Top andd navigation. Accept Strength-building exercises Reject All Show Purposes. A chewy oatmeal cookie is close Oatx my heart. Learn how your comment data is processed. Although reductions in PGE2 were not significant across the group, there were striking reductions in individuals who had higher PGE2 at baseline. Use limited data to select advertising. Nov 10, Written By Hrefna Pálsdóttir.

Oags diets are Oatx once again remember the days heaoth the Atkins Oate Whether heath used to eat oats or never got into oats in the first place, you're missing out! And with gut health becoming more and more of a health concern lately, Personalized weight control even more reason ad you should be including oats in your diet.

Oats are nutritional powerhouses. They contain healthy fut fats, protein, guf fibers, disease-fighting phytochemicals, nealth, and minerals. List of oral medications for diabetes, the one nutrient that really makes oats stand out is fiber.

In fact, the FDA states that Healthy fat loss 3 g hewlth soluble fiber each day 2 Oays help reduce your heealth of heart disease by lowering healty levels and Endurance nutrition for runners pressure.

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Gyt to that, dietary fibers, including 𝛽-glucan, are prebiotics. By healhh, prebiotics are hexlth components healtn the diet like fiber that have the Blood sugar monitoring tools to modify the intestinal environment by influencing the growth and activity of certain microorganisms, typically good bacteria 3.

In other Diabetic meal prep ideas, prebiotics are Oays for the bacteria living Heath your Strength-building exercises. Studies show that diets rich healtg whole grains including oats tend to increase Oays beneficial bacteria 3 Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli.

Remember heqlth we gt that 𝛽-glucan is healyh soluble fiber Oats and gut health helps to Improved attention span you regular? Well, just Oatx give wnd an idea of how hhealth it can be: Andd study 4 in a Oays home nad performed to see if dietary fiber could ad routine use of laxatives in times of constipation, which is a common problem in residents of nursing homes.

The fiber group received 7 to 8 g of oat bran supplementation daily. Not only did laxative use significantly decrease by 59 percent in the fiber group, but it actually increased by 8 percent in the control group.

In addition, body weight and overall well-being was reported as remaining the same throughout the study. One question remains: Can eating oats reduce gut inflammation? Despite the clear connection between oats and gut health, the jury is still out on whether oats have an impact on decreasing gut inflammation 6.

So far, researchers have not been able to find a definitive connection between oat consumption and inflammation. Oats are good for keeping you regular, increasing the amount of good bacteria in your gut, and lowering your risk of heart disease, but the benefits don't stop there.

Research shows that oats may improve immunity, reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes, improve insulin sensitivity, and they're definitely good for your waistline 7 —out of 38 different foods in a study on satiety, participants ranked oats No. In addition to the ones already mentioned, here's an outline of some additional benefits of oats:.

Just like with the numerous benefits, there are endless ways to enjoy oats. There are many food products that are oat-based, so check the labels and just be sure that they don't contain too much added sugars which can happen with processed foods, particularly the breakfast products.

Oats don't have to be just for breakfast! You can enjoy oat-based products as a lunch or dinner. Don't be afraid to get creative in the kitchen either. Here are some ideas to get you started:. Skip to Content. Shop Health Coaching Classes Editor's Picks Beauty Food Healthy Weight Login Login.

Login Login. This ad is displayed using third party content and we do not control its accessibility features. Close Banner. Functional Food. Author: Nicole Avena, Ph. By Nicole Avena, Ph. Nicole Avena is a research neuroscientist, author and expert in the fields of nutrition, diet and addiction.

She received a Ph. in Neuroscience and Psychology from Princeton University, followed by a postdoctoral fellowship in molecular biology at The Rockefeller University in New York City.

The connection between oats and gut health. Reset your gut. Why else should you be eating oats? The 𝛽-glucan in oats helps improve our immune systems 8 so they can fight off a range of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and even parasites.

Oats may help individuals with type 2 diabetes overcome severe insulin resistance For individuals who follow a gluten-free diet, oats may help increase the nutrient profile of your diet Think beyond oatmeal. Fact: Eating oatmeal isn't the only way to enjoy oats!

