Mushgoom assessment of citric acid, inorganic citrate Vegan lunch ideas, and alkyl citrate esters as used in cosmetics. Bulgakov VP, Avramenko TV. E1 Enshasy, H.

Mushroom Bioactive Compounds -

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These results suggest that PNPS-1 significantly reduces the development of hyperlipidemia and could be used as a potential therapeutic agent for CVD [ 35 ]. Anti-atherogenic and antiatherosclerotic effects of different mushrooms belonging to the genera: Armillaria, Agaricus, Boletus, Collybia, Cortinfrius, Coriolus, Flammulina, Hirneola, Lentinus, Ganoderrna, Lyophyllurn, Sarcodon, Pleurotus, Tricholoma, and Trenella were detected in human intima aortic culture.

The results showed that anti-atherosclerotic, anti-atherogenic, and hypolipidemic effects of certain species of mushrooms allow us to speculate that these edible fungi are beneficial dietary supplements that might be utilized in prophylactics and to a limited extent, in atherosclerotic medicines.

Furthermore, the extraction and purification of the active substance from these mushrooms may result in the development of a strong anti-atherosclerotic medicine [ 36 ].

Among the Pleurotus species, P. ostreatus was the best candidate for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis because it has been shown to contain a large number of antiatherosclerotic agents such as ergothionein, lovastatin, and chrysin [ 37 ]. Mushroom active compounds against cardiovascular diseases CVDs.

Mushrooms are fungi that either grow above or below the ground. These are the macro fungi that can be easily seen with the naked eye.

Mushrooms have been used since ancient times by the people of India and China or their medicinal properties. Nowadays many countries are consuming mushrooms for not only their unique flavor but also for their culinary effects.

As many studies have revealed that mushrooms are rich sources of: proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins B1, B2, B12, C, D, and E and minerals like Mn, Mg, Se, Ca, Na, Cu, K, and Fe [ 38 ]. These nutritional factors in mushrooms have made it very efficient to fight diabetes. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the extract of mushrooms can reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, induced by lipopolysaccharides which further improved the glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cell lines [ 39 ].

One of the most active biomolecules of mushrooms is β-glucans, a polysaccharide that can protect the pancreatic tissue from damage and restore the function of b-cells which helps to lower the blood glucose levels [ 40 ].

The low energy, lack of cholesterol and fats, less carbohydrates, and high minerals, proteins and vitamins made mushrooms an ideal food for diabetic patients. The consumption of mushrooms for a few days only can help to manage the low-density lipoproteins, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides levels in serum [ 10 ].

Besides bioactive molecules, mushrooms are very good in antioxidants activity and are also a good source of dietary fibers and water. Some of the most culinary properties containing mushrooms are Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus subrufescens, Cordyceps millitaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Grifola frondosa, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Pleurotus flabellatus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Poria cocos [ 10 , 41 ].

Extracts of Ganoderma lucidum contain: polysaccharides, triterpenoids, proteoglycans, and proteins which have been shown to reduce blood glucose levels. The proteoglycans of G. lucidum inhibit the tyrosine phosphatase 1B protein in diabetic patients. lucidum has proven to be very effective in controlling diabetes.

Moreover, the triterpenoid from G. lucidum inhibits the aldose reductase and a-glucosidase enzymes which are responsible for the elevation of postprandial glucose levels [ 42 ].

Polysaccharides from G. atrum PSG-1 increase insulin sensitivity and lower the serum lipid by increasing and decreasing the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively in pancreatic cells [ 43 ].

Heteropolysaccharides are one of the bioactive molecules of Pleurotus ostreatus that control diabetes by activating the Glycogen synthase kinase 3 GSK3 by phosphorylation and facilitating the translocation of glucose transporter type 4 GLUT4 in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats [ 44 ].

Lentinula edodes promote the growth of gut microbiota, which play a very important role to balance the energy in diabetic patients. Another mushroom, Hirsutellas inensis shows antidiabetic, antiobesogenic effects in high-fat-diet feed-mice by modification of the components of gut microbiota.

The polysaccharides and fibers of mushrooms act as prebiotics that helps in the treatment of diabetic patients [ 45 ]. Recently, researchers have found the potential effects of mushrooms in diabetic nephropathy conditions.

Polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula are very helpful in promoting the oxidation of glucose. This polysaccharide protects against diabetic nephropathy by the regulation of creatinine, inflammatory factors, blood urea nitrogen, and urine protein. Polysaccharides isolated from Flammulina velutipes provided protection against reactive oxygen species ROS and reduced the level of malondialdehyde MDA in the kidney.

The studies have also revealed that the proteoglycans from Ganoderma lucidum can restore kidney function by providing antioxidant activity [ 46 ].

According to a study conducted by Chou, Kan, Chang, Peng, Wang, Yu, Cheng, Jhang, Liu and Chuu [ 47 ], low molecular weight polysaccharide of Inonotus obiquus LIOP significantly reduces the expression of NF-jB and Transforming growth factor-beta TGF-b in a dose-dependent manner [ 48 ].

They find that LIOP treatment can improve glucolipotoxicity induced renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy mice. Hypsizigusm armoreus have been used to examine its protective effect on the liver, kidney, and pancreas. The spent mushroom compost polysaccharide SCP , its enzymatic lysates ESCP , and acid-based hydrolyzed SCP ASCP were tested in streptozotocin-induced mice and found that it increased the: catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity whereas, it reduced the lipid peroxide and malonaldehyde levels [ 49 ].

a-glucosidase inhibiting polysaccharide ePS-F with triterpenoids had been purified from Coriolus versicolor. Another bioactive molecule, MT-a-glucan polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa increases the expression of Interleukin-2 IL-2 and prevents the injury of b-cells [ 50 ].

Submerged cultured mycelium of Agaricus brasiliensis and G. lucidum has shown a protective effect on red blood cells RBCs in Streptozotocin STZ -induced diabetic rats [ 51 ]. Reproductive system diseases are responsible for several types of cancers like: prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, colorectal cancer etc.

The bioactive compounds present in the mushroom are playing an important role in the treatment of reproductive disease-associated cancers. There are several medicinal mushrooms like Ganoderma lucidum , Trametes versicolor, Inonotus obliquus, Fomitopsis officinalis , etc.

which are frequently used in the treatment of cancer. Prostate cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in men worldwide and the utmost common male malignancy in several western countries.

The incidence rate of prostate cancer is highest in the United States, lower in European countries and lowest in Asia [ 52 ]. The common risk factor related to prostate cancer is age, obesity, family history, environmental factors and dietary factors [ 53 ].

Retinoblastoma Rb and p53 tumor suppressor gene play a vital role in the progression of prostate cancer [ 54 ]. To combat these problems, natural compounds and fungal metabolites can be used as inhibitors for targeting cancerous cells in certain cancers [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Ganoderma lucidum belongs to the Ganoderma genus, oriental medicinally mushroom, which have been widely used in Asian countries for centuries to cure different diseases including cancer.

Plenty of species of this genus have antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and immune-stimulating activities [ 59 ]. These activities were due to the production of various bioactive compounds present in medicinally mushrooms such as proteins [ 60 , 61 , 62 ], terpenes, sterols, and polyphenols, etc.

The dried powder of G. lucidum is used as dietary supplements and is also used as a chemotherapeutic agent for cancer therapy. It induced the apoptosis of prostate cancer PC-3 cells by lowering the expression of NF-jB-mediated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression while the upregulation of the Bax protein [ 63 ].

The extracts of G. lucidum suppress the proliferation of cells and induce the G1 cell cycle in prostate cancer and breast cancer cells line [ 64 ]. Trametes versicolor, is a medicinal mushroom, belongs to the class Agaricomycetes shows anti-proliferative effects upon hepatocellular carcinoma cells HCC , prostate cancer DU and human breast cancer 4 T1 [ 42 ].

Several studies suggested that in T. versicolor β-glucan-based polysaccharopeptide fraction PSP and polysaccharide fraction PSK are present which are used as immunotherapeutic anticancer agents [ 65 ]. PSP activates cells of the immune system by enhancing the secretion of histamine, chemokines and cytokines such as interleukins IL-1b and IL-6 , TNF-a and prostaglandin E which excites dendrite and T-cell infiltration into tumor and lowers the damaging undesirable effects of chemotherapy [ 66 ].

