Ginseng for mood enhancement -
However, while studies on the role of ginseng in cancer prevention show some benefits, they remain inconclusive Ginsenosides in ginseng seem to regulate inflammation, provide antioxidant protection, and maintain the health of cells, which could help decrease the risk of certain kinds of cancer.
Nevertheless, more research is needed. Ginseng has been shown to help ease fatigue and increase energy levels. Various animal studies have linked some components in ginseng, like polysaccharides and oligopeptides, with lower oxidative stress and higher energy production in cells, which could help decrease fatigue 28 , One review of 10 studies concluded that ginseng could significantly improve symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome compared to a placebo, even after just 15 days Another review showed that taking American or Asian ginseng could decrease symptoms of cancer-related fatigue when taken in doses of 2, mg or 3, mg per day, respectively Furthermore, a review of over studies suggested that ginseng supplements may not only help reduce fatigue but could also enhance physical performance Ginseng may help fight fatigue and enhance physical performance by lowering oxidative damage and increasing energy production in cells.
Ginseng seems to be beneficial in the control of blood sugar levels in people both with and without diabetes American and Asian ginseng have been shown to improve pancreatic cell function, boost insulin production, and enhance the uptake of blood sugar in tissues Moreover, studies show that ginseng extracts help by providing antioxidant protection that can help reduce free radicals in the cells of those with diabetes One review of eight studies found that ginseng supplementation could decrease fasting blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes, but it did not significantly reduce hemoglobin A1C levels, which are an average of blood glucose over 3 months.
Another 8-week study showed that taking 3 g per day of American ginseng significantly reduced fasting blood sugar levels The study showed ginseng improved hemoglobin A1c , a marker of long-term blood sugar control, compared to a placebo in people with type 2 diabetes but larger studies using standardized preparations of ginseng are needed to verify these results It seems that fermented red ginseng could be even more effective at blood sugar control.
Fermented ginseng is produced with the help of live bacteria that transform the ginsenosides into a more easily absorbed and potent form In fact, an older study demonstrated that taking 2.
Ginseng, particularly fermented red ginseng, may help increase insulin production, enhance blood sugar uptake in cells, and provide antioxidant protection.
Ginseng root can be consumed in many ways. It can be eaten raw or you can lightly steam it to soften it. It can also be stewed in water to make a tea. To do this, just add hot water to freshly sliced ginseng and let it steep for several minutes.
Ginseng can be added to various recipes like soups and stir-fried dishes, too. Additionally, the extract can be found in powder, tablet, capsule, and oil forms. How much you should take depends on the condition you want to improve.
Overall, daily doses of 1—2 g of raw ginseng root or — mg of extract are suggested. Ginseng can be eaten raw, made into tea or added to various dishes. It can also be consumed as a powder, capsule, or oil. According to research, ginseng appears to be safe and should not produce any serious adverse effects 39 , However, people taking diabetes medications should monitor their blood sugar levels closely when using ginseng to ensure these levels do not go too low.
Additionally, ginseng may reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs Note that due to the lack of safety studies, ginseng is not recommended for children or people who are pregnant or breastfeeding Lastly, there is evidence suggesting that the extended use of ginseng could decrease its effectiveness in the body.
To maximize its benefits, you should take ginseng in 2—3-week cycles with a one or two week break in between While ginseng appears to be safe, people taking certain medications should pay attention to possible drug interactions. Ginseng is an herbal supplement that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine.
It is commonly touted for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It could also help regulate blood sugar levels and have benefits for certain types of cancer. Ginseng can be consumed raw or lightly steamed.
It can also easily be added to your diet as a supplement and is available in extract, capsule, or powder form. Whether you want to improve a certain condition or simply give your health a boost, ginseng may be worth a try.
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See why I recommend Mind Lab Pro. Ginseng can also improve memory in stroke patients. When ginseng and ginkgo supplements are taken together, they have a synergistic effect, improving both working and long-term memory.
Ginseng increases circulation , sending more blood to all our organs. This same mechanism also increases blood flow to the brain.