Toss a handful of plain rolled oats uncooked into your next smoothie. Buy whole-grain breads made with oats or oat bran. Bake with oats i. Mix oats into your yogurt. Make homemade granola. Get adventurous and try a bowl of savory oats cook your oatmeal with spices like curry or turmeric and add sauteed veggies and herbs on top!

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: Oats and gut health

What Happens to Your Body When You Eat Oatmeal Every Day	You use oats to make oatmeal, which is a type of porridge. One question remains: Can eating oats reduce gut inflammation? These choices will be signaled to our partners and will not affect browsing data. Some days I have the zeal to whip up a creative breakfast for the entire family, but there are also days when I just want something easy. It may help relieve symptoms of various skin conditions, including eczema. Moreover, to examine the gastrointestinal effects of oats across the scientific spectrum, a similar search strategy was executed to identify animal studies.
Effects of oats on gastrointestinal health as assessed by in vitro, animal, and human studies	These compounds may help reduce blood pressure and have anti-inflammatory and anti-itching effects. Related Posts Celebrate Cinco de Mayo with lighter versions of popular dishes. Learn 14 foods you need to limit or avoid on a low carb diet. LDL cholesterol produces inflammation in arteries, damages tissues, and can raise the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Importantly, these microbiota-induced changes were restricted to a limited number of bacterial taxa and the effect was not observed in the rice group.
Start your day with healthy oatmeal - Mayo Clinic Health System	Here are some ideas to get you started:. Stem Ginger Oat Biscuits. Arch Internal Med 16 — Benefits include lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels, protection against skin irritation, and reduced constipation. Subsequent analysis of changes in their digestive health found that the porridge reduces urease, a bacterial enzyme that converts urea to toxic ammonia and is considered a market of poor gut bacterial health. The detailed correlation coefficients are shown in Figure 6A.
Breadcrumb	Tara suggests different toppings. With this in mind, Dr. Tara recommends boosting your micronutrients with a mix of grated zucchini, carrots, or cauliflower rice. If you have a sweet tooth, you could add berries and other fresh fruit. Tara also suggests adding chia seeds for an extra dose of fiber. Finally, adding protein to your bowl will keep you satiated. Tara says. I also love making savory oatmeal bowls that can be topped with tofu, eggs, lentils, or other proteins. Cancel OK. Account Purchase Favorite News Subs Address Sign Out. Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions. Sign In. Need an account? Sign up now! Email Password. Sign In with your social account Continue with Google Continue with Facebook Continue with Amazon Continue with Apple We won't post to any of your accounts without asking first. Sign Up. Your password must include: Min 8 characters Min 1 lowercase character Min 1 uppercase character Min 1 number. In one study, 40g of oat bran for 8-weeks improved gut microbial metabolites, increasing the concentration of acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids, and decreasing lactic acid [3]. In a new investigation people ate a bowl of oatmeal porridge 60g daily for 1-week [5]. Subsequent analysis of changes in their digestive health found that the porridge reduces urease, a bacterial enzyme that converts urea to toxic ammonia and is considered a market of poor gut bacterial health. There was also a reduction in PGE2, a market of inflammation. Although reductions in PGE2 were not significant across the group, there were striking reductions in individuals who had higher PGE2 at baseline. Oatmeal is excellent for weight loss because it is packed with soluble fiber also known as beta-glucan which dissolves in water and forms a hearty texture in the gut. This does several things; it helps reduce your cholesterol levels, increases your feeling of fullness, and also promotes healthy gut bacteria. All excellent things if weight loss is among your goals. This is probably one of the most frequently asked questions that land in my DM's. Here's the low down on the different oats you'll find in your local supermarket:. Oatmeal can be a star player when it comes to weight loss! Steel-cut or rolled oats are the best types of oatmeal to add to your weight loss regimen. Personally, I tend towards steel-cut oats because they are heartier, chewier, and nuttier than the others. As mentioned before, look at the nutritional labels and avoid the prepackaged stuff! In order to really take oatmeal seriously, we've got to give it some pizazz! Here are my top 5 healthy and delicious oatmeal recipes that I've created over the years. Anyone else like planning in advance? Sweetened with maple syrup, overnight oats take just 5 minutes of prep in the evening and give you a real treat to look forward to the next morning. This recipe gives you the flavors of a wonderful pumpkin pie cinnamon, nutmeg, maple with the hearty balance of oats for an all-star breakfast. Strawberries, cream and oats combined is just the perfect breakfast meal for me. If you want to begin brightening your day at breakfast, this is the recipe for you. Vanilla extract and Greek yogurt give creaminess and sweetness to satisfy a craving every time. I LOVE finding ways to enjoy treats in healthier ways. And turning an oatmeal raisin cookie into a protein shake is one of my fave inventions thus far. Both cozy and creamy, this best oatmeal recipe for cookie lovers is made with home staples like banana and cinnamon. And the raisins too If you haven't noticed this yet I love me some overnight oats.