Breast cancer is becoming one of the most common leading causes of mortality among women. The molecular subtypes of breast cancer are identified by gene expression profiles and lead to the identification of biomarkers that may ease the prognosis and treatment of cancer [ 67 ].

The molecular and pathological marker for the treatment of breast cancer is based on the presence or absence of progesterone receptors PR , estrogen receptor ER , and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HER2 [ 67 ].

To overcome this problem, the medicinally mushroom is widely utilized in modern integrative oncology and given to patients regularly. The clinical results suggested that T. versicolor inhibits the human triple-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB in the in vitro culture and reduced their growth [ 68 ] and is used as a supplement in the treatment of breast cancer.

The mushroom Inonotus obliquus, often known as Chaga mushroom, belongs to the Agaricomycetes class and is widely used as traditional medicine for cancer therapy in Korea, China, Japan, and Russia [ 69 ].

Scientists illustrated that the water extracts of Chaga mushroom have shown cytotoxic and antimitotic activity on HeLa cells. The polysaccharides from I. obliquus inhibit the migration of cancer cell lines and shows anti-metastatic activities in vitro. The bioactive compounds present in the Ganoderma species are a viable alternative to fight breast cancer.

The aqueous extracts of G. lucidum, G. sinense and G. tsugae were widely used against breast cancer cells. The data illustrated that the aqueous extract of these species has anti-proliferative activities against MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB cells.

However, the aqueous extract of G. tsugae was most effective against MCF-7 cells, although the activity of other Ganoderma species is similar to MDA-MB cells.

It also established that the extract did not show any cytotoxic activity against human noncancerous epithelial cells [ 72 ]. Several results showed that G.

lucidum suppressed the proliferation of MDA-MB cells in a dose and time-dependent manner [ 64 ]. The spore powder of G. lucidum also exhibited potent cytotoxic effects in the MDA-MB, triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, and SUMcell line and overexpressing the HER2 gene in MDA-MB [ 73 ].

Some auspicious evidence illustrated that using fungal extracts can help prevent breast and gastrointestinal cancers. Some studies confirmed antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract of F.

officinalis in different forms of cancers [ 75 ]. officinalis extract, Lanostane-type triterpenoids, was reported which showed promising anticancer activity. Scientists showed that the ethanol extracts of F. officinalis are more effective in comparison with water extract against human breast cancer MDAMB cells, colon cancer HCT , lung cancer A , mouse sarcoma S and hepatoma HepG2 cells [ 75 ].

Figure 4 shows the therapeutic activity of mushrooms and their biomolecules in the treatment of different forms of cancer.

The immune system plays a very contributing role in the progression of tumors toward cancer. Mushroom shows its therapeutic activity by targeting the components of the immune system and also modulates the apoptotic processes. Figure 4 suggests the therapeutic activity of mushrooms by modulating the different components of the immune system and also regulates the apoptotic processes in cancerous cells [ 76 , 77 , 78 ].

Antitumor mechanism of bioactive compounds in medicinal mushroom. Bioactive molecules in mushrooms also prevent the progression of different NDs. In addition, the clinical symptoms of PD were also alleviated by mushroom supplements rich in phytochemicals, minerals, and vitamins [ 79 ].

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity is exhibited by dietary mushrooms containing significant quantities of carotenoids, polysaccharides, minerals, polyphenols, and vitamins [ 80 ].

The two major factors that are responsible for the progression of PD are oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Thus, the biomolecules present in edible mushrooms offer significant neuroprotection by their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity by preventing the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons [ 79 ].

One of the major factors responsible for the generation of neuroinflammation in PD is the activation of microglial cells.

Ganoderma lucidum extract GLE inhibited the activation of these microglial cells and ultimately preventing the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. Tumor necrosis factoralpha TNF-a and interleukin-1b IL-1b are the examples of some important proinflammatory cytokines whose expression was downregulated by GLE in a dose-dependent manner and can be treated by natural antibiotics reported in [ 81 ].

Further progression of PD is prevented by inhibition of these proinflammatory cytokines by GLE. Thus, the treatment of PD, GLE should be utilized as an effective anti-inflammatory medication [ 82 ].

For the treatment of PD, niacin-rich food can be very beneficial and offers significant protective activity. Niacin-rich mushroom content offers potential therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of PD [ 83 ].

