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Most diabftes the time it can be Gestationall and treated during pregnancy. In the United States, 6 out Gestationnal every pregnant babjs develop gestational diabetes. For example, many people of color Heart health coaching chronic stress and Gestatiomal access to fresh and healthy food.
These factors are known as social determinants of health. They are the conditions in which you are born, grow, work, and live. In many cases, the bzbys determinants of health are related to racism. Racism and unequal living conditions affect health and well-being and increases the risk of pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes.
Racism refers Gestational diabetes and babys growth eGstational false Gestatiomal that certain groups of Energy-boosting foods are born with qualities that make them High blood pressure than other groups of people.
In a racist culture, one group of people has more power than other groups. Gestational diabetes and babys growth example, they have a lot of Athlete bone strength over the way that babye, health care, growhh, laws and law enforcement work.
This control means Memory improvement techniques and exercises people in the dominant group are diabetss likely to:. Fertility benefits contrast, people from racial or ethnic minority groups who live in a racist groath are Gsstational likely to:.
Timing meal and snack consumption before competition must work together to bring fair, just and Gestqtional access to frowth care for anx moms and babies. If not treated, gestational diabetes can increase your risk for baybs complications and procedures, including:.
Your health care provider tests Insulin pump tubing for gestational babye with a Gwstational test called a glucose tolerance test. After this test, your doctor will be able to tell whether you have gestational Calorie counting for meal planning. If you have gestational diabetes, your prenatal care provider Gestatiobal want groowth see you more often growty prenatal care checkups so they babsy monitor Gfstational and your baby closely to help prevent problems.
Gestational diabetes and babys growth include a nonstress test and grwoth biophysical profile. The biophysical profile is a nonstress test with an ultrasound. Your provider also duabetes ask you to do kick counts also Injury prevention through nutrition fetal movement counts.
Bahys is way for you bagys keep track of how often you can Multivitamin for brain health your baby move. Here growtn two ways to do kick counts:. If you have Arthritis exercises for posture improvement diabetes, Gestational diabetes and babys growth, your provider tells you how often to check your blood sugar, what your levels snd be Gestational diabetes and babys growth how to manage them during pregnancy.
Blood grkwth is affected by pregnancy, what you Endurance speed workouts and drink, and Gestational diabetes and babys growth Gestationao physical activity you get. You may need to eat differently and be more active.
You also may need to take insulin shots or other medicines. Treatment for gestational diabetes can help reduce your risk for pregnancy complications. Your provider begins treatment with monitoring your blood sugar levels, healthy eating, and physical activity.
Insulin is the most common medicine for gestational diabetes. If you have gestational diabetes, amd can you help prevent getting diabetes later in life? For most people, gestational diabetes goes away after giving birth. But having it makes you more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common kind of diabetes. Skip to main content. Share Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on YouTube Share on Linkedin More Places to Share. Gestational diabetes. Video file. Key Points Pregnant people who have gestational diabetes can and do have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies.
Most pregnant people get a test for gestational diabetes grwth 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. If untreated, gestational diabetes can cause problems for your baby, such as premature birth and stillbirth.
Talk to your health care provider about what you can do to reduce your risk for gestational diabetes and help prevent diabetes in the future. What is gestational diabetes? Who is at risk for gestational diabetes? Are overweight or obese and not physically active.
Have had gestational diabetes or a baby with macrosomia in a past pregnancy. Have polycystic ovarian syndrome also called polycystic ovary syndrome banys PCOS. This is diabees hormone problem that can affect reproductive and overall health. Have prediabetes. This means your blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes.
Have a parent, brother or sister who has diabetes. This control means that people in the dominant group are more likely to: Have better education and job opportunities Live in safer environmental conditions Be shown in a positive light by media, such as television shows, movies, and news programs.
Can gestational diabetes increase your risk for problems during pregnancy? If not treated, gestational diabetes can increase your risk for pregnancy complications and procedures, including: Macrosomia.
This means your baby weighs more than 8 pounds, 13 ounces 4, grams at birth. Babies who weigh this much are more likely to be hurt during labor and birth, and can cause damage to his or amd mother during delivery. Shoulder dystocia or other birth injuries also called birth trauma.
Complications for birthing parents caused by shoulder dystocia include postpartum hemorrhage heavy bleeding. For babies, the most common Gestatiknal are fractures to the collarbone and arm and damage to the brachial plexus nerves. These nerves go from the spinal cord in the neck down the arm. They provide feeling and movement in the shoulder, arm and hand.