Oats and gut health -

In order to really take oatmeal seriously, we've got to give it some pizazz! Here are my top 5 healthy and delicious oatmeal recipes that I've created over the years.

Anyone else like planning in advance? Sweetened with maple syrup, overnight oats take just 5 minutes of prep in the evening and give you a real treat to look forward to the next morning.

This recipe gives you the flavors of a wonderful pumpkin pie cinnamon, nutmeg, maple with the hearty balance of oats for an all-star breakfast.

Strawberries, cream and oats combined is just the perfect breakfast meal for me. If you want to begin brightening your day at breakfast, this is the recipe for you. Vanilla extract and Greek yogurt give creaminess and sweetness to satisfy a craving every time.

I LOVE finding ways to enjoy treats in healthier ways. And turning an oatmeal raisin cookie into a protein shake is one of my fave inventions thus far. Both cozy and creamy, this best oatmeal recipe for cookie lovers is made with home staples like banana and cinnamon. And the raisins too If you haven't noticed this yet I love me some overnight oats.

They're easy, healthy, yummy, and a huge hit with children! If you've got some blackberries nearby, you'll want to try this recipe out. I honestly love tricking my brain into thinking I'm eating a rich dessert for breakfast.

But my stomach recognizes I'm getting a balanced meal with this overnight oats recipe! The joys of pie without refined sugar, flour, or butter! You didn't think I'd end this blog post without sharing this classic did you? A chewy oatmeal cookie is close to my heart.

This recipe has all the flavors of a store-bought oatmeal cookie but without the unhealthy ingredients. Give it a try. You'll be glad you did. From healthy breakfast recipes to snacks to meal prep, oatmeal takes the cake for adding nutrients in a simple way!

You gotta love that you can add ingredients like spices, apples, nuts, blueberries, coconut and more. Here are a few additional oatmeal recipes. Your email address will not be published.

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Skip to primary navigation Skip to main content Skip to primary sidebar Recipes Meal Prep Programs Cookbook My Story Search.

menu icon. search icon. this RECIPE. There was also a reduction in PGE2, a market of inflammation. Although reductions in PGE2 were not significant across the group, there were striking reductions in individuals who had higher PGE2 at baseline.

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Low-carb diets are trendy once Oaats remember the Gut health and overall well-being of Strength-building exercises Atkins Oats and gut health Whether you used to eat oats or Oast got into oats wnd the first place, you're missing out! And with gut health becoming more and more of a health concern lately, there's even more reason why you should be including oats in your diet. Oats are nutritional powerhouses. They contain healthy unsaturated fats, protein, dietary fibers, disease-fighting phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals.

Oats and gut health -

Web design by NBM. Oatmeal porridge improves gut health in 7-days. Subscribe to our free wellness newsletter for great natural health information. Search Blog. Home Terms of Use Blog Privacy Policy Disclaimer Newsletter About Resources Site Map Books Contact Publications Podcast.

The identification of best practices for the design of oat studies should be a priority in future research, as the findings will be useful for determining how oats influence specific indices of gastrointestinal health, including the composition of the human gut microbiome.

Keywords: gastrointestinal health; microbiome; microbiota; oats; short-chain fatty acids; whole grain; β-glucan. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.

permissions oup. The blood samples were collected from participants at Days 0, 30, and 45 end of the study. The fecal samples were collected from participants at Days 0 and The anthropometric measurements were conducted at Day 0.

Blood was collected via venipuncture into sodium citrate containing tubes after an overnight fast on Days 0, 30, and 45 on intervention sodium citrate: blood ratio was , provided by Shijiazhuang Kang Weishi Medical Instrument Co. Blood samples were centrifuged at 1,× g for 15 min at 4°C L, Hunan Xiangyi Centrifuge Instrument Co.