A steady flow of blood delivers oxygen, glucose, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and other essential nutrients to the brain. Cerebral blood flow also clears away harmful substances such as carbon dioxide, toxins, and metabolic waste products.
Ginseng can help restore sufficient blood supply to the brain after a stroke or brain injury. Ginseng increases levels of the most important neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and norepinephrine.
Ginseng raises the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF , a protein that stimulates the growth of new brain cells.
BDNF increases brain plasticity, suppresses brain inflammation , acts as a natural antidepressant, offsets the negative effects of stress on the brain , and guards against neurodegenerative diseases. Ginseng belongs to a category of supplements known as adaptogens. Adaptogens are herbal remedies that increase resilience to mental, physical, and environmental stress.
They work by reducing the stress hormone cortisol while strengthening the adrenal glands. Ginseng has been found to reduce levels of the stress hormone cortisol and help the body maintain the state of balance known as homeostasis.
Ginseng also protects against stress-related diseases , including diabetes, asthma, heart disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, depression, and anxiety disorders. Ginseng study participants often report improved overall well-being , as well as better energy, sleep, sex life, and personal satisfaction.
This herbal formula shows promise for helping those with drug-resistant depression. It works by normalizing levels of dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters related to mood.
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Ginseng is particularly helpful for managing the unwanted symptoms of menopause , especially low libido, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and fatigue. This was repeated three further times with different stimulus sets. This was similar to the numeric working memory but using letters. A series of five letters appeared on the screen for participants to remember.
After 4 s the letters disappeared and were followed by a series of 30 probe letters. The measures were the percentage of the correctly identified stimuli and the average reaction time ms. The Corsi block-tapping task is a span task and a visuospatial analogue of the digit span of verbal working memory Lezak et al.
A computerised version of the Corsi blocks task was employed in the study. A series of squares appeared on the screen. A number of these illuminated sequentially in quasi-random order. The volunteer then attempted to repeat the pattern by clicking the boxes in the same order using the mouse and cursor.
The task becomes progressively more difficult as the number of boxes increases from four upwards. The task gives a measure of spatial span as well as speed of responding. Single letters were presented on the computer screen total number of presented letters was 45 with 15 targets to be identified.
for 1, back the previous digit; for 3, back the digit three previously. Approximately 20 min after the word presentation, the participant was allowed 60 s to write down as many of the items from word presentation as possible.
The task was scored as for immediate word recall. Word recognition was tested by representation of the words from the original list randomly interspersed with an equal number of distracter words.
Picture recognition was tested by the presentation of the original drawings and an equal number of distracters in random order. The originally presented faces were presented along with an equal number of distracters in random sequence Participants were responded via key presses to indicate if they recognised the face from the initial sequence.
Computerised versions of serial subtraction task were implemented Scholey et al. For the serial sevens task participant was required to count backwards in sevens from a random starting number between and , presented on the computer screen, as quickly and accurately as possible, using the numeric key pad to enter each response.
Each three-digit response was entered via the numeric key pad with each digit being represented on the screen by an asterisk. The task was scored for total number of subtractions and number of errors.
In case of incorrect responses, subsequent responses were scored as positive if they were correct in relation to the new number. The serial threes task was identical to serial sevens, except that it involved serial subtraction of threes.
This task has been widely used to study the cognitive effects of psychotropic interventions and is sensitive to blood glucose levels Donohoe and Benton b and ginseng Reay et al. The participant monitors the continuous series for targets of three consecutive odd or three consecutive even digits.
The participant responds to the detection of a target string by pressing a space bar as quickly as possible. The task lasted for 3 min, with eight correct target strings being presented in each minute.
The task was scored for percentage of target strings correctly detected, the average reaction time ms for correct detections, and the number of false alarms.
Mood was assessed during each testing session via visual analogue scales VAS incorporated into the cognitive battery. These included the 16 Bond—Lader VAS Bond and Lader These scales have high reliability and validity Ahern and were originally designed for assessing the mood effects of anxiolytics and have been subsequently utilised in numerous pharmacological, psychopharmacological, medical trials and research programmes assessing dietary manipulations.