High blood pressure and disbetes. High blood pressure also called hypertension is when the force of blood against the walls of the blood vessels is too high. It can stress your heart and cause problems during pregnancy.
Preeclampsia is when a pregnant person has high blood pressure and signs that some of their organs, such as the kidneys and liver, may not be working properly.
Perinatal depression. This is depression that happens during pregnancy or in the first year after having a baby also called postpartum depression. Depression is a medical condition that causes feelings of sadness and a loss of interest in things you like to do.
It can affect how you think, feel, and act and can interfere with your daily life. Preterm birth. This is birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Most women who have gestational diabetes have a full-term pregnancy that lasts between 39 and 40 weeks.
However, if there are complications, your health care provider may need to induce labor before your due date. This means your provider will give you medicine or break your water amniotic sac to make your labor begin. This is the death of a baby after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Cesarean birth also called c-section. This is surgery in which your baby is born through a cut that your doctor makes in your belly and uterus.
You may need to have a c-section if you have complications during pregnancy, or if your baby is very large also known as macrosomia. Most people who have diabetex diabetes can have a vaginal birth.
Gestational diabetes baabys can cause health complications for your baby after birth, including: Breathing problems, including respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant is a protein that keeps the small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing.
Low blood sugar also called hypoglycemia Obesity later in life Diabetes later in life How do you know if you have gestational diabetes? How is gestational Gesyational treated?
Here are two ways to do kick counts: Every day, time how long it takes for your baby to move 10 times. If it takes longer than 2 hours, tell your provider. See how many movements you feel in 1 hour. Do this 3 times each week. If the number changes, tell your provider. Your provider shows you growty to check your blood sugar on your own.
Keep a log that includes your blood sugar level every time you check it. Share it with your Gestatioanl at each checkup. Eat healthy foods. Talk to your provider about the right kinds of foods to eat to help control your blood sugar. Do something growt every day. Try to get 30 minutes Gewtational moderate-intensity activity at least 5 days each week.
Talk to your provider about activities that are safe during pregnancy, like walking.
: Gestational diabetes and babys growth| Interactive Tools | Financial Assistance Documents — Arizona. However, GDM is likely to reflect the unmasking of a predisposition to hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes as a result of pregnancy changes mimicking a glucose stress test [ 37 ]. It usually goes away after delivery. Birth injuries, such as a broken collar bone or damaged nerves in the arm brachial plexus , are more common in babies who are very large for gestational age. Gestational diabetes raises your risk of high blood pressure, as well as preeclampsia — a serious complication of pregnancy that causes high blood pressure and other symptoms that can threaten both your life and your baby's life. Our results do support developing methods for identifying hyperglycemia-related adverse fetal growth in early pregnancy. Cohort profile: the Born in Bradford multi-ethnic family cohort study. |
| Breadcrumb | If you are overweight or obese, weight reduction through diet and exercise can reduce this risk. Risk of developing type 2 diabetes — Individuals with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, especially if they have other risk factors eg, family history of type 2 diabetes. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is greatly affected by body weight. Individuals with obesity have a 50 to 75 percent risk of developing type 2 diabetes, while this risk is less-than percent in those who are a normal weight. If you are overweight or obese, you can reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes by losing weight and exercising regularly. The American Diabetes Association ADA recommends that all persons with a history of gestational diabetes have testing for type 2 diabetes every one to three years after their initial post-pregnancy test for diabetes. If you have elevations in your blood sugars in the pre-diabetes range at the time of your postpartum screening, the ADA recommends testing yearly testing. It is also recommended that you work with your primary care provider to eat a healthy diet, lose any excess weight, and exercise regularly to help decrease your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular disease — Individuals who have had gestational diabetes in the past are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke. While this is mostly tied to the risk of type 2 diabetes see above , even those who do not develop type 2 diabetes appear to have a small increase in their risk of heart disease later in life. Continuing to make healthy lifestyle choices such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking can help minimize this risk. See "Patient education: Diet and health The Basics ". Birth control — Individuals with a history of gestational diabetes can use any type of birth control after pregnancy. A review of all of the birth control options is available separately. See "Patient education: Birth control; which method is right for me? Beyond the Basics ". Your health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem. This article will be updated as needed on our web site www. Related topics for patients, as well as selected articles written for health care professionals, are also available. Some of the most relevant are listed below. Patient level information — UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials. The Basics — The Basics patient education pieces answer the four or five key questions a patient might have about a given condition. These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials. Patient education: Gestational diabetes The Basics. Beyond the Basics — Beyond the Basics patient education pieces are longer, more sophisticated, and more detailed. These articles are best for patients who want in-depth information and are comfortable with some medical jargon. Patient education: Preeclampsia Beyond the Basics Patient education: Glucose monitoring in diabetes Beyond the Basics Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Insulin treatment Beyond the Basics Patient education: Postterm pregnancy Beyond the Basics Patient education: C-section cesarean delivery Beyond the Basics Patient education: Deciding to breastfeed Beyond the Basics Patient education: Birth control; which method is right for me? Beyond the Basics. Professional level information — Professional level articles are designed to keep doctors and other health professionals up-to-date on the latest medical findings. These articles are thorough, long, and complex, and they contain multiple references to the research on which they are based. Professional level articles are best for people who are comfortable with a lot of medical terminology and who want to read the same materials their doctors are reading. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults Effects of advanced maternal age on pregnancy Infants of mothers with diabetes IMD Pregestational preexisting diabetes mellitus: Obstetric issues and management Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening, diagnosis, and prevention Gestational diabetes mellitus: Glucose management and maternal prognosis Gestational diabetes mellitus: Obstetric issues and management Pregestational preexisting and gestational diabetes: Intrapartum and postpartum glucose management. htm , available in Spanish. The editorial staff at UpToDate would like to acknowledge Donald R Coustan, MD, and Michael F Greene, MD, who contributed to earlier versions of this topic review. Contributor disclosures are reviewed for conflicts of interest by the editorial group. When found, these are addressed by vetting through a multi-level review process, and through requirements for references to be provided to support the content. Appropriately referenced content is required of all authors and must conform to UpToDate standards of evidence. Conflict of interest policy. Why UpToDate? Product Editorial Subscription Options Subscribe Sign in. View Topic Loading Font Size Small Normal Large. Patient education: Gestational diabetes Beyond the Basics. Formulary drug information for this topic. No drug references linked in this topic. Find in topic Formulary Print Share. Official reprint from UpToDate ® www. com © UpToDate, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Author: Celeste Durnwald, MD Section Editors: David M Nathan, MD Erika F Werner, MD, MS Deputy Editor: Vanessa A Barss, MD, FACOG. All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Jan This topic last updated: Nov 16, If your blood sugar level is normal, no other tests are done. AFTER-DELIVERY CARE After giving birth, most individuals with gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels and do not require further treatment with insulin. Patient education: Gestational diabetes The Basics Beyond the Basics — Beyond the Basics patient education pieces are longer, more sophisticated, and more detailed. Beyond the Basics Professional level information — Professional level articles are designed to keep doctors and other health professionals up-to-date on the latest medical findings. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults Effects of advanced maternal age on pregnancy Infants of mothers with diabetes IMD Pregestational preexisting diabetes mellitus: Obstetric issues and management Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening, diagnosis, and prevention Gestational diabetes mellitus: Glucose management and maternal prognosis Gestational diabetes mellitus: Obstetric issues and management Pregestational preexisting and gestational diabetes: Intrapartum and postpartum glucose management The following organizations also provide reliable health information. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med ; Dodd JM, Crowther CA, Antoniou G, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes: the effect of varying blood glucose definitions in the prediction of adverse maternal and infant health outcomes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol ; American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care ; 27 Suppl 1:S Löbner K, Knopff A, Baumgarten A, et al. Predictors of postpartum diabetes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. home Diabetes Home. To receive updates about diabetes topics, enter your email address: Email Address. What's this. Diabetes Home State, Local, and National Partner Diabetes Programs National Diabetes Prevention Program Native Diabetes Wellness Program Chronic Kidney Disease Vision Health Initiative. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. CDC is not responsible for Section compliance accessibility on other federal or private website. For more information on CDC's web notification policies, see Website Disclaimers. Cancel Continue. Because of this, gestational diabetes does not cause the kinds of birth defects sometimes seen in babies whose mothers had diabetes before pregnancy. However, untreated or poorly controlled gestational diabetes can hurt your baby. When you have gestational diabetes, your pancreas works overtime to produce insulin, but the insulin does not lower your blood glucose levels. Although insulin does not cross the placenta, glucose and other nutrients do. So extra blood glucose goes through the placenta, giving the baby high blood glucose levels. This causes the baby's pancreas to make extra insulin to get rid of the blood glucose. Since the baby is getting more energy than it needs to grow and develop, the extra energy is stored as fat. This can lead to macrosomia, or a "fat" baby. Babies with macrosomia face health problems of their own, including damage to their shoulders during birth. |
| Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy | This is called gestational diabetes. Pregnancy can change how a woman's body uses glucose. This can make diabetes worse, or lead to gestational diabetes. During pregnancy, an organ called the placenta gives a growing baby nutrients and oxygen. The placenta also makes hormones. In late pregnancy, the hormones estrogen, cortisol, and human placental lactogen can block insulin. The glucose stays in the blood and makes the blood sugar levels go up. Overweight women are more likely to have gestational diabetes. Women with twins or other multiples are also more likely to have it. There are no common symptoms of diabetes. Most women don't know they have it until they get tested. Nearly all nondiabetic pregnant women are screened for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. A glucose screening test is given during this time. For the test, you drink a glucose drink and have your blood glucose levels tested after 2 hours. If this test shows a high blood glucose level, a 3-hour glucose tolerance test will be done. If results of the second test are not normal, gestational diabetes is diagnosed. Treatment will depend on your symptoms, your age, and your general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. Most complications happen in women who already have diabetes before they get pregnant. Possible complications include:. Women with gestational diabetes are more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes in later life. They are also more likely to have gestational diabetes with another pregnancy. If you have gestational diabetes you should get tested a few months after your baby is born and every 3 years after that. Stillbirth fetal death. Stillbirth is more likely in pregnant women with diabetes. The baby may grow slowly in the uterus due to poor circulation or other conditions, such as high blood pressure or damaged small blood vessels. The exact reason stillbirths happen with diabetes is not known. The risk of stillbirth goes up in women with poor blood glucose control and with blood vessel changes. Birth defects. Birth defects are more likely in babies of diabetic mothers. Some birth defects are serious enough to cause stillbirth. Birth defects usually occur in the first trimester of pregnancy. Babies of diabetic mothers may have major birth defects in the heart and blood vessels, brain and spine, urinary system and kidneys, and digestive system. This is the term for a baby that is much larger than normal. All of the nutrients the baby gets come directly from the mother's blood. If the mother's blood has too much sugar, the pancreas of the baby makes more insulin to use this glucose. This causes fat to form and the baby grows very large. Birth injury. Birth injury may occur due to the baby's large size and difficulty being born. The baby may have low levels of blood glucose right after delivery. This problem occurs if the mother's blood glucose levels have been high for a long time. After delivery, the baby continues to have a high insulin level, but no longer has the glucose from the mother. This causes the newborn's blood glucose level to get very low. The baby's blood glucose level is checked after birth. If the level is too low, the baby may need glucose in an IV. Trouble breathing respiratory distress. Too much insulin or too much glucose in a baby's system may keep the lungs from growing fully. This can cause breathing problems in babies. This is more likely in babies born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Include plenty of salads, greens spinach, collards, kale , broccoli, carrots, green beans, tomatoes, onions, mushrooms, and other vegetables you enjoy. Half of the plate at your meals can be non-starchy vegetables. Blood sugar monitoring — You will learn how to check your blood sugar level and record the results figure 1. Instructions for choosing a blood sugar meter, checking blood sugar levels at home, and ways to record the results are discussed separately. See "Patient education: Glucose monitoring in diabetes Beyond the Basics ". This information can help to determine whether your blood sugar levels are on target. If your levels stay higher than they should be, your doctor will probably recommend that you start using insulin. See 'Insulin' below. Exercise — Although exercise is not a necessary part of gestational diabetes treatment, it might help to control blood sugar levels. If you were exercising before, you should continue after being diagnosed with gestational diabetes. If you did not previously exercise, ask your doctor or nurse if exercise is recommended. Most individuals who do not have medical or pregnancy-related complications are able to exercise, at least moderately, throughout their pregnancy. Walking is a great form of exercise for those starting an exercise regimen. Insulin — Approximately 15 percent of patients with gestational diabetes will require insulin. Insulin is a medicine that helps to reduce blood sugar levels and can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes-related complications. Insulin is the most common medicine for treating gestational diabetes. You must give insulin by injection because it does not work when it is taken by mouth. Most pregnant people start by giving one to two shots of insulin per day. If your blood sugar levels are high after eating, you may need to give yourself a shot three or four times per day. Instructions for drawing up and giving insulin shots are available separately. See "Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Insulin treatment Beyond the Basics ". If you take insulin, you should check your blood sugar level at least four times per day. You also need to write down your results or store them in the meter and how much insulin you took and review these