The non-HDL-C was calculated by using TC minus HDL-C. SCFAs were analyzed by using plasma samples based on the methods of Zhao et al. with some modification The 0. The sample was then vortexed for 30 s, followed by 10 min oscillations and 10 min ultrasound treatment.

The supernatant was transferred into a clean 2 ml glass vial for gas-chromatography mass spectrometry GC-MS analysis. GC-MS was used for SCFA analysis, targeting 7 SCFAs which were acetic acid, acetic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, and hexanoic acid.

GC-MS analysis was performed using an Agilent B gas chromatograph system coupled with Agilent B mass spectrometer. The system utilized a DB-FFAP capillary column 15 m × μm × 0. A 1-μl aliquot of the analyte was injected in split mode The injection, transfer line, quad, and ion source temperatures were °C, °C, °C, and °C.

In order to obtain representative fecal samples, at days 0 and 45, each site had a professional and well-trained researcher whose responsibility was collecting the fecal samples into the specific tubes containing DNA preservatives according to standard procedures for the purpose of avoiding the degradation of bacterial DNA the tubes were provided by Guangdong Longsee Biomedical Co.

Prior to the microbiota detection, according to the manufacturer, approximately mg feces was taken from every sample a total of samples in both Shanghai and Nanjing sites for DNA extraction by using the recommended kit QIAamp, Powerfecal Pro DNA Kit, Qiagen, Germany.

Real time quantitative PCR was applied to examine the changes of 8 bacteria of interest based on previous studies with oats and prebiotic fibers.

The 8 targeted bacteria were Bifidobacterium genus , Lactobacillus genus , Akkermansiaceae species , Roseburia genus , Enterobacteriaceae family , Bacteroidaceae genus , Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species , and Clostridium perfringens species.

The abundance of targeted bacteria was measured by 16S rDNA gene using TaqMan Real-Time qPCR in an ABI Real time KaPa enzyme PCR system Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. The specific primers and enzyme system are shown in Supplementary Tables 2, 3.

Briefly, the samples were taken from freezer and stored on the ice, mixed with reagents evenly, and then transferred to qPCR plate and shaken evenly. The prepared plate with samples were put into the instruments with following procedures, enzyme activation at 95°C for 3 min, denaturation at 95°C for 15 s, annealing 95°C for 15 s, and dissociation by instruments, of which 40 cycle numbers was hold.

The libraries were then paired-end sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform. The raw data were processed by MOCAT2 pipeline to remove low-quality reads, adapters, and human contamination, and then SOAP denova software were applied for assembling the clean data to obtain scaftigs.

The taxonomic assignment and abundance estimation were conducted with metaphlan2 using default parameters. Subsequently, the comparisons of taxonomic between groups were conducted on statistical analysis of metagenomic profile STAMP software; for pathway analysis, CD-HIT software was used to get nonredundant genecatalogue Unigenes with the available effective scaftigs, then, DIAMOND software was applied to estimate the relative abundance of various functions potential pathways based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes KEGG database.

For the profiles in gene involved with carbohydrate enzymes, the referenced database is CAZy. A pyrosequencing-based analysis of metagenomics was performed by using Illumina HiSeq platform to assess the regulating effects of oat on gut microbiota.

The degrees of bacterial taxonomic similarity at species and genus levels were analyzed to assess the overall structure of the bacteria community between groups.

Variables with data that had a normal distribution including plasma lipids, ages, BMI, and SCFA were expressed as mean ± SD values. Data from qPCR and metagenomics were expressed as relative abundance, and median and interquartile range values were used.

Independent-Samples t -test and paired-Samples t -test were employed to examine the significnce of plasma lipids and SCFAs between and within groups. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationship between blood lipids and SCFAs.

Spearman correlation was conducted to examine the relationship between blood lipids and microbiota within groups. Correlation test was performed in SPSS version There were participants eligible for the study 70 in each site and assigned equally into control and oat groups. Therefore, final sample size was participants, 93 in the control group and 94 in the oat group.

There was no significant difference in general demographic characteristics between the groups at baseline shown in Table 1. Table 1 Demographic information of participants between control group and oat group at baseline Day 0.

