Oyster mushrooms Optimal nutrition for cycling races Pleurotus Musuroom widespread and comprise the most commonly cultivated edible Muxhroom in Mushrooom world. Species DNNA of oyster mushroom spawn based on cultural, morphological, and cultivated characteristics is time consuming and can be extraordinarily difficult, Sequening has impeded mushroom breeding and caused economic loss for mushroom growers.
To explore a precise and concise approach for species identification, the Seauencing ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITSSeqkencing rDNA, and the widely used protein-coding marker translation NDA factor 1α EF-1α gene were evaluated as candidate DNA barcode markers to investigate Enhancing cognitive abilities feasibility in identifying 13 oyster mushroom species.
Mushoom total of sequences of the candidate loci were analyzed. Sequnecing and interspecific divergences and the ease of nucleotide sequence acquisition were the criteria used to evaluate the candidate genes.
Fiber-rich products showed the best intra- and interspecific variation among the candidate markers and discriminated For ITS Sequncing 28S rDNA, the Optimal nutrition for cycling races differences of several species were distinctly larger than the interspecific Athletic diet plan, and the species Muwhroom efficiency of the Mushhroom candidate markers was worse Hence, Sequending propose EF-1α as a possible Mushrom barcode marker for Seqencing mushroom spawn.
The pleurotoid fungi PleurotaceaeAgaricalesBasidiomycotacommonly known as Muehroom mushrooms, are widespread and comprise the Mushrlom commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. These fungi can Mushrooom be used Mushroomm various medicinal, environmental, and biotechnological purposes Cohen et al.
Commercial production of Musshroom spp. The precise identification of mushroom spawn is crucial for Plant-powered nutrition breeding and professional mushroom cultivation. In the Sequencinng of cases, due to Sequencint similarity of morphological traits, phenotypic plasticity under different cultivation substrates Mushroo, environmental conditions, sometimes Sequncing and inconclusive mating Sequencinng Bresinsky et al.
Mushroom DNA Sequencing address this issue, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform DRIFT spectroscopy and Mushroim biology techniques have Muxhroom employed Yang et al, Optimal nutrition for cycling races.
Moreover, different mycelium growth Sequdncing had an effect on the outcome Sequeencing species discrimination for the DRIFT Optimal nutrition for cycling races Zervakis et al. Selecting an appropriate DNA barcode marker for the reliable and efficient species Sewuencing of oyster mushroom spawn is essential.
DNA barcoding is a powerful Muzhroom rapid species identification tool using a standard short stretch of DNA Hebert et al. This Optimal nutrition for cycling races is used to identify species Sequenncing animals Hebert et al. For example, DNA Musyroom contributes to food authenticity, and fraudulently labeled fish and mushrooms have Mushropm recognized Filonzi et al.
The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer Musyroom was recommended as a Optimal nutrition for cycling races DNA barcode marker Optimal weight loss fungi Schoch Musbroom al. The nuclear ribosomal Sequenxing [large subunit LSU Sequwncing rRNA gene sometimes distinguishes species Sequencig its own or when coupled with the ITS.
Mhshroom protein-coding gene Muhsroom elongation factor 1α EF-1α is also Sequrncing potential barcode gene Protein intake for active individuals Fusarium Geiser et al. In this Sequencng, ITS, 28S rDNA, and EF-1α were used Lycopene and sun protection candidate markers to evaluate the feasibility Avocado Tacos Fillings DNA barcode Gut health and sleep quality for oyster mushroom spawn.
The intra- and interspecific variations Hebert et al. A DAN of strains representing 13 species of the genus Pleurotus were sampled, including the type species Pleurotus ostreatus Supplementary Table Musshroom. The genomic DNA of each strain was extracted from mycelium grown on potato dextrose agar PDA Wang and Zhuang, The nuclear rDNA ITS region ITS The partial EF-1α gene was amplified by the primer pair F and R.
The amplicon was sequenced with the primers EFjR and Ra in addition to the amplification primer F Carbone and Kohn, ; Rehner and Buckley,and the region between F and EFjR was analyzed.
PCR was performed with a 2, Thermal Cycler Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, United States using a μl reaction system comprising 16 μl of double-distilled water, 2. For ITS, the PCR conditions were an initial step of 5 min at 94°C, 30 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 53°C, and 30 s at 72°C, followed by 10 min at 72°C.
For 28S rDNA, the PCR conditions were an initial step of 5 min at 94°C, 10 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 62°C decreasing 1°C per cycle55 s at 72°C, plus 25 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 52°C, 55 s at 72°C, followed by 10 min at 72°C.