Participants marked their current subjective state by using the computer mouse to place a mark on sixteen mm VAS linking pairs of antonyms. Two other visual analogue scales assessed stress and mental fatigue.
The shortened item version of the DASS was used to assess three negative affective states of depression, anxiety and stress on seven-item scales. The Depression subscale DASS-D measures symptoms relating to dysphoric mood e.
Participants were required to indicate on a 4-point scale whether each statement applied to them not at all, to some degree, a considerable degree, or most of the time.
Subscales were calculated by summing the scores of the appropriate items. Good internal consistency and validity for the DASS have been found with samples of clinical patients and non-clinical volunteers Antony et al. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI Spielberger et al. The subscale contains 20 statements e.
Scores on both sections of the STAI range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating more anxiety. On the arrival at the laboratory participants underwent a health screen, provided morphometric and demographic data and signed their informed consent.
Each participant was required to attend a total of five occasions one practice session and four study days. Testing days were 7 days apart to ensure a sufficient washout between conditions. Testing took place in a suite of dedicated laboratories with participants visually isolated from each other.
They also wore headphones to further minimise distraction. On the first visit participants signed their informed consent followed by a health screen, were familiarised with the protocol of the study, including the COMPASS computerised test battery, questionnaires and procedures. Data from the first day were not included in any analysis.
On arrival for their first testing participants were randomly allocated to a treatment regime using a Latin square design that counterbalanced the order of treatments across the four active days.
Each study day comprised four identical sessions using parallel versions of the COMPASS battery. Further testing sessions began at 1, 3 and 6 h following the consumption of the treatment.
Each assessment involved blood glucose measurements, pencil-and-paper mood scales and the completion of the COMPASS cognitive battery. A light lunch was provided at the end of 1 h post-treatment session the same for each participant on each study day.
The symptom checklist was completed at the end of the final testing session of the day. Data analyses were similar to those used in a series of similar previous acute, dose-ranging studies Haskell et al.
Change-from-baseline scores on study days were computed for each cognitive measure, at each time-point for every dose. The initial omnibus ANOVA was employed only to determine the MSError for the appropriate planned comparisons which were performed using t tests incorporating MSError from the ANOVA Keppel The primary analysis therefore involved planned comparisons of the change-from-baseline scores comparing each of the active treatments and placebo at each time point utilising t tests calculated with the mean squares error from the initial ANOVA as an error term.
Given the exploratory nature of the study no specific adjustment was made for multiple comparisons, however we reduced the potential for type I error by implementing a number of safeguards.
Secondly all these analyses were two-tailed, restricted to planned comparisons and constrained by the number of conditions minus one i. three at each time point. Finally, compared with single time-points differences, there is an exponentially decreasing probability for significant differences at two and three time-points for the same dose, so here we avoid any interpretation of significant differences isolated to one time-point though they are reported.
The American ginseng extract used in this clinical trial contained 0. The total ginsenosides, calculated as the sum of above individual ginsenosides, represented As expected, the ginsenoside Rf was not found Harkey et al.
The ginsenoside Rf is not present in American ginseng but it is present in Asian ginseng P. ginseng , and is used as a marker to determine adulterations in American ginseng. The chromatogram of the American ginseng extract and the structures of its ginsenosides are presented in Fig.
a Chromatogram of the American ginseng Panax quinquefolius extract. b Structures of ginsenosides. Initial one-way analyses on each cognitive and mood measure revealed no significant baseline differences between conditions confirming that post-treatment effects were not attributable to differences in baseline performance.
Significant results are presented graphically in Fig. Significant effects of Panax quinquefolius on cognitive function and mood. Graphs depict mean change-from-baseline scores following a placebo and , and mg of a standardised extract.
There was a single effect of treatment on mood. This is first study to evaluate the acute mood and cognitive effects of P. quinquefolius American ginseng extract in humans.
We found treatment-related improvements in cognitive performance and increased calmness in healthy young adults. The present study did not observe any effect of on blood glucose levels thereby ruling out any interpretation of the cognitive facilitation effects as being due to impact on glucose or insulin-mediated mechanisms.