records at each prenatal visit or more frequently based on your doctor's recommendation figure 1. Keeping accurate records helps to adjust insulin doses and can decrease the risk of complications. The bedtime snack is especially important to help keep your fasting first blood sugar of the day before eating in range. Oral diabetes medicines, such as those taken by people with type 2 diabetes, are sometimes used during pregnancy in the United States. We prefer insulin therapy for pregnant patients with diabetes who cannot control blood glucose levels adequately by their diet nutritional therapy. Insulin is effective and safe and does not cross the placenta to the fetus. Most oral diabetes medicines pass from the pregnant individual to their baby through the placenta; while they have not been shown to harm the fetus or newborn, it is not known if there are longer term effects on children. There are studies underway to help answer this question. However, oral anti-hyperglycemic agents are a reasonable alternative for individuals who will not take, or are unable to comply with, insulin therapy, as long as they understand the lack of information on long-term risks or benefits. Prenatal visits — Most pregnant individuals who develop gestational diabetes have more frequent prenatal visits eg, once every week or two , especially if insulin is used. The purpose of these visits is to monitor your and your baby's health, discuss your diet, review your blood sugars, and adjust your dose of insulin if you are taking it to keep your blood sugar levels near normal. It is common to change the dose of insulin as the pregnancy progresses. You may also be asked to have one or two ultrasound examinations to check on the growth and size of the baby. See "Gestational diabetes mellitus: Obstetric issues and management". Nonstress testing — You may need tests to monitor the health of the baby during the later stages of pregnancy, especially if your blood sugars have been high, you are using insulin, or if you have any pregnancy-related complications eg, high blood pressure. The most commonly used test is the nonstress test. This test is discussed in a separate topic review. See "Patient education: Postterm pregnancy Beyond the Basics ". If your blood sugar levels are close to normal during pregnancy and you have no other complications, the ideal time to give birth is between 39 and 40 weeks of pregnancy, no later than your due date. If you do not give birth by your due date, you may be offered induction of labor or additional testing to monitor your and your baby's health. In most individuals with gestational diabetes and a normal-size baby, there are no advantages to a cesarean over a vaginal birth, although cesarean may be needed in any pregnancy, especially with a first baby. Those with a very large baby may be offered cesarean birth before labor starts. The risks and benefits of cesarean birth are discussed separately. See "Patient education: C-section cesarean delivery Beyond the Basics ". Your blood sugar levels will be monitored during labor. Most individuals have normal blood sugar levels during labor and do not need any insulin. Insulin is given if your blood sugar level becomes high. High blood sugar levels during labor can cause problems in the baby, both before and after delivery. See "Pregestational preexisting and gestational diabetes: Intrapartum and postpartum glucose management". After giving birth, most individuals with gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels and do not require further treatment with insulin. You can return to your prepregnancy diet, and you are encouraged to breastfeed. See "Patient education: Deciding to breastfeed Beyond the Basics ". However, your doctor may check your blood sugar level the day after delivery to be sure that it is normal or near normal. Pregnancy itself does not increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, having gestational diabetes does increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. After you deliver, you should have testing for type 2 diabetes. Typically, this is done between 4 and 12 weeks postpartum, ideally prior to your postpartum check-up. But it may be done in the hospital before you are discharged. Testing usually includes a two-hour glucose tolerance test GTT so that you are tested for both pre-diabetes and diabetes. Risk of recurrent gestational diabetes — One-third to two-thirds of individuals who have gestational diabetes in one pregnancy will have it again in a later pregnancy. If you are overweight or obese, weight reduction through diet and exercise can reduce this risk. Risk of developing type 2 diabetes — Individuals with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, especially if they have other risk factors eg, family history of type 2 diabetes. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is greatly affected by body weight. Individuals with obesity have a 50 to 75 percent risk of developing type 2 diabetes, while this risk is less-than percent in those who are a normal weight. If you are overweight or obese, you can reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes by losing weight and exercising regularly. The American Diabetes Association ADA recommends that all persons with a history of gestational diabetes have testing for type 2 diabetes every one to three years after their initial post-pregnancy test for diabetes. If you have elevations in your blood sugars in the pre-diabetes range at the time of your postpartum screening, the ADA recommends testing yearly testing. It is also recommended that you work with your primary care provider to eat a healthy diet, lose any excess weight, and exercise regularly to help decrease your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular disease — Individuals who have had gestational diabetes in the past are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke. While this is mostly tied to the risk of type 2 diabetes see above , even those who do not develop type 2 diabetes appear to have a small increase in their risk of