In another study, ginger was shown to successfully reduce both the duration and intensity of period pain. Ginger tea is a powerful digestive aid. Studies show that consuming ginger can help to improve gastrointestinal symptoms and help the digestive system to work properly.

A cup of ginger tea can be an easy, effective way to soothe nausea and calm upset stomachs. Ginger tea is an easy, tasty way to help manage nausea and calm upset stomachs.

Ginger has also been shown to help reduce pain and soothe sore muscles. One recent study found that consuming ginger can help treat muscle pain and soreness caused by exercise. Ginger has also been shown to help treat pain from chronic injuries and illnesses.

Thanks to its antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, ginger may help to ward off certain types of cancer. Studies suggest that ginger may help inhibit the formation of cancer cells within the body. While ginger on its own may not be enough to prevent cancer, a cup of ginger tea can play a small role in keeping you healthy and warding off degenerative disease.

Did you know a cup of ginger tea might be good for your teeth? Ginger contains antimicrobial and antifungal properties that can help to kill off harmful oral pathogens.

This can help to improve your overall health and keep your teeth safe and healthy. Ginger is often combined with turmeric in many tea blends. Ginger and turmeric are actually close relatives, and contain many of the same beneficial properties.

Some of the benefits of turmeric include:. How you prepare different kinds of ginger tea will depend on what other ingredients are in the blend. For herbal and black teas, we recommend using boiling water to steep the tea leaves for the most flavorful cup.

For green tea, on the other hand, you should use cooler water that is steaming, but not boiling. The longer you steep tea with ginger in it, the more pronounced the spicy-sweet ginger flavor will be.

You should steep green teas with ginger for around two minutes, black teas with ginger for three to five minutes, and herbal teas with ginger for five minutes or more.

We carry a wide variety of ginger teas, from spiced chai blends to healthful herbal teas and everything in between. Ginger root contains no caffeine, and many herbal tea blends that contain ginger are caffeine-free. That said, some caffeinated blends also contain ginger, like chai tea or lemon ginger green tea.

To protect against infection, neutrophils undergo a very specific type of cell death NETosis that results in the formation of NETs which can kill or immobilize incoming pathogens. However, dysfunctional or exaggerated NETosis can go on to cause serious problems for the body. Excessive NETosis drives inflammation and thrombotic cascades that can contribute to organ damage and result in autoimmune diseases, including antiphospholipid syndrome APS and lupus.

Want more breaking news? In this pilot clinical trial, the researchers administered a ginger supplement to two study cohorts made up of nine and eight healthy participants, respectively at a dose of mg of whole-ginger extract per day.

This was determined to be equivalent to approximately 20 mg of gingerols — the major pungent molecules present in ginger — per day. They found that this supplementation appeared to raise the levels of a chemical inside the neutrophil, called cAMP.

In the same study, increased cAMP levels were also shown to inhibit NETosis by human neutrophils in vitro , in response to various disease-relevant stimuli. This suggests that, in individuals with autoimmune disorders, ginger supplementation may have the potential to inhibit exaggerated NETosis and alleviate troublesome inflammation symptoms.

Jason Knight , associate professor in the Division of Rheumatology at the University of Michigan. People with long-term inflammatory conditions are likely to ask their doctors about the usefulness of natural supplements for alleviating their symptoms, the researchers say.

They hope that this research, which forms the basis for future studies investigating the mechanisms behind ginger supplementation, could help to inform the conversations that are taking place between patients and their healthcare providers. This current study was limited to a relatively small pool of participants and only included healthy individuals.

For future studies, the researchers say they wish to conduct trials involving individuals with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases where neutrophils are overactive, including lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, to assess whether ginger supplementation can have a meaningful impact on symptoms.

Reference: Ali RA, Minarchick VC, Zahavi M, et al. Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. JCI Insight.

Lemon and ginger combination water extract 3. Cells were incubated for 48 h with different treatments Then the media of each flask three flasks were removed and the attached cells were harvested.

Caspase-3 activity was measured using ab Caspase-3 Assay Kit Colorimetric. Fold-increase in caspase 3 activity was measured by comparing extract results with the negative control. Throughout the first 2 weeks, controlling the diet of 10 mice by giving them: a lemon and ginger combination of The in vivo chosen dose was to mimic the way of preparation and concentration given to humans daily.