For EF-1α, the PCR conditions were an initial step of 5 min at 94°C, 10 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 55 s at 63 or 66°C decreasing 1°C per cycle90 s at 72°C, plus 36 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 55 s at 53, or 56°C, 90 s at 72°C, followed by 7 min at 72°C.
The obtained amplicons were sequenced in both directions using an ABI XL DNA Sequencer SinoGenoMax Co. The sequences were aligned using ClustalX 1.
The aligned sequences of each gene were input into DNAStar 7. The success rates were assessed for the PCR amplification and sequencing of the DNA barcode loci considered for oyster mushroom spawn.
The criterion for successful amplification was when a single PCR band was obtained. The criterion for successful sequencing was a high-quality chromatogram.
The success rate of PCR amplification multiplied by the success rate of sequencing to determine the overall success rate of PCR amplification and sequencing Zhao et al. Neighbor-joining NJ trees inferred from ITS, 28S rDNA, and EF-1α gene sequences were reconstructed using MEGA 5. Branch support was calculated by a bootstrap analysis with 1, replicates.
A total of sequences of the candidate DNA barcode regions, ITS, 28S, and EF-1α, were analyzed from 13 Pleurotus species Supplementary Table 1. To meet the requirements for a standard DNA barcode marker, the sequence lengths of all candidate loci are short.
The fragments obtained were — base pairs bp for ITS, — bp for 28S, and — bp for EF-1α. The intra- and interspecific sequence variations of the candidate DNA barcode regions for each of the 13 species of Pleurotus mushroom spawn are shown visually in Figure 1with the analyzed data in Supplementary Table 2.
This result indicates that the EF-1α gene provided the best intra- and interspecific variation and the most species resolution power compared with the other markers Figure 1.
For the EF-1α gene, the sequences for the different strains of each included Pleurotus species were highly similar, and consequently, the intraspecific variations indicated by the gray bars in Figure 1 and revealed by the maximum intraspecific distances of the tested 13 individual species in Supplementary Table 2 were low the intraspecific sequence variation ranged from 0 to 0.
The smallest interspecific variation of all 13 species was 0. ferulae and P. eryngii Supplementary Table 2which is shown as a thin black line in Figure 1.
All species had intraspecific variations lower than 0. In addition to the 0. citrinopileatus and Pleurotus cornucopiae 0. eryngii var. ferulae 0. eryngii 1. Figure 1. Comparisons of intra- and interspecific variations among the ITS, 28S rDNA, and EF-1α gene from the Pleurotus species tested.
The gray and black bars represent the intra- and interspecific variations, respectively. The thin black lines indicate the smallest interspecific variation.
The names next to the dark bars indicate the closest species. The intra- and interspecific variations of ITS and 28S rDNA in the investigated oyster mushroom spawn were not appropriate because the intraspecific differences of several species were distinctly larger than the interspecific differences for both regions, which may lead to misidentification.
For example, if ITS was used as a barcode marker, the intraspecific divergence for P. cystidiosus and P. cornucopiae is larger than the interspecific divergence between P. citrinopileatus and P. cornucopiae Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 2. The success rate of PCR and sequencing was the other criterion to evaluate the candidate barcode markers.
Table 1. Success rates of PCR and sequencing of ITS, 28S rDNA, and EF-1α gene from 13 species of Pleurotus mushroom spawn. In most cases, species were separated from each other using the three NJ trees generated from the candidate genes Figures 2 — 4.
The species discrimination performance of the EF-1α gene was remarkable among the candidate regions, discriminating Only P. cornucopiae could not be identified because they were highly cohesive.
ITS discriminated Figure 2. Neighbor-joining tree based on the ITS sequences from the Pleurotus species. Figure 3. Neighbor-joining tree based on the 28S rDNA sequences from the Pleurotus species.
Figure 4. Neighbor-joining tree based on the EF-1α gene sequences from the Pleurotus species. According to the two criteria for assessing the suitability of DNA barcode loci, i. EF-1α showed better intra- and interspecific variations among the candidate markers Figure 1 and discriminated If these two species were considered to be one species, EF-1α could distinguish all of the species of Pleurotus in the present study.