heart disease later in life. Continuing to make healthy lifestyle choices such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking can help minimize this risk. See "Patient education: Diet and health The Basics ". Birth control — Individuals with a history of gestational diabetes can use any type of birth control after pregnancy. A review of all of the birth control options is available separately. See "Patient education: Birth control; which method is right for me? Beyond the Basics ". Your health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem. This article will be updated as needed on our web site www. Related topics for patients, as well as selected articles written for health care professionals, are also available. Some of the most relevant are listed below. Patient level information — UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials. The Basics — The Basics patient education pieces answer the four or five key questions a patient might have about a given condition. These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials. Patient education: Gestational diabetes The Basics. Beyond the Basics — Beyond the Basics patient education pieces are longer, more sophisticated, and more detailed. These articles are best for patients who want in-depth information and are comfortable with some medical jargon. Patient education: Preeclampsia Beyond the Basics Patient education: Glucose monitoring in diabetes Beyond the Basics Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Insulin treatment Beyond the Basics Patient education: Postterm pregnancy Beyond the Basics Patient education: C-section cesarean delivery Beyond the Basics Patient education: Deciding to breastfeed Beyond the Basics Patient education: Birth control; which method is right for me? Beyond the Basics. Professional level information — Professional level articles are designed to keep doctors and other health professionals up-to-date on the latest medical findings. These articles are thorough, long, and complex, and they contain multiple references to the research on which they are based. Professional level articles are best for people who are comfortable with a lot of medical terminology and who want to read the same materials their doctors are reading. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults Effects of advanced maternal age on pregnancy Infants of mothers with diabetes IMD Pregestational preexisting diabetes mellitus: Obstetric issues and management Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening, diagnosis, and prevention Gestational diabetes mellitus: Glucose management and maternal prognosis Gestational diabetes mellitus: Obstetric issues and management Pregestational preexisting and gestational diabetes: Intrapartum and postpartum glucose management. htm , available in Spanish. The editorial staff at UpToDate would like to acknowledge Donald R Coustan, MD, and Michael F Greene, MD, who contributed to earlier versions of this topic review. Contributor disclosures are reviewed for conflicts of interest by the editorial group. When found, these are addressed by vetting through a multi-level review process, and through requirements for references to be provided to support the content. Appropriately referenced content is required of all authors and must conform to UpToDate standards of evidence. Conflict of interest policy. Why UpToDate? Product Editorial Subscription Options Subscribe Sign in. |
| Gestational Diabetes | CDC | Preventing Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes During Pregnancy Diabetes and Women Insulin Resistance Diabetes Articles Infographics. Last Reviewed: December 30, Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. home Diabetes Home. To receive updates about diabetes topics, enter your email address: Email Address. What's this. Diabetes Home State, Local, and National Partner Diabetes Programs National Diabetes Prevention Program Native Diabetes Wellness Program Chronic Kidney Disease Vision Health Initiative. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Have a parent, brother or sister who has diabetes. This control means that people in the dominant group are more likely to: Have better education and job opportunities Live in safer environmental conditions Be shown in a positive light by media, such as television shows, movies, and news programs. Can gestational diabetes increase your risk for problems during pregnancy? If not treated, gestational diabetes can increase your risk for pregnancy complications and procedures, including: Macrosomia. This means your baby weighs more than 8 pounds, 13 ounces 4, grams at birth. Babies who weigh this much are more likely to be hurt during labor and birth, and can cause damage to his or her mother during delivery. Shoulder dystocia or other birth injuries also called birth trauma. Complications for birthing parents caused by shoulder dystocia include postpartum hemorrhage heavy bleeding. For babies, the most common injuries are fractures to the collarbone and arm and damage to the brachial plexus nerves. These nerves go from the spinal cord in the neck down the arm. They provide feeling and movement in the shoulder, arm and hand. High blood pressure and preeclampsia. High blood pressure also called hypertension is when the force of blood against the walls of the blood vessels is too high. It can stress your heart and cause problems during pregnancy. Preeclampsia is when a pregnant person has high blood pressure and signs that some of their organs, such as the kidneys and liver, may not be working properly. Perinatal depression. This is depression that happens during pregnancy or in the first year after having a baby also called postpartum depression. Depression is a medical condition that causes feelings of sadness and a loss of interest in things you like to do. It can affect how you think, feel, and act and can interfere with your daily life. Preterm birth. This is birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Most women who have gestational diabetes have a full-term pregnancy that