He is currently serving as off-side CLIA laboratory director for BioCorp Clinical Laboratory, Whittier, CA and Health Labs, Garden Grove, CA.

Beqaj received his Ph. in Pathology from Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, Michigan. Beqaj has taught in several academic institutions and has published numerous medical textbook chapters and journal articles.

He has served as a principal investigator in clinical trials for several well-known pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies such as Roche HPV Athena, Merck HPV vaccine, BD vaginitis panel, Roche Vantana CINtec® Histology clinical trials, and has presented various scientific clinical abstracts and presentations.

He is a member of several medical and scientific associations including the Association of Molecular Pathology, American Association of Clinical Chemistry and the Pan Am Society for Clinical Virology.

He has served on a number of clinical laboratory regulatory and scientific committees, and has assisted several laboratories and physicians as a Clinical Laboratory Consultant.

He also solved extraordinary challenges of product scarcity, supply chain, product allocation, and logistics to achieve accelerated global sourcing and self manufacturing in line with testing guidelines. A frequent public speaker on health equity and other topics, Rod was named one of the Most Influential Black Executives in Corporate America by Savoy Magazine and one of the Top Blacks in Healthcare by BlackDoctor.

He also received The Sagamore of the Wabash Award, one of the highest Indiana State honors, bestowed by Indiana Governor Eric J. Rod holds an M. from California State University, Dominguez Hills, an M.

in Strategic Management from the University of Southern California, and a B. Prescriber Portal Login. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. There is significant evidence indicating that chronic fatigue syndrome is a biological illness, which may be caused, in part, by an overactive immune system, often triggered by an infection.

Learn More About Testing. Symptoms Home. Obsessions and Compulsions. Motor and Vocal Tics. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity. Autism Spectrum Disorders. Anxiety Disorders. Seizures and Convulsions.

Depression and Mood Changes. Chronic Fatigue. Test Order Process. In the study, patients with the three different inflammatory disorders had around the same level of fatigue. However, fatigue was more present in women, patients who had the disease for a longer period of time, and patients who changed medication in the past 12 month.

It was also more common among those who were unemployed, who had less education, and who had lower household income, the researchers found. Fortunately, more clinicians are recognizing the need to manage fatigue in inflammatory arthritis patients, the researchers said.

There are some ways to help address fatigue, including mindfulness, exercise, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Our results suggest this needs to be considered in future planning of interventions. FDA Approves IV Formulation of Cosentyx. It will be available in the fourth quarter.

Psychological — Not Just Physical — Symptoms Hamper Physical Fitness in Patients with RA. Feelings of depression and stress are partly to blame for lower fitness levels among people with rheumatoid arthritis. RA Associated with Increased Risk of Heart Attack, Stroke, Finds Meta-Analysis.

The results argue for close clinical management of people with rheumatoid arthritis, say the authors of the meta-analysis that included 14 studies. CAR T Cells Could Change the Face of Autoimmune Therapy Research Review. Manipulating T cells to target cancer cells has worked to treat some cancers.

Researchers are investigating whether the same approach might be used to curb the dysregulated immune response that underlies autoimmune disease. Analyses Confirm Link Between Thyroid Autoimmunity and Hearing Risks.

Between the Lines. Expert Interviews. Medical World News. Population Health Perspectives. All Publications. MHE Publication. Formulary Watch Supplements. Supplements And Featured Publications. PBMI MAP. Virtual Events. These researchers suspect that constant viral infections may lead to processes that could induce autoimmunity: bystander activation and molecular mimicry.

In molecular mimicry, the immune system fights an infectious agent and then begins to confuse it with a similar cell in the body and begins attacking it. Essentially, because both cells look similar, the immune system labels them as identical, when in fact one type actually belongs in your body.

In bystander activation:. A different study involving many of the same researchers puts forth the possibility of an autoimmune reaction to serotonin 5-HT.

As a hormone and neurotransmitter, serotonin performs several crucial roles in both the gut and the brain. It may be that several different subgroups, and perhaps even different diseases, are currently lumped into one basket. Scientists are still working to sort it all out.

Meanwhile, you need to find ways to manage your condition. Blomberg J, Gottfries CG, Elfaitouri A, Rizwan M, Rosén A. Front Immunol. Published Feb Komaroff AL. Inflammation correlates with symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.