Actually, P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus is the synonym of the P. citrinopileatus 1 which indicates that these two are closely related species. Ohira regarded P. citrinopileatus as a variety of P.
cornucopiae P. citrinopileatus according to morphological similarities and mating test Ohria,and the latter test was verified by Bao et al. The current study also supports the treatment of these two taxa as the same species. The species identification performance of EF-1α The four species P.
fossulatusP. nebrodensisP. ferulaeand P.
: Mushroom DNA Sequencing| Background | The conserved flanking regions of 18S and 28S serve as anchor points for the primers used for PCR amplification of the ITS region. White et al. Optimised primers specifically for ITS sequencing in Dikarya comprising Basidiomycota and Ascomycota have been proposed by Toju et al. For the majority of fungi, the ITS primers proposed by White et al. These primers are: [17]. A major advantage of using the ITS region as molecular marker and fungal DNA barcode is that the entire ribosomal gene cluster is arranged in tandem repeats, i. The tandem repeats of the ribosomal gene cluster cause the problem of significant intragenomic sequence heterogeneity observed among ITS copies of several fungal groups. Furthermore, because of the non-coding nature of the ITS region that can lead to a substantial amount of indels , it is impossible to consistently align ITS sequences from highly divergent species for further bigger-scale phylogenetic analyses. This procedure of initial PCR amplification, followed by cloning of the amplicons and finally sequencing of the cloned PCR products is the most common approach of obtaining ITS sequences for DNA metabarcoding of environmental samples, in which a multitude of different fungal species can be present simultaneously. However, this approach of sequencing after cloning was rarely done for the ITS sequences that make up the reference libraries used for DNA barcode-aided identification, thus potentially giving an underestimate of the existing ITS sequence variation in many samples. The weighted arithmetic mean of the intraspecific within-species ITS variability among fungi is 2. On the other hand, morphologically well-defined, but evolutionarily young species complexes or sibling species may only differ if at all in a few nucleotides of the ITS sequences. Nonetheless, the probability of correct species identification with the ITS region is high in the Dikarya , and especially so in Basidiomycota , where even the ITS1 part is often sufficient to identify the species. Due to the shortcomings of ITS' as primary fungal DNA barcode, the necessity of establishing a second DNA barcode marker was expressed. The translational elongation factor 1α is part of the eucaryotic elongation factor 1 complex, whose main function is to facilitate the elongation of the amino acid chain of a polypeptide during the translation process of gene expression. Stielow et al. The TEF1α gene coding for the translational elongation factor 1α is generally considered to have a slow mutation rate , and it is therefore generally better suited for investigating older splits deeper in the phylogenetic history of an organism group. Despite this, the authors conclude that TEF1α is the most promising candidate for an additional DNA barcode marker in fungi as it also features sequence regions of higher mutation rates. TEF1α has been successfully used to identify a new species of Cantharellus from Texas and distinguish it from a morphologically similar species. in the case of Cantharellus [40] and the entomopathogenic Beauveria , [41] and for the phylogenetics of early-diverging fungal lineages. TEF1α primers used in the broad-scale screening of the performance of DNA barcode gene candidates of Stielow et al. The RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 is the largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , it is encoded by the RPO21 gene. In the species-rich Pezizomycotina it even outperforms ITS. In a study comparing the identification performance of four genes, RPB1 was among the most effective genes when combining two genes in the analysis: combined analysis with either ITS or with the large subunit ribosomal RNA yielded the highest identification success. Other studies also used RPB2 , the second-largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II, e. for studying the phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus Cantharellus [40] or for a phylogenetic study shedding light on the relationships among early-diverging lineages in the fungal kingdom. The Intergenic Spacer IGS is the region of non-coding DNA between individual tandem repeats of the ribosomal gene cluster in the nuclear genome , as opposed to the Internal Transcribed Spacer ITS that is situated within these tandem repeats. IGS has been successfully used for the differentiation of strains of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous [47] as well as for species distinction in the psychrophilic genus Mrakia Cystofilobasidiales. The recent discovery of additional non-coding RNA genes in the IGS region of some basidiomycetes cautions against uncritical use of IGS sequences for DNA barcoding and phylogenetic purposes. Furthermore, a part of the β-Tubulin A BenA gene exhibits a higher taxonomic resolution in distinguishing Penicillium species as compared to COI and ITS. COI also performs poorly in the identification of basidiomycote rusts of the order Pucciniales due to the presence of introns. Even when the obstacle of introns is overcome, ITS and the LSU rRNA 28S outperform COI as DNA barcode marker. Successfully