lasts between 39 and 40 weeks. However, if there are complications, your health care provider may need to induce labor before your due date. This means your provider will give you medicine or break your water amniotic sac to make your labor begin. This is the death of a baby after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Cesarean birth also called c-section. This is surgery in which your baby is born through a cut that your doctor makes in your belly and uterus. You may need to have a c-section if you have complications during pregnancy, or if your baby is very large also known as macrosomia. Most people who have gestational diabetes can have a vaginal birth. Gestational diabetes also can cause health complications for your baby after birth, including: Breathing problems, including respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant is a protein that keeps the small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. Low blood sugar also called hypoglycemia Obesity later in life Diabetes later in life How do you know if you have gestational diabetes? How is gestational diabetes treated? Here are two ways to do kick counts: Every day, time how long it takes for your baby to move 10 times. If it takes longer than 2 hours, tell your provider. See how many movements you feel in 1 hour. Do this 3 times each week. The baby may grow slowly in the uterus due to poor circulation or other conditions, such as high blood pressure or damaged small blood vessels. The exact reason stillbirths happen with diabetes is not known. The risk of stillbirth goes up in women with poor blood glucose control and with blood vessel changes. Birth defects. Birth defects are more likely in babies of diabetic mothers. Some birth defects are serious enough to cause stillbirth. Birth defects usually occur in the first trimester of pregnancy. Babies of diabetic mothers may have major birth defects in the heart and blood vessels, brain and spine, urinary system and kidneys, and digestive system. This is the term for a baby that is much larger than normal. All of the nutrients the baby gets come directly from the mother's blood. If the mother's blood has too much sugar, the pancreas of the baby makes more insulin to use this glucose. This causes fat to form and the baby grows very large. Birth injury. Birth injury may occur due to the baby's large size and difficulty being born. The baby may have low levels of blood glucose right after delivery. This problem occurs if the mother's blood glucose levels have been high for a long time. After delivery, the baby continues to have a high insulin level, but no longer has the glucose from the mother. This causes the newborn's blood glucose level to get very low. The baby's blood glucose level is checked after birth. If the level is too low, the baby may need glucose in an IV. Trouble breathing respiratory distress. Too much insulin or too much glucose in a baby's system may keep the lungs from growing fully. This can cause breathing problems in babies. This is more likely in babies born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for preeclampsia during pregnancy. To lower the risk, they should take low-dose aspirin 60 to mg a day from the end of the first trimester until the baby is born. Not all types of diabetes can be prevented. Type 1 diabetes usually starts when a person is young. Type 2 diabetes may be avoided by losing weight. Healthy food choices and exercise can also help prevent Type 2 diabetes. Special testing and monitoring of the baby may be needed for pregnant diabetics, especially those who are taking insulin. This is because of the increased risk for stillbirth. These tests may include:. |
Gestational diabetes and babys growth -
T2DM is different from T1DM and occurs when the pancreas becomes less proficient at making insulin, and the body becomes resistant to insulin. Children born to a person with gestational diabetes also have an increased risk of obesity.
The American Diabetes Association ADA notes that during pregnancy, gestational diabetes can cause the fetus to experience high blood sugar levels. As the fetus is getting more energy than it requires to grow and develop, the body stores the extra energy as fat.
This can result in fetal macrosomia. This is the medical term for when a baby is born much larger than the average size for their gestational age. A systematic review and meta-analysis notes that fetal macrosomia predisposes the child to a higher risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life.
Living with obesity can also lead to a range of health issues, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
As well as potential long-term complications for the child, gestational diabetes also carries some risks during birth. This can include :. Preventing gestational diabetes is not always possible. However, a person can reduce their risk of developing the condition.
They can do so by managing their weight, keeping active, and following a healthy, balanced diet before becoming pregnant. Managing gestational diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle modifications.
In some cases, it may also involve prescription medication. Some ways a person can manage gestational diabetes include :. A person can work with a dietitian or healthcare team to create a personalized meal plan that focuses on balanced eating. The plan will likely explain which foods to eat, how much, and when to eat.
Physical activity helps lower blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity. A person can choose activities that are safe during pregnancy , such as swimming, prenatal yoga, or stationary cycling. Individuals should aim for at least 30 minutes of activity most days of the week unless advised differently by their healthcare professional.
Monitoring blood sugar levels helps check if they are in a target range. A person can discuss their individual target with a healthcare professional. In some cases, lifestyle modifications alone may not be sufficient to manage blood sugar levels, and a person may require medication.
