleukin-β1 induces secretion of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 which also play a role as pro-inflammatory cytokines and are important for the initiation and increase of the inflammatory response to microbial infection [ 42 ].

In addition, GTE anti-inflammatory effect was confirmed in animal studies on LPS-induced retinal inflammation [ 43 , 44 ]. Regarding the possible wound healing effect of green tea via our in vitro scratch wound healing assay, increase in difference with regard to the control was found with the GTE at concentrations of 2.

However, it has been suggested that these effects of EGCG are cancer specific and EGCG shows pronounced growth inhibitory effect on cancerous cells but not on normal cells [ 53 ]. Another study demonstrated that, in cultured skin keratinocytes, EGCG acts to enhance differentiation without triggering apoptosis [ 54 ].

Topical application of EGCG on human skin which has been identified and reported earlier results in increased cell proliferation and reduced keratinocyte apoptosis [ 55 ]; however, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report of green tea on oral cells. Moreover, GTE at concentrations of 2.

We also have to consider that any difference in green tea effects on migration likely reflects relative sensitivity of specific cell types to LPS. But further examinations of molecular basis are still needed to support this hypothesis.

Regarding the signaling pathway analysis, our results showed that GTE may activate the Nrf2 pathway, bringing into play its anti-inflammatory effect on cells exposed to LPS Fig.

Also, the Nrf2-dependent anti-oxidant gene HO-1 was also increased Fig. Drugs used to activate Nrf2 pathway could be considered for use as potential oral therapies for oral inflammatory diseases, such as gingivitis or periodontitis. Until today, there are few Nrf2 activating medicaments used in the dental clinic.

Therefore, GTE could be used to develop new and safer Nrf2 activators for clinical use in dentistry. This study has taken a step in the direction of defining the effect of green tea extract on inflammation suppression associated with wounding.

However, the results are neither viewed nor are they presented as conclusive. In addition, it is important to emphasize that problems in methodological research design of in vitro assays place limitations on interpretations. Further, the potential for green tea catechins to aid in epithelial formation bears further study.

Although this study did not support the finding of earlier animal studies [ 57 ], other research designs may yet show a benefit in its use. In addition, in vivo angiogenesis and granulation tissue augmentation by GTE have been demonstrated [ 30 ].

Therefore, further animal model research is needed. In summary, our results sustained the hypothesis that GTE attenuates the inflammation in gingival epithelial keratinocytes treated with LPS by downregulating inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner.

The results from our experiment support that GTE can be considered a potent anti-inflammatory agent with a potential as an oral therapeutic against inflammation.

Kaegi E Unconventional therapies for cancer: 2. Green tea. Can Med Assoc J — Google Scholar. Chacko SM, Thambi PT, Kuttan R, Nishigaki I Beneficial effects of green tea: a literature review. Chin Med J Seeram NP, Henning SM, Niu Y, Lee R, Scheuller HS, Heber D Catechin and caffeine content of green tea dietary supplements and correlation with antioxidant capacity.

J Agric Food Chem — PubMed Google Scholar. Pekal A, Drozdz P, Biesaga M, Pyrzynska K Screening of the antioxidant properties and polyphenol composition of aromatised green tea infusions. It can also help keep your skin and liver healthy, reduce blood fat levels, regulate blood pressure, and improve brain health.

It can be consumed in capsule, liquid, or powder form. Amounts above this may be toxic. Plus, people with diabetes or those taking certain medications should speak with a healthcare professional before taking any amount of green tea extract.

Whether you want to improve your general health or decrease your risk of disease, green tea extract is an easy way to add health-boosting antioxidants to your diet.

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Research suggests rhodiola and ashwagandha work well together, but you may want to take them at different times of day. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based 10 Benefits of Green Tea Extract. Medically reviewed by Jerlyn Jones, MS MPA RDN LD CLT , Nutrition — By Arlene Semeco, MS, RD and Alyssa Northrop, MPH, RD, LMT — Updated on May 31, How we vet brands and products Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

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Was this helpful? High in antioxidants. May promote heart health. Good for the brain. Can help with weight loss. Might benefit liver function. May reduce the risk of cancer. May be good for the skin. May benefit exercise performance and recovery.

May help lower blood sugar. Easy to add to your diet. The bottom line. How we reviewed this article: History. May 31, Written By Arlene Semeco, Alyssa Northrop, MPH, RD, LMT.

Medically Reviewed By Jerlyn Jones, MS MPA RDN LD CLT. May 10, Written By Arlene Semeco, Alyssa Northrop, MPH, RD, LMT. Share this article. Read this next. EGCG Epigallocatechin Gallate : Benefits, Dosage, and Safety.

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This in efcects study aimed to analyze the anti-inflammatory and Energy boosters for improved memory healing Physical activity of eztract tea anti-inflammatorry GTE in human anti-inflammatorry epithelial keratinocytes HGEK treated with lipopolysaccharides LPS. A cell viability assay was conducted Energy boosters for improved memory MTT to determine nontoxic levels of GTE on immortalized HGEK. Gene expression levels of inflammatory markers IL-β1IL-6and TNFα were measured by RT-PCR and their protein production was assessed by ELISA. The scratch wound healing assay was used to investigate the effects of different concentrations of GTE on cell migration. GTE at concentrations of 2. And IL-β1IL-6and TNFα gene expression presented up to fold decrease compared with LPS-treated cells, which was also similarly found on the protein levels. At the same concentrations, cell migration increased.

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STOP Drinking Tea Until You Watch This People Robust power generation hailed the Energy boosters for improved memory benefits of green tea for centuries. Studies suggest that consuming green tea may anti-infla,matory affect skin health, help with weight loss, and reduce the Green tea extract and anti-inflammatory effects of xetract disease, tsa other benefits. Green tea comes from unoxidized leaves of the Camellia sinensis bush. It is one of the least processed types of tea, containing the most antioxidants and beneficial polyphenols. However, more evidence is necessary for researchers to definitively prove these health benefits. This article lists some potential health benefits and types of green tea, its nutrition content, and the potential side effects. In countries with high green tea consumption, some cancer rates tend to be lower.