sequenced COI samples also included introns and possible paralogous copies, as reported for Fusarium. Topoisomerase I TOP1 was investigated as additional DNA barcode candidate by Lewis et al. TOP1 was found to be a promising DNA barcode candidate marker for ascomycetes, where it can distinguish species in Fusarium and Penicillium — genera, in which the primary ITS barcode performs poorly. However, poor amplification success with the TOP1 universal primers is observed in early-diverging fungal lineages and basidiomycetes except Pucciniomycotina where ITS PCR success is poor. Like TOP1 , the Phosphoglycerate kinase PGK was among the genetic markers investigated by Lewis et al. A number of universal primers was developed, [33] with the PGK primer pair, amplifying a circa 1, base pair fragment, being the most successful in most fungi except Basidiomycetes. Like TOP1 , PGK is superior to ITS in species differentiation in ascomycete genera like Penicillium and Fusarium , and both PGK and TOP1 perform as good as TEF1α in distinguishing closely related species in these genera. A citizen science project investigated the consensus between the labelling of dried, commercially sold mushrooms and the DNA barcoding results from these mushrooms. All samples were found to be correctly labelled. However, an obstacle was the unreliability of ITS reference databases in terms of the level of identification, as the two databases GenBank and UNITE used for ITS sequence comparison gave different identification results in some of the samples. Correct labelling of mushrooms intended for consumption was also investigated by Raja et al. Xiang et al. nutans , O. robertsii , Cordyceps cicadae , C. gunnii , C. militaris , and the plant Ligularia hodgsonii can be reliably identified to the species level. A study by Vi Hoang et al. Their results show that in Diutina a segregate of Candida [60] and Pichia , species identification is straightforward with either the ITS or the TEF1α as well as with a combination of both. In the Lodderomyces assemblage, which contains three of the five most common pathogenic Candida species C. albicans , C. dubliniensis , and C. parapsilosis , ITS failed to distinguish Candida orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis , which are part of the Candida parapsilosis complex of closely related species. Similar results were obtained for Scedosporium species, which are attributed to a wide range of localised to invasive diseases: ITS could not distinguish between S. apiospermum and S. boydii , whereas with TEF1α all investigated species of this genus could be accurately identified. This study therefore underlines the usefulness of applying more than one DNA barcoding marker for fungal species identification. Fungal DNA barcoding has been successfully applied to the investigation of foxing phenomena, a major concern in the conservation of paper documents. Sequeira et al. murorum , Ch. nigricolor , Chaetomium sp. citrinum , P. commune , Penicillium sp. and Stachybotrys chartarum to inhabit the investigated paper stains. Another study investigated fungi that act as biodeteriorating agents in the Old Cathedral of Coimbra , part of the University of Coimbra , a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sequencing the ITS barcode of ten samples with classical Sanger as well as with Illumina next-generation sequencing techniques, they identified 49 fungal species. Aspergillus versicolor , Cladosporium cladosporioides , C. sphaerospermum , C. tenuissimum , Epicoccum nigrum , Parengyodontium album , Penicillium brevicompactum , P. crustosum , P. glabrum , Talaromyces amestolkiae and T. stollii were the most common species isolated from the samples. Another study concerning objects of cultural heritage investigated the fungal diversity on a canvas painting by Paula Rego using the ITS2 subregion of the ITS marker. Altogether, OTUs putative species in genera of 13 different classes of fungi were observed. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. Identification of fungal species thanks to specific DNA sequences. Microbial Fungal Pollen Algae Aquatic macroinvertebrates fish. With so many methods available, getting started can feel overwhelming. Through the troubleshooting of countless mycologists, a few methods have gained the most traction and are widely used with great success. We present to you here protocols that we find are the most reliable. After you have gone through all the hard work of DNA sequencing, we want to make sure that these results are findable and reusable according to FAIR data-management principles, not to mention accurate. One of the worst things that can happen is that all of these interesting sequences end up lost on an external harddrive in a club closet somewhere where other researchers cannot find them. It is important to provide raw data whenever possible to establish reproducibility and increase scientific value. If you have sequences that have not been made available on a public database like Genbank, let us know and we can help with this process as well as make sure the raw data is stored and made available. Sometimes generating a DNA sequence is only half the battle. Interpreting and understanding your results can be difficult and confusing even with an advanced degree and years of experience. Sometimes exploring phylogenetics might help clarify the situation, identifying reputable reference material may be the most helpful, or asking an expert on the group in question might be your best bet. Feel free to ask about data interpretation and we will do our best to help you. Investing in programs and equipment to perform your own DNA sequencing does not