A total of and samples were obtained from the two groups at baseline and endpoint for SCFA and metagenomic analysis, respectively. qPCR was performed only when sufficient fecal DNA was available following the metagenomics analysis.

The exact number of samples used for qPCR, metagenomics, and plasma SCFA analysis are shown in Supplementary Table S4. The 5. Significant decreases of TC, 3. Table 2 TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C changes between groups and treatment periods.

In the oat group, a significant decrease of LDL-C of 7. There was no difference before and after treatment or between treatment groups at either time point for the other bacteria enumerated.

A total of of bacteria were identified by using shotgun metagenomic within both groups. No significant differences were observed for microbial diversity indices, including alpha and beta diversities Supplementary Figures S1—5. However, significant differences in specific bacteria at species and genus level were observed after intervention.

In addition, at the genus level, oat consumption significantly increased the relative abundance of Dialister , Butyrivibrio , and Paraprevotella and decreased unclassified f-Sutterellaceae compared with the control group Figure 2B.

These findings indicated that oat consumption induced significant shifts in specific members of the gut microbiota. The pathway analysis showed that oat consumption for 45 days induced significant differences in fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis, and other metabolic pathways shown in Figures 3A—C.

CAZy database suggested that after oat intervention, there were some changes in profiles of various carbohydrate enzymes, including increased carbohydrate esterases and glycosyltransferases, which is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Barchart of distributions of various carbohydrate enzymes based on CAZy database between groups after interventions. Figure 5 Heatmap of correlation coefficients between bacterium and blood lipid parameters in oat group A and in control B group.

Correlation values in bold indicate significance. TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; non-HDL-C, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Correlation analysis was based on Spearman correlation method.

No significant effect of oat consumption was found in other SCFAs. Furthermore, for all SCFAs determined, similar change pattern of SCFAs were found in the two groups. Table 4 shows the detailed changes of plasma SCFAs between and within groups over the course of the trial.

The detailed correlation coefficients are shown in Figure 6A. Figure 6 Heatmap of correlation coefficients between bacterium and SCFAs in oat group A and in control B group.

TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; non-HDL-c, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The detailed correlation coefficients are shown in Figure 6B. The detailed correlation coefficients in all participants and each group are shown in Figures 7A—C , respectively.

Figure 7 Heatmap of correlation coefficients between blood lipid parameters and SCFAs in all participants A , oat group B , and in control C group.

Correlation analysis was based on Pearson correlation method. In the current study, we demonstrated that consuming 80 g of oats, containing 3. Moreover, we demonstrated that oat consumption significantly increased the abundance of bacteria previously shown to protect against metabolic disease, obesity, and CHD, specifically, Akkermansia mucinophila and Roseburia , as well as other saccharolytic and butyrate producing members of the gut microbiota.

This remodeling of the microbiome resulted in a significant increased relative abundance of genes involved in microbiome fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism.

We also showed that oats intake significantly increased fasting plasma concentrations of acetate and propionate, providing a putative mechanistic link between oat-induced microbiota modulation and blood cholesterol homeostasis.

Although the control group showed that a reduction in TC is also concomitant with increased plasma acetate and propionate concentrations, oat consumption resulted in greater reduction 7. Our finding that oat consumption lowered cholesterol was consistent with previous studies 22 , 26 , 27 , as well as the conclusion of meta-analyses, that also showed the consumption of oats and oat-derived β-glucan can effectively lower TC and LDL-C 5.

Both animal studies and human clinical studies have explored the influence of oat β-glucan on the gut microbiota, most of which have shown that the consumption of oats and oat β-glucan could significantly increase the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus 22 , 28 — Kristek et al.

using an in vitro model of human microbiota fermentation found that oat bran had a greater impact on microbiota composition, increasing bifidobacteria as well as acetate and propionate productions, than individual bioactive components oat β-glucan or oat polyphenols However, we did not find a statistically significant increase in bifidobacteria and lactobacilli after oat consumption, although a trend was apparent in qPCR data for bifidobacteria and F.