Sotzny F, Blanco J, Capelli E. Autoimmunity Reviews. Rivera MC, Mastronardi C, Silva-Aldana C, Arcos-Burgos M, Lidbury B. Maes M, Twisk FN, Johnson C. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ME , Chronic Fatigue Syndrome CFS , and Chronic Fatigue CF are distinguished accurately: Results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data.

Psychiatry Research. Agliari E, Barra A, Vidal KG, Guerra F. Can persistent Epstein—Barr virus infection induce chronic fatigue syndrome as a Pavlov reflex of the immune response?

Journal of Biological Dynamics. De Meirleir KL, Khaiboullina SF, Frémont M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the duodenum of individuals diagnosed with myalgic encephalomyelitis are uniquely immunoreactive to antibodies to human endogenous retroviral proteins.

In Vivo. Morris G, Berk M, Galecki P, Maes M. Molecular Neurobiology. Maes M, Ringel K, Kubera M, Anderson G, Morris G, Galecki P, Geffard M. J Affect Disord.

doi: Epub May PMID: Arnett SV, Clark IA. Journal of Affective Disorders.

Tellez N, Rio J, Tintoré M, Nos C, Galán I, Montalban X. Does the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale offer a more comprehensive assessment of fatigue in MS? Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Bitzer-Quintero OK, Ramírez-Anguiano AC, Flores-Alvarado LJ, Ramírez-Ramírez V, et al.

Immunology and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: clinical and basic approach. Clin Dev Immunol. Nakamura M, Matsuoka T, Chihara N, Miyake S, Sato W, Araki M, et al. Differential effects of fingolimod on B-cell populations in multiple sclerosis.

Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, Vollmer T, Antel J, Fox RJ, et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Romme Christensen J, Börnsen L, Hesse D, Krakauer M, Sørensen PS, Søndergaard HB, et al.

Cellular sources of dysregulated cytokines in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Beck J, Rondot P, Catinot L, Falcoff E, Kirchner H, Wietzerbin J. Increased production of interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor precedes clinical manifestation in multiple sclerosis: do cytokines trigger off exacerbations.

Acta Neurol Scand. Maimone D, Gregory S, Arnason BG, Reder AT. Cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. Navikas V, Link H. Review: cytokines and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res.

Gold SM, Krüger S, Ziegler KJ, Krieger T, Schulz KH, Otte C, et al. Endocrine and immune substrates of depressive symptoms and fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients with comorbid major depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Heesen C, Nawrath L, Reich C, Bauer N, Schulz KH, Gold SM.

Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: an example of cytokine mediated sickness behaviour? Flachenecker P, Bihler I, Weber F, Gottschalk M, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P. Cytokine mRNA expression in patients with multiple sclerosis and fatigue. Nagyoszi P, Wilhelm I, Farkas AE, Fazakas C, Dung NT, Haskó J, et al.

Expression and regulation of toll-like receptors in cerebral endothelial cells. Neurochem Int. Andersson A, Covacu R, Sunnemark D, Danilov AI, Dal Bianco A, Khademi M, et al.

Pivotal advance: HMGB1 expression in active lesions of human and experimental multiple sclerosis. J Leukoc Biol. Bsibsi M, Ravid R, Gveric D, van Noort JM.

Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. Gironi M, Borgiani B, Mariani E, Cursano C, Mendozzi L, Cavarretta R, et al. Oxidative stress is differentially present in multiple sclerosis courses, early evident, and unrelated to treatment.

J Immunol Res. Miller E, Walczak A, Saluk J, Ponczek MB, Majsterek I. Clin Biochem. Gonsette RE. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: the role of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. J Neurol Sci. Stavropoulou C, Zachaki S, Alexoudi A, Chatzi I, Georgakakos VN, Terzoudi GI, et al.

The CT inborn polymorphism in NAD P H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 is associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and affects the risk of development of the primary progressive form of the disease.