have to be expensive but not all are made equal. While there are several free software choices for data analysis and interpretation, the cost in terms of time may make purchasing worthwhile in the long run. We will provide general guidance on options, highlight some of the existing resources, and are available to help troubleshoot. Sequence data is less valuable without a vouchered, preserved specimen available for future research. We would love to help you find the best solutions to storage and archival, whether personally or, better yet, in an established fungarium. If you want to know what you can do to partner with existing research projects, look no further. We will maintain opportunities to work with researchers from contributing specimens to learning DNA data analysis techniques while volunteering. Some projects involve partnering with professional mycologists at universities and other institutions while others come directly from NAMA. We are going to be partnering closely with the NAMA Vouchering Committee to sequence as many specimens as possible from annual and regional NAMA forays. After the DNA has settled, we will make sure you all get to hear about all of the interesting results that foray participants have helped generate! We are here to help! Please do not hesitate to reach out to us at DNA namyco. org with any questions or if you are interested in participating. Bruch Reed Chief Operating Officer COO namyco. The North American Mycological Association NAMA is a c 3 nonprofit organization. NAMA is committed to the promotion of scientific and educational activities related to fungi. NAMA supports the protection of natural areas and their biological integrity. We advocate the sustainable use of mushrooms as a resource and endorse responsible mushroom collecting that does not harm the fungi or their habitats. |
| Introduction to DNA barcoding | We guarantee free replacements within 30 days of receipt for any product that arrives damaged, contaminated, unusable, or doesn't grow. Nucleic Acids Research. The recent discovery of additional non-coding RNA genes in the IGS region of some basidiomycetes cautions against uncritical use of IGS sequences for DNA barcoding and phylogenetic purposes. The genomes of the monokaryons A. Bioinformatics 24, — |
| Genome sequence of the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune | Nature Biotechnology | Choo Muahroom, Hong CP, Lim JY, Seo JA, Sequencong YS, Lee DW, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Coenzyme Q and macular degeneration Scholar Trapnell C, Pachter Seuencing, Salzberg SL. Isikhuemhen OS, Mikiashvili NA, Kelkar V. Cloning and sequencing of the aa-Pri1 gene specifically expressed during fruiting initiation in the edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita, and analysis of the predicted amino-acid sequence. Haas BJ, Salzberg SL, Zhu W, Pertea M, Allen JE, Orvis J, et al. |
| Introduction | Shown here is the barcode for Craterellus tubaeformis or Yellowfoot which was obtained from a Whole Foods store and used as a test subject during out initial study. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I CO1 or COX1 gene is used as the main barcode area. However the CO1 gene was found to be unsuitable for fungi and plants because it did not mutate fast enough between species. The fungi DNA barcoding community has proposed the internal transcribed spacer ITS regions that bracket the conserved nuclear ribosomal repeat unit or 5. The ITS region is a good choice for DNA barcoding because it is easy to amplify even from small quantities of DNA due to the high copy number of rRNA genes and has a high degree of variation even between closely related species. More about the ITS region can be found at Wikipedia. The DNA sequences from all the different DNA sequencing projects are submitted to public databases, the largest of which is the GenBank database. Genebank currently contains nearly one million ITS entries that cover many of the abundant macrofungi. Polymerase chain reaction PCR is a molecular biology technique to copy or amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA resulting in many millions of copies. The technique works by heating and cooling the target DNA with short DNA fragments or primers that are complementary to the target DNA, a DNA polymerase enzyme and a mixture of the 4 single nucleotides building blocks. In each thermo cycle the sample is heated so that the DNA melts and separates into single strands. As the sample cools the primers bind to the target DNA and the DNA polymerase enzyme duplicates the region of DNA between the primers. As the next cycle begins the heating separates the DNA from the newly created amplified fragment and both the original DNA and the new fragments are used in the next amplification step. The quantity of the target DNA doubles in each cycle. A single thermo cycle can be performed in 2 to 3 minutes and a typical PCR reaction might consist of 30 cycles. The PCR technique is described in more detail at Wikipedia. It may be necessary to purify the target DNA fragment if the PCR product is contaminated by either non-specific amplification products, primer-dimers or large quantities of unused PCR primers. If the PCR product is separated on an agarose gel the DNA can be viewed under UV and checked for purity. Alternatively a spin column purification method might be used. Traditional DNA sequencing, that was used to sequence the human genome for the first time, is based on the Sanger method and is very similar to PCR. The PCR product is mixed with the primers, the 4 single nucleotides building blocks and a DNA polymerase enzyme. There is an additional