All three active doses improved Corsi blocks performance compared with placebo at all post-dose time-points with the most beneficial effects being observed for the lower two doses.
Other than this the most robust effects were observed for the mg dose, although all doses influenced cognition to some degree.
Immediate Word Recall accuracy and numeric working memory speed were differentially improved by the mg dose at all three post-dose time-points. Conversely alphabetic working memory speed was improved at all three time-points following the and mg doses.
Choice Reaction Time accuracy was significantly improved following both and mg at 1 h post-administration. At 3 h post-administration mg continued to improve performance, and at 6 h post-administration choice reaction time accuracy was significantly improved by all treatment doses compared with placebo.
The differential dose- and time- effects may indicate differential sensitivity of biological systems to specific neural substrates affected by ginseng and its constituent ginsenosides. As this is the first study to assess the effects of this extract on mood, few comparisons can be drawn with the existing research.
However a number of studies have assessed the effect of P. ginseng on mood using the same Bond Lader mood scale as the present study Kennedy et al. Both and mg reduced alertness at 6 h Kennedy et al. Other studies have also reported reduced mental fatigue during sustained mental effort following P.
ginseng in healthy young individuals Reay et al. Previous research in rodents has shown that Ginseng saponins and Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibit the stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone Kim et al. Clearly at present this interpretation is purely speculative indeed we found no effect of ginseng on self-ratings of stress , but may merit further investigation.
The mechanism s by which extracts of Ginseng or individual components derived from Ginseng exert their effects on cognition are not known. A number of potentially complementary effects may be involved. For example neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides have been demonstrated in vitro Rudakewich et al.
Such effects include protection of hippocampal CA1 neurons, reduction of infarct area Zhang and Liu , reduced lipid peroxidation, scavenging of oxygen free radicals Chen et al. Increased NO synthesis has been proposed to underlie these neuroprotective effects. The enzyme NO synthase has been shown to be present throughout the brain with a particular prevalence in the cerebellum and is reported to be involved in hippocampal LTP Salemme et al.
Kennedy and Scholey note that it may be significant that following ginsenoside administration, the release of NO from endothelial cells has been shown to be specific to the Panaxatriol rather than the Panaxadiol ginsenosides Kang et al. Jin et al. While Ginseng and Ginseng saponins boast an array of neuroprotective effects it seems unlikely that these attributes would greatly benefit cognition acutely.
However the effects of Ginsengosides are not limited to neuroprotective effects. As well as increased NO-mediated blood flow Kim et al. The data presented here demonstrate enhancement effects of P. quinquefolius predominantly on working memory processes Corsi blocks, and both numeric and alphabetic working memory.
There is also some evidence of positive effects on short-term verbal declarative memory immediate word recall and attention choice reaction time. Such findings tempt speculation about the neuroanatomical loci of these effects.
As well as its well-documented role in long-term episodic memory Eichenbaum and Cohen , there is increasing evidence that the hippocampus may be involved in working memory Axmacher et al.
However, if the effects here are largely driven by hippocampal activation we might expect a more pronounced effect on secondary memory above the enhancement of immediate word recall.
Currently, there is a paucity of data regarding brain areas involved in the cognition-enhancing of effects of Ginseng, we hope that neuroimaging studies will soon reveal which areas are activated by Ginseng during cognitive processing.
It has been well documented that the cholinergic pathways projecting to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus play a key role in learning and memory. It has also been argued that the cholinergic system is a specific target for cognitively enhancing agents Giovannini et al.
A number of studies have identified cholinergic properties associated with isolated ginsenosides. A direct interaction between Rg2 and nicotinic receptor subtypes has been observed Sala et al.
Moreover Benshin demonstrated modulation by Rb1 of acetylcholine release and reuptake, along with a number of choline uptake sites in the hippocampus, and to a lesser extent, the cortex. Both ginsenosides Rg1 Zhang et al. Scopolamine-induced deficits are attenuated by P. quinquefolius in rodents Sloley et al.