The remaining untreated 10 mice were considered as a negative control group [inoculated with cancer at day 14 and treated with 0. Tumors growth was monitored using a digital caliper, tumor sizes were measured and the volume of each tumor was calculated based on the following formula: A × B 2 × 0.

A tissue grinder was used to prepare a splenocytes suspension; mainly by passing the spleen through it. Cells were washed three times then re-suspended in 0.

After 10 min, the cells were repeatedly centrifuged and re-suspended in RPMI media for further use in other assays To this, μl of decreasing concentrations 25—3. The plate was coated with aluminum foil and then incubated for 4 h.

One hundred μl DMSO was then added to each well to end the reaction and the absorbance was measured at nm The same procedure was repeated but without Con A and LPS. The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation. The outer layer of the peritoneum is shear by forceps and scissors then pull it out quietly to discover the inner layer that lines the peritoneal cavity.

Moreover, 5 ml ice-cold PBS was injected into the abdominal cavity. After gentle massaging to the peritoneum area to expel and migrate cells into the PBS solution , the fluid was collected by inserting a 5 ml syringe into the peritoneum and start collecting the fluid, whereas, moving the tip of the needle gently to dodge hampering by the fat tissue or others.

Later, it was placed in a centrifuge tube held on ice. If any visible blood contamination was detected in the fluid sample, then the sample should be removed The method was repeated five times and the fluids were pooled.

After the centrifugation of the pooled fluid 3, RPM, 10 min, 4°C , each cell pellet was suspended in RPMI medium. After that, the non-adherent cells were washed away with a medium and the adherent cells were used in the different assays outlined below The Wells that received 20 μl PBS and 20 μl DMSO were used as controls.

The cells were later incubated for one hour at 37°C, the supernatant was then discarded and the adherent macrophages were washed with RPMI three times. The cells were air-dried before the μl of 2M KOH and μl DMSO were added to each well.

The absorbance of the blue solution was measured at nm OD in the plate reader. The percentage of NBT reduction which reflects phagocytic activity was calculated according to the following equation This experiment was conducted to assess the impact of the Lemon and Ginger combination water extract on the innate immunity expressed by the pinocytic activity of macrophages.

The effect of the extract on macrophage function was measured using the neutral red uptake method. The peritoneal mice macrophages were collected and cultured for 48 h with decreasing concentrations of herbal water extract One hundred μl of neutral red solution 7.

The supernatant was discharged and the cells in the well plate were washed with PBS two times to remove the neutral red that was not brought into the macrophage. Then, μl of cell lysis solution ethanol and 0.

After the incubation of the cells at room temperature overnight, the optical density was measured at nm. The pinocytic activity was shown in terms of absolute OD values reflecting dye uptake To identify the compounds in the extract, a chromatograph was used ultra; Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan.

This is equipped with an mass detector, and the process is easily implemented with the aid of MS Lab Solution software. The cleaning process of the glass apparatus is thorough and involves applying soap with warm water three times, before being heated at °C for 1 h, and then cooled to 25°C.

Sample bottles and equipment were cleaned with acetone and DMSO before the start of the experiment. The extract was shaken and mixed using the ultrasound path for 6 min, then it was filtered using glass wool. After drawing the extract into small vials, 1 μl was injected into the GC-MS.

The chromatographic separation was achieved using a capillary Rtx-5MS column 30 m × 0. The stationary phase of the column is composed of diphenyl:dimethylpolysiloxane blend.

The operating GC conditions were kept at 60°C for 5 min and set to reach °C at the rate of 3°C per min. The sample was injected at the injection temperature of °C and the injection volume was 1.

Furthermore, helium at a flow rate of 1. The ion source and the transfer-line temperature were maintained at °C. The MS was taken through a centroid scan of the mass ranging from 40 to amu.

The components were identified based on retention index, library mass search database NIST and WILEY , and comparing with the mass spectral data Data analysis was performed by employing mean ± SEM.

The statistical significance among the groups was measured using SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States one-way ANOVA. Furthermore, the IC 50 values were calculated for the lemon and ginger combination water extract in the different cell lines using non-linear regression in SPSS version Alpha-pinene, alpha-terpineol, and terpinenol compose the essential components in the lemon and ginger combination water extract.

The lemon and ginger combination extract; contain a high concentration of alpha-pinene, alpha terpineol, and terpinenol with percentages of While geraniol, geranial, neral, δ-elemene, camphene, and borneol have a percentage value of 3. Minor detected compounds are citronellol 1.