Since the gut microbiota are easily affected by dietary patterns 33 , we speculated that the reasons behind may be related to a small sample size which were collected from both the Nanjing and Shanghai sites.

muciniphila have been reported to play an important role in metabolic disease 34 , In the present study, we did observe that oat consumption significantly increased A.

muciniphila and Roseburia , which showed a high consistency with previous studies. Ryan et al. found that oat β-glucan increases the abundance of A. muciniphila Moreover, Depommier et al. showed that probiotic supplementation using A.

In addition, Mitsou et al. showed that colonization patterns of A. muciniphila in a Greek adult population were associated with cardiometabolic markers and adiposity In addition, in metagenomic results, we found that oat consumption could significantly increase the relative abundance of Dialister , Butyrivibrio , and Paraprevotella and decreased unclassified f-sutterellaceae at the genus level, showing some similarities to other dietary interventions rich in fiber and polyphenols, in which the authors all reported a reduction of TC and LDL-C upon the dietary interventions in healthy subjects and rodent models of metabolic disease 38 , Roseburia has also shown the link to improve the cardiometabolic profiles and a main butyrate producer within the gut microbiota; it is reported that there is a negative relationship between Roseburia and TC and LDL-C In our present study, Roseburia and F.

prausnitzii , another major butyrate producers, were positively correlated with plasma butyrate concentrations. These results also provided the evidences for the beneficial effects of SCFAs on human metabolism Although our results failed to find significant relationships between A.

muciniphila and TC and LDL-C, neither between Roseburia and TC and LDL-C, our results did indicate that in the oat group, Bifidobacterium and F. prausnitzii were negatively correlated to LDL-C. In addition, F. prausnitzii was also negatively correlated to TC.

Moreover, our pathway analysis of the metagenomics dataset revealed significant increased abundance of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism within the gut microbiota after ingestion of oats.

Interestingly, the gut microbiota has been shown to modulate fatty acid profiles in plasma, liver, and the intestine 41 , 42 , which is in accordance with the metabolomics analysis from our published study; we found that oats induced specific changes in fatty acid within the human metabolome, specifically a reduction in glycerophospholipid and sphingolipids Such observations call for further studies examining the contribution of the gut microbiota to the mammalian lipidome and its role in regulating host energy and lipid metabolism.

The current study focused on oat β-glucan; however, the effect of polyphonels on gut microbita and health benefits cannot be ingored. As a good source of phytochemicals, oats contain a number of phenolic acids which could serve as a complex molecule by combining with soluble esters, proteins, and other macromolecules, such as ferric acid and vanillic acid 43 , Of note, there is an another unique molecular weight-soluble phenolic compounds for oats, the avenanthramides AVAs , and they were first purified from oat groats and hulls by Collins, and mainly existed in the oat bran and aleurone layer The predominant AVAs found in oats are 2c, 2f, and 2p according to the systematic nomenclature developed by Dimberg The antioxidant properties of AVAs have been verified in numberous clinical trials In addition, in terms of lipids metabolism, AVAs showed a cholesterol-lowering property by notably decreasing the level of TC, TG, and LDL-C in healthy subjects As an important phytochemicals, oat polyphenols could also improve host health by interacting with intestinal immune system and, in some cases, the gut microbiota.

Reviews by Angelika et al. have listed the detailed actions between polyphenol intake and immune system, including modulation of T-cell functions and downregulation of inflammtiry cytokine responses For AVAs, previous in vitro studies suggested that oat AVAs have an anti-atherosclerosis effect via inhibition of adhesion molecule expression and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines 50 ; also, the inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and stimulation of NO production may also participate in this effect In clinical trial, Liu et al.

found that supplementation of oat AVAs with 3. However, Kristek et al. claimed that the greatest impact on gut microbiota could appear only when oats as a whole food, rather than its main bioactives β-glucan or polyphenols alone These results showed a high accordance with the results of the present study.

According to this definition, a prebiotic should be selectively utilized by host microorganisms, preferably beneficial members of the gut microbiota and also confer a health benefit on the host.

Health benefits of oats and oat-derived products containing at least 3. We also report here a specific modulation of the gut microbiota upon oat ingestion, leading to increased abundance of bacteria associated with improved metabolic health, specifically Akkermansia muciniphila and Roseburia , and with a trend towards increased abundance of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and increased relative abundance of saccharolytic and butyrate-producing members of the gut microbiota upon metagenomics analysis, all of which has been shown to respond to dietary interventions of lowering TC and LDL-C.