Fiorini A, Koudriavtseva T, Bucaj E, Coccia R, Foppoli C, Giorgi A, et al. Involvement of oxidative stress in occurrence of relapses in multiple sclerosis: the spectrum of oxidatively modified serum proteins detected by proteomics and redox proteomics analysis. PLoS One. Oliveira SR, Kallaur AP, Simão AN, Morimoto HK, Lopes J, Panis C, et al.

Oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis patients in clinical remission: association with the expanded disability status scale. Ljubisavljevic S, Stojanovic I, Cvetkovic T, Vojinovic S, Stojanov D, Stojanovic D, et al. Centonze D, Muzio L, Rossi S, Cavasinni F, De Chiara V, Bergami A, et al.

Inflammation triggers synaptic alteration and degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and activity of mitochondrial enzymes in chronic active lesions of multiple sclerosis. Mahad D, Lassmann H, Turnbull D. Review: mitochondria and disease progression in multiple sclerosis.

Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. Reinke S, Broadhurst D, Sykes B, Baker G, Catz I, Warren K, et al. Metabolomic profiling in multiple sclerosis: insights into biomarkers and pathogenesis.

Lutz NW, Viola A, Malikova I, Confort-Gouny S, Audoin B, Ranjeva JP, et al. Inflammatory multiple-sclerosis plaques generate characteristic metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid. Lutz NW, Cozzone PJ. Metabolic profiling in multiple sclerosis and other disorders by quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Curr Pharm Biotechnol. Genova H, Rajagopalan V, DeLuca J, Das A, Binder A, Arjunan A, et al. Examination of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis using functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. PLos One. Kohl AD, Wylie GR, Genova HM, Hillary FG, Deluca J.

The neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in traumatic brain injury using functional MRI. Brain Inj. DeLuca J, Genova H, Capili E, Wylie G. Functional neuroimaging of fatigue.

Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. Chaudhuri A, Behan PO. Fatigue in neurological disorders. Messina S, Patti F. Gray matters in multiple sclerosis: cognitive impairment and structural MRI. Mult Scler Int. Filippi M, Rocca M. MR imaging of gray matter involvement in multiple sclerosis: implications for understanding disease pathophysiology and monitoring treatment efficacy.

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Ceccarelli A, Rocca M, Pagani E, Colombo B, Martinelli V, Comi G, et al. A voxel-based morphometry study of grey matter loss in MS patients with different clinical phenotypes.

Henry R, Shieh M, Okuda D, Evangelista A, Gorno-Tempini M, Pelletier D. Regional grey matter atrophy in clinically isolated syndromes at presentation. Dalton C, Chard D, Davies G, Miszkiel K, Altmann D, Fernando K, et al.

Early development of multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive grey matter atrophy in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes. Schutzer S, Angel T, Liu T, Schepmoes A, Xie F, Bergquist J, et al. Gray matter is targeted in first-attack multiple sclerosis.

Inglese M, Oesingmann N, Casaccia P, Fleysher L. Progressive multiple sclerosis and gray matter pathology: an MRI perspective.

Mt Sinai J Med. Horakova D, Kalincik T, Dusankova J, Dolezal O. Clinical correlates of grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis.

BMC Neurol. Debernard L, Melzer T, Van Stockum S, Graham C, Wheeler-Kingshott C, Dalrymple-Alford J, et al. Reduced grey matter perfusion without volume loss in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Calabrese M, Agosta F, Rinaldi F, Mattisi I, Grossi P, Favaretto A, et al. Cortical lesions and atrophy associated with cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Damasceno A, Damasceno B, Cendes F. Cerebellar and brain gray-matter damage predicts fatigue in multiple sclerosis P6.

Pellicano C, Gallo A, Li X, Ikonomidou VN, Evangelou IE, Ohayon JM, et al. Relationship of cortical atrophy to fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. Inglese M, Park S, Johnson G, Babb J, Miles L, Jaggi H, et al.

Deep gray matter perfusion in multiple sclerosis: dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. Tedeschi G, Dinacci D, Lavorgna L, Prinster A, Savettieri G, Quattrone A, et al.

Correlation between fatigue and brain atrophy and lesion load in multiple sclerosis patients independent of disability.

Roelcke U, Kappos L, Lechner-Scott J, Brunnschweiler H, Huber S, Ammann W, et al. Reduced glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia of multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue: a 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. Bakshi R, Miletich RS, Kinkel PR, Emmet ML, Kinkel WR.