Table 1. Inhibition of cell proliferation, in correlation to dosage, was observed after the treatment of six cell lines with serial dilutions of water extract 25—0.

Figure 1. The antiproliferative activity of different concentrations 25—0. IC 50 values were 3. Table 2. Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF was measured in the MDA-MB cell line to investigate whether the inhibition of angiogenesis may improve the antiproliferative effect.

The lemon and ginger combination, concentrated at 3. Figure 2. The effect of lemon and ginger treatment on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. Each treatment was performed in triplicated.

Results are shown as means bars SEM lines. The colorimetric assay of caspase-3 activity was conducted using the caspase-3 assay kit to estimate the impact of lemon and ginger combination water extract on the caspase-3 levels of the MDA-MB cell line.

At the concentration of 3. In contrast, vincristine showed a value equivalent to 5. Figure 3. Folds of caspase-3 activity and apoptosis induction in IC 50 concentrations of vincristine 0. The combination of lemon and ginger induced lymphocytes cell proliferation in the presence of Con A and LPS Figure 4.

The viability cell index of the lemon and ginger combination water extract was 0. Figure 4. A The effect of lemon and ginger combination water extract at various concentrations 25—3. B The effect of lemon and ginger combination water extract at various concentrations 25—3.

C The effect of lemon and ginger combination water extract at various concentrations 25—3. Results are expressed as means of three independent experiments bars ± SEM lines. The lemon and ginger combination water extract showed no phagocytic activity with a percentage value of Figure 5.

In vitro phagocytic assay utilizing nitro blue tetrazolium NBT reduction test of peritoneal macrophage treated with different concentrations of lemon and ginger combination water extract for 48 h.

Figure 6. The effect of lemon and ginger combination water extract on macrophage pinocytosis. A significant decrease in tumor size was noticed in tumor-bearing mice treated orally with the lemon and ginger combination compared with the negative control that showed tumor growth increased by Table 3.

Effect of lemon and ginger combination water extract on tumor size and cure percentage. The lemon and ginger combination recorded a percentage in tumor reduction of On the other hand, treated mice showed normal activity with no side effects.

Figure 7. A plot of change in average tumor size mm 3 vs. Figure 8. Combination therapy resulted in a high cure percentage and small tumors size.

There were 10 mice in each group. Herbs are viewed to be of high value to the health of individuals and communities in general. The medicinal benefit of plants lies in some chemical substances which have specific physiological effects on the human body No previous studies have examined the antiproliferation activity of the lemon and ginger combination water extract on the aforementioned cell lines.

However, many studies have investigated the antiproliferation activity of each extract against selected cell lines. Lemon has shown the presence of different indolofuroquinoxaline derivatives, which exhibited antiproliferative activity against leukemia and human breast cancer cells.

On the other hand, there was no significant activity against the normal cell line Meanwhile, ginger has been reported to have a cytotoxic effect against human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB The ability of ginger to inhibit cell growth was due to the presence of [6]-gingerol as it hindered the activity of matrix metalloproteinases MMP -2 and MMP-9 in the human breast cancer cells The lemon and ginger combination water extract revealed synergic effect in reducing cancer cells proliferation in vitro.

This finding is compatible with a previous study, which reported the ability of lemon and garlic water extract to induce apoptosis and prevent carcinoma development BR35A,. However, the potent anticancer response of the lemon and ginger combination water extract was observed to be mediated by diverse anticancer mechanisms, which may be explained by the existence of various phytochemicals compounds.

The observed proliferation inhibition in the cells treated with the lemon and ginger combination water extract is basically because of the impact of different antiproliferation factors.

The cytotoxic potential of alpha-pinene was examined in two different human cell lines human ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV-3 and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells Bel Also, it was studied against the human histiocytic lymphoma U cell line Furthermore, a previous study confirmed that alpha-pinene has an antiproliferation effect through provoking oxidative stress and associated signaling cascade against human lung cancer A and human liver cancer HepG2 These previous findings are consistent with this study.

On the other hand, α-pinene was found to have no antiproliferation activity against melanoma cells in vitro This may be justified by the fact that solid tumors have different responses to phytochemicals as α-pinene.

Other highly concentrated compounds in the combination extract are alpha-terpineol 7. Alpha-terpineol has demonstrated antioxidant ability against peroxyl radicals and has been shown to have a cytostatic impact against six human cancerous cell lines from five diverse histologic and embryonic origins breast, lung, prostate, ovarian, and leukemia Furthermore, terpinenol was found in the combination extract to a significant degree.