Protection against scopolamine-induced amnesia by P. quinquefolius was most evident in trials where animals were required to remember the task learned the previous day. In the same study, it was observed that Ginseng increased choline uptake into synaptosomes prepared from rat brain. In the human brain crude extracts of P.
ginseng exhibited an affinity for both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in cerebral cortex membrane Lewis et al. As discussed previously, the P. quinquefolius extract profile has 2—3 times the ginsenoside content than the more commonly researched P.
ginseng, with the highest expression of Rb1 and Re. On the other hand, the RVIP task used here may been regarded as a prototypical cholinergic task, and we found no effect of the ginseng extract on this measure. A second aim of the study was to assess the acute effects of P.
quinquefolius on glucoregulation on young healthy adults. The results of the present study show that, at least at the dosages used here American ginseng has no effect on blood glucose levels. Vuksan et al. quinquefolius lowered blood glucose levels during a glucose challenge in both healthy and diabetic subjects.
In that study, however, Ginseng administration lowered blood glucose levels only when taken 40 min prior to the glucose challenge in healthy individuals.
Conversely, diabetic subjects experienced a fall in blood glucose either whether Ginseng was administered 40 min prior to, or concurrently with, the glucose challenge, suggesting that this effect is somewhat more robust in diabetic subjects or at least that the temporal aspects are less important in that population.
quinquefolius on blood glucoregulation is more robust in older individuals. Additionally the largest body of research assessing the effects of Ginseng on peripheral circulating blood glucose in humans has tended to investigate chronic administration Vuksan et al.
It is worth noting that these findings should be treated with a degree of caution. Firstly, this is the first investigation into the neurocognitive effects of American ginseng. Clearly the study needs at least partial replication possibly with more focus on specific working memory processes.
Secondly, given the exploratory nature of the study, no adjustment was made for multiple comparisons although we did implement a number of safeguards against conflated Type 1 error. This follows the recommendations of Keppel and is consistent with analyses utilised in a series of similar, acute dose-ranging studies Haskell et al.
We are aware that adjusting the alpha level to allow for multiple comparisons would have yielded fewer significant findings.
On the other hand this should be balanced against the observation that for the majority of outcomes where there were significant differences, these were at all three time-points and for Alphabetic Working Memory and Corsi blocks for two and three doses, respectively suggesting that they are unlikely to have arisen from Type 1 errors.
Furthermore cognition-enhancing effects of the extract were observed across a range of cognitive modalities at a range of dosages. The lack of glycaemic effects suggest that these effects can occur independently of changes in blood glucose, at least in healthy younger populations.
Further research is required assessing the neurocognitive effects of P. quinquefolius in other populations e. older individuals and those with cognitive problems as well as evaluating the neurocognitive effects of chronic administration. Abe K, Cho S, Kitagawa I, Nishiyama N, Saito H Differential effects of ginsenoside Rb1 and malonylginsenoside Rb1 on long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of rats.
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Ginseng is a renowned Role of phytochemicals in disease treatment Ginseng for mood enhancement used for moov of years, enhanxement in Chinese medicine. Especially Ginseng for mood enhancement for its gor and adaptogenic effects, ginseng has Ginseeng a popular enhhancement across the globe. Many believe that consuming it can engancement healthy blood sugar levels already in normal range and possibly help with mood, stress relief, and libido. The supplement is also regarded as an aid in helping to support healthy cognitive function, boost the immune system, and combat fatigue. You can consume this supplement lightly steamed or raw. Alternatively, you can add it to your diet in powder or capsule form. So, whether you want a quick boost or are looking to support wellness long-term, ginseng may be worth trying. Ginseng Ginseng for mood enhancement ginseng Meyera famous traditional medicinal Ginsebg, has been widely used enhabcement many centuries. Moof studies Ginseng for mood enhancement shown that ginseng Goal-setting for youth athletes a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders. In this review, we summarized the effects of ginseng in treating neurological diseases, particularly the anti-depressant effects of ginseng. Furthermore, its potential mechanism was also outlined. Therefore, this review may provide new insight into the treatment of ginseng on neurological diseases.
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