Importantly, these microbiota-induced changes were restricted to a limited number of bacterial taxa and the effect was not observed in the rice group. This selective microbiota modulation is consistent with the few previous studies examining the impact of oats and β-glucans on the gut microbiota 20 , 22 , 28 , SCFAs produced from fiber or prebiotic fermentation by the gut microbiota have been shown in preclinical settings and in small human mechanistic studies to not only regulate TC and LDL-C but also to regulate food intake and influence fat storage in adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and browning of adipose tissue, all of which influence cholesterol homeostasis 54 — Although acetate is a substrate for hepatic cholesterol synthesis, propionate inhibits acetate utilization for cholesterol synthesis in humans Indeed, the ratio of serum acetate:propionate has been shown to be positively associated with total cholesterol levels, at least in men Similarly, circulating SCFAs, particularly acetate and propionate, have been associated with peripheral insulin sensitivity, whole body lipolysis, and glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 concentrations 60 , although possible sex effects may play a confounding role GLP-1 influences lipid metabolism via lipoproteins 62 , and the influence of SCFAs and BAs on whole body lipolysis, adipose tissue metabolism, thermogenesis, and insulin sensitivity identifies the gut microbiota and diet-induced modulation of gut microbiota metabolic output as plausible regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and CHD risk.

The in vitro study conducted by Kim and White found that, by adding oat flake into the fermentation model, oat flake could significantly increase the productions of SCFAs, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid Connolly et al.

did not find statistically significant differences in SCFA changes between the oat and control group Velikonja et al. found that subjects consuming 6 g of barley β-glucan bread showed a significant increase in propionic acid The influence of β-glucan on specific SCFA changes is not highly consistent.

In the present trial, we did observed significant increases of acetic acid and propionic acid in both groups. One reason could be due to the fecal samples used in literature whereas plasma samples used in present study for SCFAs analysis.

According to Borthakur et al. Therefore, both fecal samples and plasma samples are suggested to collected for SCFA analysis in the future study, in order to obtain a better understating on the influences of β-glucan on SCFA changes.

In animal studies, whole grain oat intake has been found to increase valeric acid production, and Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , and butyrate-producing bacteria including Roseburia.

Valeric acid production in pigs was correlated with bifidobacteria and lactobacilli In the current trial, we found a negative correlation between HDL-C and valeric acid in the oat group, which caused some discrepancies with the results of mechanistic studies performed in male Syrian hamsters, that ingestion of valeric acid did not change TC but did reduce non-HDL-C and improved the ratio of non-HDL-C to HDL-C We speculated that the different absorptions and metabolic patterns of valeric acid in different species may contribute to the present inconsistent results and need to be further studied.

On the other hand, butyric acid and valeric acid were found to be positively correlated to Enterobacteriaceae , Roseburia , and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the oat group, all these three bacteria were negatively correlated to isobutyric acid. Consistently, the study performed by Lu et al.

showed that treatment in obese mice with a mixture of butyrate has been proven to improve the plasma lipid profile via G protein-coupled receptors. In fact, butyric acid is the preferred energy source for colonocytes and can inhibit isobutyrate catabolism by competitively inhibiting activation of isobutyrate to its CoA ester; whereas, when colonocytes express a low butyrate availability, isobutyrate can function as a carbon source for energy In other words, butyrate may present an opposite role to isobutyrate.

Of note, we also observed a positive correlation in the oat group between LDL-C and isobutyric acid, which indicated the beneficial effects of butyrate indirectly and made us more interested to explore how the oat consumption improve lipid profiles through the potential metabolites of SCFAs.

SCFA production therefore, may represent a possible mechanism by which diet-induced microbiota modulation could contribute to the cholesterol-lowering effect of oats. The study of Anderson et al. found that, the cholesterol synthesis was inhibited by 1—1. Moreover, Wolever et al.

and Wong et al.

Studies show that oats and oatmeal have many Healht benefits. These include healtn loss, lower blood sugar Oats and gut health, and a reduced yealth of heart disease. Oats are among the healthiest grains on earth. Oats are a whole grain foodknown scientifically as Avena sativa. The most intact and whole form of oats are oat groats, which take a long time to cook.