component, a small fraction of dideoxyribonucleotide bases. Once a dideoxyribonucleotide bases is incorporated on to the end of a DNA strand, there is no way to continue elongating it. Depending on the DNA sequencing method used the dideoxyribonucleotide bases may be labelled with fluorescent dyes, a different color for each of the 4 bases. As in PCR the sample is heated to melt and separate the DNA strands and cooled to anneal the primer and then the DNA polymerase starts to extend the strands. There are many billions of strands in the starting mixture. Every so often a dideoxyribonucleotide base is used instead of a standard DNA base and extension of that strand is terminated. By the end of the reaction there are shortened strands with a dideoxyribonucleotide base terminating it at every possible position in the original strand. If our PCR product is bases long by the end of the reaction there would be a mixture of strands of different lengths from the shortest, 1 base long, to the longest at bases long. The mixture of products are then separated in tubes of gel by electrophoresis. The shortest molecules travel down the tube fastest and pass a UV laser and detector. The DNA stands fluoresce in the laser light and the color, green, red, yellow and blue represents the dideoxyribonucleotide base, A, T, C and G that stopped the reaction. As the strands are separated the dye colors are recorded and the DNA sequence can be read from the first base to the last by converting the bands of color in to the sequence. Modern DNA sequencing methods, or next generation sequencing, use different many of the same aspects as the Sanger sequencing approach described above but may detect the positions of the bases at a different points in the reaction and with different types of detectors from microscopes to measuring the hydrogen atoms released during the reaction. The next generation sequencing instruments are much faster and cheaper than the traditional method. You can read more about them at Wikipedia. The DNA barcodes generated by the sequencing are about base pairs long. They need to be trimmed so that the sequence of the genes at the start and beginning of the ITS region are removed. parapsilosis , ITS failed to distinguish Candida orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis , which are part of the Candida parapsilosis complex of closely related species. Similar results were obtained for Scedosporium species, which are attributed to a wide range of localised to invasive diseases: ITS could not distinguish between S. apiospermum and S. boydii , whereas with TEF1α all investigated species of this genus could be accurately identified. This study therefore underlines the usefulness of applying more than one DNA barcoding marker for fungal species identification. Fungal DNA barcoding has been successfully applied to the investigation of foxing phenomena, a major concern in the conservation of paper documents. Sequeira et al. murorum , Ch. nigricolor , Chaetomium sp. citrinum , P. commune , Penicillium sp. and Stachybotrys chartarum to inhabit the investigated paper stains. Another study investigated fungi that act as biodeteriorating agents in the Old Cathedral of Coimbra , part of the University of Coimbra , a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sequencing the ITS barcode of ten samples with classical Sanger as well as with Illumina next-generation sequencing techniques, they identified 49 fungal species. Aspergillus versicolor , Cladosporium cladosporioides , C. sphaerospermum , C. tenuissimum , Epicoccum nigrum , Parengyodontium album , Penicillium brevicompactum , P. crustosum , P. glabrum , Talaromyces amestolkiae and T. stollii were the most common species isolated from the samples. Another study concerning objects of cultural heritage investigated the fungal diversity on a canvas painting by Paula Rego using the ITS2 subregion of the ITS marker. Altogether, OTUs putative species in genera of 13 different classes of fungi were observed. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. Identification of fungal species thanks to specific DNA sequences. Microbial Fungal Pollen Algae Aquatic macroinvertebrates fish. Environmental DNA eDNA environmental RNA. Metagenomics viruses. Amplification PCR. Shotgun sequencing High throughput sequencing. Extracellular RNA Chimera Healthcare Diet assessment Consortium for the Barcode of Life. May Medical Mycology. doi : PMID Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. PMC International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. S2CID Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Molecular Ecology Resources. Biological Sciences. FEMS Microbiology Letters. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. Applied Soil Ecology. January Nucleic Acids Research. ISSN In Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ eds. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. New York: Academic Press, Inc. PLOS ONE. Bibcode : PLoSO December Development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcodes". BMC Microbiology. Bibcode : PNAS.. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online. Molecular Ecology. The New Phytologist. Studies in Mycology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Mycological Research. The Open Applied Informatics Journal. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. March from Texas, a southern lookalike of C. cinnabarinus revealed by tef-1 sequence data". Fungal Biology. Fungal Diversity. October Bibcode : Natur. FEMS Yeast Research. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. cerevisiae ". |
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