It caused necrotic cell death coupled with less activity of apoptosis process in both murine malignant mesothelioma cell line AE17 and murine B16 melanoma cells. The inhibitory impact of terpinenol is achieved through the elicitation of the G1 cell cycle arrest Further analysis of the lemon and ginger combination water extract revealed the presence of geraniol, citral, δ-elemene, camphene, and borneol in notable percentages and the previously reported activity of these components confirms the results of this study.

Based on a previous study, the growth of prostate cancer cells was inhibited by the effect of geraniol compound on inducing the apoptosis and autophagy process Citral prevents the proliferation of breast cancer cells MDA MB cells in vitro , mainly through the initiation of apoptosis, antimetastasis, and antiangiogenesis potentials In colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD-1 , the antiproliferative activity of δ-elemene was implemented by the activation of mitochondrial caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways On the other hand, camphene exhibited anticancer activity in melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo.

It can disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential and enhances the caspase-3 effect In a previous study, borneol NB improved the absorption of selenocysteine; as a result, it increased his apoptotic activity against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Also, they reduced tumor growth by provoking ROS-mediated DNA damage In the current study, the potential inhibition of cancer cell growth by lemon and ginger combination may due to the effects of the nine major compounds previously mentioned and to the other active minor components.

To gain further in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms of action of the combination extract under study, the lemon and ginger combination was further tested for its ability to inhibit angiogenesis. The VEGF is a potent signal protein that stimulates angiogenesis. VEGF upregulation is a well-known mechanism in many types of tumors and the inhibition of this pathway is an interesting target in cancer prevention and therapy In our study, the lemon and ginger combination showed a strong ability to suppress the MDA-MB human breast cancer angiogenesis.

Further examination showed that the lemon and ginger combination water extract had a potent anticancer effect in vitro. The combination has potent apoptosis induction activity and potent VEGF inhibition in the MDA-MB cell line.

In MDA-MB cells, nuclear factor kappa B NF-κB is involved in the upregulation of VEGF mRNA then increases the angiogenesis The activations of NF-κB were attenuated utilizing α-pinene treatment In HeLa cells, alpha-terpineol repressed TNF-α and NF-kB translocation into the cell nucleus.

Repression of NF-kB activation can result in the decrease of cyclin D expression, an essential protein in the induction of the G phase of the cell cycle Meanwhile, geraniol is a strong agent with antiangiogenic properties These results are inconsistent with the findings of this study.

Another mechanism responsible for the observed anticancer activity is apoptosis programmed cell death induction. In cancer, this process is inoperative, due to the upregulation of antiapoptotic genes and the downregulation of apoptotic genes; therefore, cells continue dividing and proliferating One of the targeted pathways in cancer treatment is the activation of apoptosis.

In our study, the lemon and ginger combination herbal drink was found to have the ability to induce apoptosis in the MDA-MB cell line 4. Both hesperidin flavonoid 54 , and eriocitrin flavonoid 55 in lemon cause apoptosis induction and inhibit the human hepatocellular carcinoma.

The high antiproliferative activity of lemon has been explained in previous studies, which have shown that the methanol extract of lemon has anticancer activity toward MCF-7 breast cancer cells via Bax-related caspase-3 activation. Alpha-pinene, which is found in high percentages in the lemon and ginger combination, was also capable of inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by the rise in caspase-3 activity Moreover, geraniol has the most dominant apoptosis-inducing activity among terpenoids against shoot primordia of Matricaria chamomilla ; it causes DNA fragmentation in the cells.

The activity of geraniol is concentration- and time-dependent The immune system is a sophisticated defense system in vertebrates, having the role of protecting them from numerous types of foreign infectious agents that they encounter during their lifetimes.

It uses a variety of cells, tissues, and organs and is capable of recognizing and eliminating invasions There has been a growing interest in identifying and characterizing natural compounds with immunomodulatory activities.

Three immune assays have been conducted, namely, lymphocytes proliferation, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis assays. Lymphocytes proliferation assay was conducted three times: splenic lymphocytes with extract alone, splenic lymphocytes with extract and Con A, and splenic lymphocytes with extract and LPS, for lemon and ginger combination water extract.

The volatile oil of ginger exhibited significant suppression of the mitogen-stimulated T-lymphocyte proliferation in mice 60 , which agrees with our result.