In the rotenone intoxicated model of PD, neuroprotective activity was shown by the Agaricus blazei extract ABE. ABE also improves rotenone-induced non-motor and motor complications in PD. Therefore, for the treatment of PD, ABE might also be utilized as a nutritional supplement [ 84 ].

Some herbal plants like Tinospora cordifolia , Withania somnifera , Mucuna pruriens Mp , and the essential oils also exhibit neuroprotective activity similar to mushrooms in toxin-induced PD mouse models [ 85 , 86 , 87 ]. In addition, bioactive components of Mp like Ursolic acid also exhibits potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory property in toxin-induced PD model [ 88 , 89 , 90 ].

Chlorogenic acid also exhibits a similar AntiParkinsonian activity in the mouse model of PD [ 91 ]. Neuroinflammation along with oxidative stress mainly contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.

The redox status in the cell of AD is significantly impaired [ 1 ]. Mushrooms have all the essential components that restore the normal balance of the redox system in AD models and patients. Proper and accurate functioning of mitochondria is required to maintain energy homeostasis. The synthesis of vital energy equivalents is hampered by abnormal mitochondrial functioning.

In the neuroprotective network, inflammasome is an example of a very vital component. In AD, mitochondrial functioning was improved by Coriolus and Hericium. Normal redox balance was also maintained by these two nutritional mushrooms.

Thus, energy homeostasis in AD was maintained by the above-mentioned two mushrooms by their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties [ 92 ].

One of the best examples of both medicinal and edible mushrooms is the Hericium erinaceus HE. Both in vitro and in vivo model systems show the neuroprotective activity of HE. The aqueous extract of HE rich in a mycelium polysaccharide shows potent anti-apoptotic activity in l-glutamic acid l-Glu -induced differentiated PC12 DPC12 cell lines.

The AD mouse model induces by the combination of AlCl 3 with D-galactose. The aqueous extract of HE prevents the further progression of AD by its neuroprotective potential. Behavioral abnormalities were also improved by the aqueous extract of HE in the AD mouse model. In a dosedependent manner, HE is responsible for the enhancement of choline acetyltransferase ChAT and acetylcholine Ach in serum and hypothalamus.

To avert the pathogenesis of AD, the hypothalamus and serum level of Ach and ChAT is very vital. HE could be an efficient neuroprotective agent in AD and for some other neurodegenerative diseases [ 22 ].

For the treatment of different diseases, Coriolus versicolor CV mushroom is also widely utilized as a nutritional supplement. The oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were considerably reduced by the CV in AD.

CV also improve the quality of mitochondria and restores the normal redox balance [ 92 ]. Human wellness was effectively maintained by the bioactive molecules present in prebiotics such as legumes [ 93 , 94 , 95 ], spirulina [ 96 ], biological nanoparticles [ 93 , 97 ], mushroom [ 30 ].

Similar to PD, some herbal plants like Bacopa monnieri, Withania somnifera, Eclipta alba, Moringa oleifera and cucumber also improves cognitive function as suggested by some researchers [ 98 , 99 , , , , ].

In addition, the neuroinflammatory pathways are also significantly modulated by a variety of medicinal mushrooms in AD [ ]. Cognitive dysfunction is the very basic clinical feature of HD.

In the edible mushroom Polyozellus multiplex, Polyozellin is a very important biomolecule having significant therapeutic activity.

In the HD model, glutamate-induced mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cell death was significantly ameliorated by Polyozellin by apoptosis and the MAPK pathway. In HT22 cells, biochemical anomalies like lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species ROS were reduced by Polyozellin. Therefore, Polyozellin might be utilized for the treatment of HD patients in near future [ ].

In the animal model of multiple sclerosis MS , the disease conditions were ameliorated by Piwep, a mushroom extract from Phellinus igniarius. The dietary mushrooms and their bioactive components also improve the disease pathology in MS as with other NDs [ ].

NFjB and Nrf2 mediated neuroinflammatory pathways are mainly responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately cause progressive neurodegeneration in all NDs. Thus, the biomolecules of mushrooms play a very potential role to reduce the pathogenesis associated with NDs.

Further studies will need to characterize more biomolecules in mushrooms and test their efficacy in several NDs. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Naofumi Shiomi. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Mushroom; Chemistry, Bioactive Components, and Application Written By Ahmed M.