High-resolution fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography shows both global and regional cerebral hypometabolism in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. Blinkenberg M, Rune K, Jensen CV, Ravnborg M, Kyllingsbaek S, Holm S, et al.

Cortical cerebral metabolism correlates with MRI lesion load and cognitive dysfunction in MS. Tellez N, Alonso J, Rio J, Tintore M, Nos C, Montalban X, et al. The basal ganglia: a substrate for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Calabrese M, Rinaldi F, Grossi P, Mattisi I, Bernardi V, Favaretto A, et al.

Moreno M, Guo F, Ko E, Bannerman P, Soulika A, Pleasure D. Origins and significance of astrogliosis in the multiple sclerosis model, MOG peptide EAE.

Brosnan C. Characteristics of a reactive astrogliosis in multiple sclerosis. Revista Espanola De Esclerosis Multiple. Astrocyte loss and astrogliosis in neuroinflammatory disorders. Neurosci Lett. Oberheim N, Goldman S, Nedergaard M.

Heterogeneity of astrocytic form and function. Stobart J, Anderson C. Multifunctional role of astrocytes as gatekeepers of neuronal energy supply.

Front Cell Neurosci. Sofroniew M, Vinters H. Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Haider L, Simeonidou C, Steinberger G, Hametner S, Grigoriadis N, Deretzi G, et al.

Multiple sclerosis deep grey matter: the relation between demyelination, neurodegeneration, inflammation and iron. Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, Sharpe MC, Dobbins JG, Komaroff A. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study.

International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group Ann Intern Med. CAS Google Scholar. Case definitions and diagnostic criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic fatigue Syndrome: from clinical-consensus to evidence-based case definitions.

Holmes GP, Kaplan JE, Gantz NM, Komaroff AL, Schonberger LB, Straus SE, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition.

Ann Intern Med. Lorusso L, Mikhaylova SV, Capelli E, Ferrari D, Ngonga GK, Ricevuti G. Immunological aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. Klimas NG, Salvato FR, Morgan R, Fletcher MA. Immunologic abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome.

J Clin Microbiol. Maes M, Twisk FN, Kubera M, Ringel K. J Affect Disord. Maher KJ, Klimas NG, Fletcher MA. Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with diminished intracellular perforin. Clin Exp Immunol. Broderick G, Fuite J, Kreitz A, Vernon SD, Klimas N, Fletcher MA.

A formal analysis of cytokine networks in chronic fatigue syndrome. Brenu EW, van Driel ML, Staines DR, Ashton KJ, Hardcastle SL, Keane J, et al. J Transl Med. Brenu EW, van Driel ML, Staines DR, Ashton KJ, Ramos SB, Keane J, et al.

Moss RB, Mercandetti A, Vojdani A. TNF-alpha and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Immunol. Borish L, Schmaling K, DiClementi JD, Streib J, Negri J, Jones JF. Chronic fatigue syndrome: identification of distinct subgroups on the basis of allergy and psychologic variables.

J Allergy Clin Immunol. Patarca R, Klimas N, Lugtendorf S, Antoni M, Fletcher M. Dysregulated expression of tumor necrosis factor in chronic fatigue syndrome: interrelations with cellular sources and patterns of soluble immune mediator expression.

Clin Infect Dis. Light AR, White AT, Hughen RW, Light KC. Moderate exercise increases expression for sensory, adrenergic, and immune genes in chronic fatigue syndrome patients but not in normal subjects.

J Pain. White AT, Light AR, Hughen RW, Vanhaitsma TA, Light KC. Differences in metabolite-detecting, adrenergic, and immune gene expression after moderate exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, patients with multiple sclerosis, and healthy controls.

Psychosom Med. Gow JW, Hagan S, Herzyk P, Cannon C, Behan PO, Chaudhuri A. A gene signature for post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Med Genomics. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E.

Maes M, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E. Med Sci Monit. Kennedy G, Spence VA, McLaren M, Hill A, Underwood C, Belch JJ. Oxidative stress levels are raised in chronic fatigue syndrome and are associated with clinical symptoms. Shungu DC, Weiduschat N, Murrough JW, Mao X, Pillemer S, Dyke JP, et al.

Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome. Relationships to cortical glutathione and clinical symptoms implicate oxidative stress in disorder pathophysiology. NMR Biomed. Miwa K, Fujita M. Fluctuation of serum vitamin E alpha-tocopherol concentrations during exacerbation and remission phases in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Heart Vessels. Fulle S, Pietrangelo T, Mancinelli R, Saggini R, Fanò G. Specific correlations between muscle oxidative stress and chronic fatigue syndrome: a working hypothesis. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. Chronic fatigue syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Behan WM, More IA, Downie I, Gow JW.

Mitochondrial studies in the chronic fatigue syndrome. EOS Riv Immunol Immunofarmacol. McCully KK, Natelson BH. Impaired oxygen delivery to muscle in chronic fatigue syndrome.

Clin Sci Lond. McCully KK, Natelson BH, Iotti S, Sisto S, Leigh Jr JS. Reduced oxidative muscle metabolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. Muscle Nerve. Wong R, Lopaschuk G, Zhu G, Walker D, Catellier D, Burton D, et al. Skeletal muscle metabolism in the chronic fatigue syndrome. In vivo assessment by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Arnold DL, Bore PJ, Radda GK, Styles P, Taylor DJ. A 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study. Lane RJ, Soteriou BA, Zhang H, Archard LC. Enterovirus related metabolic myopathy: a postviral fatigue syndrome. Filler K, Lyon D, Bennett J, McCain N, Elswisk R, Lukkahatai N, et al.

Association of mitochondrial dysfunction and fatigue: a review of the literature. BBA Clin. Vermeulen RC, Kurk RM, Visser FC, Sluiter W, Scholte HR.

Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome performed worse than controls in a controlled repeated exercise study despite a normal oxidative phosphorylation capacity.

Vermeulen RC, Vermeulen van Eck IW. Decreased oxygen extraction during cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Mathew SJ, Mao X, Keegan KA, Levine SM, Smith EL, Heier LA, et al. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate is increased in chronic fatigue syndrome compared with generalized anxiety disorder: an in vivo 3.

Murrough JW, Mao X, Collins KA, Kelly C, Andrade G, Nestadt P, et al. Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome measured by 1H MRS imaging at 3. II: comparison with major depressive disorder. Yoshiuchi K, Farkas J, Natelson B. Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have reduced absolute cortical blood flow.

Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Machale S, Lawrie S, Cavanagh JT, Glabus MF, Murray CL, Goodwin GM, et al. Cerebral perfusion in chronic fatigue syndrome and depression. Br J Psychiatry.

Ichise M, Salit IE, Abbey SE, Chung DG, Gray B, Kirsh JC, et al. Assessment of regional cerebral perfusion by 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nucl Med Commun. de Lange FP, Kalkman JS, Bleijenberg G, Hagoort P, van der Meer JW, Toni I.

Gray matter volume reduction in the chronic fatigue syndrome. de Lange FP, Koers A, Kalkman JS, Bleijenberg G, Hagoort P, van der Meer JW, et al. Increase in prefrontal cortical volume following cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Okada T, Tanaka M, Kuratsune H, Watanabe Y, Sadato N.

Mechanisms underlying fatigue: a voxel-based morphometric study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Kuchinad A, Schweinhardt P, Seminowicz D, Wood P, Chizh B, Bushnell M. Accelerated brain gray matter loss in fibromyalgia patients: premature aging of the brain?

Puri BK, Jakeman PM, Agour M, Gunatilake KD, Fernando KA, Gurusinghe AI, et al. Regional grey and white matter volumetric changes in myalgic encephalomyelitis chronic fatigue syndrome : a voxel-based morphometry 3-T MRI study. Br J Radiol. Functional neuroimaging correlates of mental fatigue induced by cognition among chronic fatigue syndrome patients and controls.

Caseras X, Mataix-Cols D, Rimes KA, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Zelaya F, et al. The neural correlates of fatigue: an exploratory imaginal fatigue provocation study in chronic fatigue syndrome.