Saad, Mahmoud Z. Sitohy, Belal A. Omar, Mohamed T. El-Saadony and Basel Sitohy. DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter:.

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IntechOpen Current Topics in Functional Food Edited by Naofumi Shiomi. From the Edited Volume Current Topics in Functional Food Edited by Naofumi Shiomi and Anna Savitskaya Book Details Order Print.

Chapter metrics overview Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract Apposite energy is required for body activity. Keywords mushroom species bioactive components anticancer antidiabetic. Ahmed M. Sitohy Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt Belal A.

Omar Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt Mohamed T. Introduction Mushrooms are a group of fungi with a distinctive fruiting body that can be either epigeous or hypogenous and large enough to be seen with the naked eye and picked by hand [ 1 ].

Table 1. Nutritional values of edible mushrooms and their activities. Cordyceps sinensis, Magic Milk Grifola frondosa, Inonotus obliquus, Hericium erinaceus. Table 2. Bioactive components in common mushroom. References 1. Valverde ME, Hernández-Pérez T, Paredes-López O. Edible mushrooms: Improving human health and promoting quality life.

International Journal of Microbiology. DOI: Singh M. Mushroom Biotechnology: The rise of the fallen. International Society for Optics and Photonics.

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Muhroom principal Mushroom Bioactive Compounds Busca 2 Compoundd 3. Bioacgive Pesquisa Bioactive compounds from mushrooms: An emerging bioresources Compouunds food and nutraceuticals Musheoom compounds from Bioacrive An emerging bioresources Comppunds food Holistic allergy treatment nutraceuticals.

Mushroom Bioactive Compounds, Harpreet, Kour, Divjot, Kour, Satvinder, Singh, Shaveta, Vegan lunch ideas Hashmi, Syed Azhar, Yadav, Ajar Mushroom Bioactive Compounds, Kumar, Krishan, Sharma, Yash Pal, Bioacive, Amrik Singh. Food Bioscience ; : Artigo em Inglês ScienceDirect ID: covidwho Anti cancer compounds ; Bioactive compounds ; Biodiversity ; Food industry ; Mushrooms ; Nutraceuticals ; Nutritive value.

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: Mushroom Bioactive Compounds

Edible Mushrooms: Cultivation, Bioactive Molecules, and Health Benefits | SpringerLink	Structural characteristics and bioactive properties of a novel polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes. In addition, bioactive components of Mp like Ursolic acid also exhibits potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory property in toxin-induced PD model [ 88 , 89 , 90 ]. This fungus is known to have potential pharmacologically active secondary metabolites which belong to small molecular weight compounds in addition to the minerals and major macromolecules, i. Kasprzycka A, Lalak-Kańczugowska J, Tys J. Yamabushitake , and its medicinal utilization.
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Frontiers | Mushrooms as Potential Sources of Active Metabolites and Medicines	Draft genome of Omphalotus olearius provides a predictive framework for sesquiterpenoid natural product biosynthesis in Basidiomycota. Ectopic expression of the chemokine CXCL17 in colon cancer cells. Structural analysis of water-soluble polysaccharides in the fruiting body of Dictyophora indusiata and their in vivo antioxidant activities. Rea, k Rigidoporus sp. De novo sequencing and analysis of the termite mushroom Termitomyces albuminosus transcriptome to discover putative genes involved in bioactive component biosynthesis. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Curtis P.

Conteúdo principal Bioative Busca 2 Rodapé 3. Home Pesquisa Bioactive compounds from mushrooms: An emerging bioresources of Liver Health Strategies and nutraceuticals Vegan lunch ideas compounds Biocative mushrooms: Mushrlom Vegan lunch ideas bioresources Conpounds food and nutraceuticals. Kour, Harpreet, Kour, Divjot, Kour, Satvinder, Singh, Shaveta, Jawad Hashmi, Syed Azhar, Yadav, Ajar Nath, Kumar, Krishan, Sharma, Yash Pal, Ahluwalia, Amrik Singh. Food Bioscience ; : Artigo em Inglês ScienceDirect ID: covidwho Anti cancer compounds ; Bioactive compounds ; Biodiversity ; Food industry ; Mushrooms ; Nutraceuticals ; Nutritive value. Texto completo.