Psychol Med. Siessmeier T, Nix WA, Hardt J, Schreckenberger M, Egle UT, Bartenstein P. Observer independent analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Tirelli U, Chierichetti F, Tavio M, Simonelli C, Bianchin G, Zanco P, et al.

Brain positron emission tomography PET in chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary data. Am J Med. Barnden LR, Crouch B, Kwiatek R, Burnet R, Mernone A, Chryssidis S, et al.

A brain MRI study of chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence of brainstem dysfunction and altered homeostasis. Alves G, Wentzel-Larsen T, Larsen JP. Is fatigue an independent and persistent symptom in patients with Parkinson disease?

Pal S, Chaudhuri KR, Trenkwalder C, Forbes A, Bridgman K, DiMarco A. Friedman JH, Brown RG, Comella C, Garber CE, Krupp LB, Lou JS, et al. van Hilten JJ, Weggeman M, van der Velde EA, Kerkhof GA, van Dijk JG, Roos RA. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect.

Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C, Marconi R, Morgante L, Avarello TP, et al. Hagell P, Brundin L. Towards an understanding of fatigue in Parkinson disease. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH, National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

Lancet Neurol. Schifitto G, Friedman JH, Oakes D, Shulman L, Comella CL, Marek K, et al. Fatigue in levodopa-naive subjects with Parkinson disease. Dobbs RJ, Charlett A, Purkiss AG, Dobbs SM, Weller C, Peterson DW. Association of circulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 with ageing and parkinsonism.

Blum-Degen D, Müller T, Kuhn W, Gerlach M, Przuntek H, Riederer P. Reale M, Iarlori C, Thomas A, Gambi D, Perfetti B, Di Nicola M, et al. Hisanaga K, Asagi M, Itoyama Y, Iwasaki Y. Bas J, Calopa M, Mestre M, Molleví DG, Cutillas B, Ambrosio S, et al. Baba Y, Kuroiwa A, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Yamada T.

Alterations of T-lymphocyte populations in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. Scalzo P, Kümmer A, Cardoso F, Teixeira AL. Dufek M, Hamanová M, Lokaj J, Goldemund D, Rektorová I, Michálková Z, et al. Am J Epidemiol. Tansey MG, McCoy MK, Frank-Cannon TC. Exp Neurol.

Frank-Cannon TC, Alto LT, McAlpine FE, Tansey MG. Does neuroinflammation fan the flame in neurodegenerative diseases? Mol Neurodegener.

Chung YC, Ko HW, Bok E, Park ES, Huh SH, Nam JH, et al. BMB Rep. Esposito E, Di Matteo V, Benigno A, Pierucci M, Crescimanno G, Di Giovanni G. Koprich JB, Reske-Nielsen C, Mithal P, Isacson O.

Lindqvist D, Kaufman E, Brundin L, Hall S, Surova Y, Hansson O. Ferrari CC, Tarelli R. Parkinsons Dis. Farooqui T, Farooqui AA. Tsang AH, Chung KK. Biochim Biophys Acta. Gao HM, Zhou H, Zhang F, Wilson BC, Kam W, Hong JS. HMGB1 acts on microglia Mac1 to mediate chronic neuroinflammation that drives progressive neurodegeneration.

Ko EA, Min HJ, Shin JS. Interaction of High Mobility Group Box-1 HMGB1 with α-synuclein and its aggregation [abstract]. J Immunol. Lindersson EK, Højrup P, Gai WP, Locker D, Martin D, Jensen PH.

Alpha-synuclein filaments bind the transcriptional regulator HMGB Fellner L, Irschick R, Schanda K, Reindl M, Klimaschewski L, Poewe W, et al.

Toll-like receptor 4 is required for α-synuclein dependent activation of microglia and astroglia. Kim C, Ho DH, Suk JE, You S, Michael S, Kang J, et al. Neuron-released oligomeric α-synuclein is an endogenous agonist of TLR2 for paracrine activation of microglia.

Nat Commun. Schapira AH, Cooper JM, Dexter D, Clark JB, Jenner P, Marsden CD. J Neurochem. Mizuno Y, Ohta S, Tanaka M, Takamiya S, Suzuki K, Sato T, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.

Bindoff L, Birch-Machin M, Cartlidge N, Parker Jr W, Turnbull D. Penn A, Roberts T, Hodder J, Allen P, Zhu G, Martin W. Blin O, Desnuelle C, Rascol O, Borg M, Paul H, Azulay JP, et al. Haas R, Nasirian F, Nakano K, Ward D, Pay M, Hill R, et al.

Krige D, Carroll M, Cooper J, Marsden C, Schapira A. The Royal Kings and Queens Parkinson Disease Research Group.

Keeney PM, Xie J, Capaldi RA, Bennett Jr JP. Sherer TB, Betarbet R, Testa CM, Seo BB, Richardson JR, Kim JH, et al. Rana M, de Coo I, Diaz F, Smeets H, Moraes CT. An out-of-frame cytochrome b gene deletion from a patient with parkinsonism is associated with impaired complex III assembly and an increase in free radical production.

Acín-Pérez R, Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Fernández-Silva P, Moreno-Loshuertos R, Pérez-Martos A, Bruno C, et al. Respiratory complex III is required to maintain complex I in mammalian mitochondria. Shults CW, Haas RH, Passov D, Beal MF.

Niethammer M, Feigin A, Eidelberg D. Brooks D. Shao N, Yang J, Li J, Shang H. Front Hum Neurosci. Xia J, Miu J, Ding H, Wang X, Chen H, Wang J, et al. Neural Regen Res. Rektorova I, Biundo R, Marecek R, Weis L, Aarsland D, Antonini A.

Ellfolk U, Joutsa J, Rinne J, Parkkola R, Jokinen P, Karrasch M. J Parkinsons Dis. Nagano-Saito A, Washimi Y, Arahata Y, Kachi T, Lerch JP, Evans AC, et al.

RA Associated with Increased Risk of Heart Attack, Stroke, Finds Meta-Analysis. The results argue for close clinical management of people with rheumatoid arthritis, say the authors of the meta-analysis that included 14 studies. CAR T Cells Could Change the Face of Autoimmune Therapy Research Review.

Manipulating T cells to target cancer cells has worked to treat some cancers. Researchers are investigating whether the same approach might be used to curb the dysregulated immune response that underlies autoimmune disease. Analyses Confirm Link Between Thyroid Autoimmunity and Hearing Risks.

Between the Lines. Expert Interviews. Medical World News. Population Health Perspectives. All Publications. MHE Publication. Formulary Watch Supplements.

Supplements And Featured Publications. PBMI MAP. Virtual Events. PBM Leaders. Sponsored Content. Print Subscription. Resource Centers. Blood Cancer Dermatology Eye Care HIV Liver Disease Lung Cancer Multiple Sclerosis Oncology Prescription Digital Therapeutics Ulcerative Colitis Vaccines. Media Between the Lines.

Publications All Publications. Events PBMI Annual National Conference. Resources PBM Leaders. Subscribe Print Subscription. Do You Take Medications? Watch Out for Summer Heat and Sun. July CreakyJoints is a digital community for millions of arthritis patients and caregivers worldwide who seek education, support, advocacy, and patient-centered research.

We present patients through our popular social media channels, our website CreakyJoints. org, and the State Network, which includes nearly 1, trained volunteer patient, caregiver and healthcare activists.

We represent patients through our popular social media channels, our website CreakyJoints. org , and the State Network, which includes nearly 1, trained volunteer patient, caregiver and healthcare activists.

Only fill in if you are not human. Living with Arthritis , Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient Perspectives. Credit: Angie Ebba. Taking It Extra Easy For me, once the temperatures rise above about 75 degrees Fahrenheit, I begin to notice my body overheating.

Was This Helpful? Share Facebook Twitter Email. Heartfelt Messages from Your Chronic Illness Community CreakyChats: Honoring Black History Month Reevaluating Your Goals with Your Doctor. Webinar UR PsA About Rheumatoid Arthritis. Subscribe to CreakyJoints for more related content. About CreakyJoints CreakyJoints is a digital community for millions of arthritis patients and caregivers worldwide who seek education, support, advocacy, and patient-centered research.

Quick Links About CreakyJoints Press Releases Our Partners Contact Us. Our Resources ghlf. org ArthritisPower. org 50Statenetwork. org FailFirstHurts.

Stay Connected.