This may involve using insulin therapy. Furthermore, as fetal growth trajectories differ considerably by ethnicity and this could potentially mask the detection of hyperglycemia-related pathological effects, further work is now needed to understand how this may influence perinatal and offspring health.
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Venkataraman H, Ram U, Craik S, Arungunasekaran A, Seshadri S, Saravanan P. Download references. Born in Bradford is only possible because of the enthusiasm and commitment of the Children and Parents in BiB.
We are grateful to all the participants, practitioners, and researchers who have made Born in Bradford happen. is an NIHR senior investigator NF-SI The funders had no role in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Most pregnant people start by giving one to two shots of insulin per day. If your blood sugar levels are high after eating, you may need to give yourself a shot three or four times per day.
Instructions for drawing up and giving insulin shots are available separately. See "Patient education: Type 2 diabetes: Insulin treatment Beyond the Basics ". If you take insulin, you should check your blood sugar level at least four times per day.
You also need to write down your results or store them in the meter and how much insulin you took and review these records at each prenatal visit or more frequently based on your doctor's recommendation figure 1. Keeping accurate records helps to adjust insulin doses and can decrease the risk of complications.
The bedtime snack is especially important to help keep your fasting first blood sugar of the day before eating in range. Oral diabetes medicines, such as those taken by people with type 2 diabetes, are sometimes used during pregnancy in the United States.
We prefer insulin therapy for pregnant patients with diabetes who cannot control blood glucose levels adequately by their diet nutritional therapy. Insulin is effective and safe and does not cross the placenta to the fetus. Most oral diabetes medicines pass from the pregnant individual to their baby through the placenta; while they have not been shown to harm the fetus or newborn, it is not known if there are longer term effects on children.
There are studies underway to help answer this question. However, oral anti-hyperglycemic agents are a reasonable alternative for individuals who will not take, or are unable to comply with, insulin therapy, as long as they understand the lack of information on long-term risks or benefits.
Prenatal visits — Most pregnant individuals who develop gestational diabetes have more frequent prenatal visits eg, once every week or two , especially if insulin is used.
The purpose of these visits is to monitor your and your baby's health, discuss your diet, review your blood sugars, and adjust your dose of insulin if you are taking it to keep your blood sugar levels near normal.
It is common to change the dose of insulin as the pregnancy progresses. You may also be asked to have one or two ultrasound examinations to check on the growth and size of the baby. See "Gestational diabetes mellitus: Obstetric issues and management".
Nonstress testing — You may need tests to monitor the health of the baby during the later stages of pregnancy, especially if your blood sugars have been high, you are using insulin, or if you have any pregnancy-related complications eg, high blood pressure.
The most commonly used test is the nonstress test. This test is discussed in a separate topic review. See "Patient education: Postterm pregnancy Beyond the Basics ".
If your blood sugar levels are close to normal during pregnancy and you have no other complications, the ideal time to give birth is between 39 and 40 weeks of pregnancy, no later than your due date.
If you do not give birth by your due date, you may be offered induction of labor or additional testing to monitor your and your baby's health. In most individuals with gestational diabetes and a normal-size baby, there are no advantages to a cesarean over a vaginal birth, although cesarean may be needed in any pregnancy, especially with a first baby.
Those with a very large baby may be offered cesarean birth before labor starts. The risks and benefits of cesarean birth are discussed separately.
See "Patient education: C-section cesarean delivery Beyond the Basics ". Your blood sugar levels will be monitored during labor.
Most individuals have normal blood sugar levels during labor and do not need any insulin. Insulin is given if your blood sugar level becomes high. High blood sugar levels during labor can cause problems in the baby, both before and after delivery.
See "Pregestational preexisting and gestational diabetes: Intrapartum and postpartum glucose management". After giving birth, most individuals with gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels and do not require further treatment with insulin. You can return to your prepregnancy diet, and you are encouraged to breastfeed.
See "Patient education: Deciding to breastfeed Beyond the Basics ". However, your doctor may check your blood sugar level the day after delivery to be sure that it is normal or near normal.
Pregnancy itself does not increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, having gestational diabetes does increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
After you deliver, you should have testing for type 2 diabetes. Typically, this is done between 4 and 12 weeks postpartum, ideally prior to your postpartum check-up. But it may be done in the hospital before you are discharged.
Testing usually includes a two-hour glucose tolerance test GTT so that you are tested for both pre-diabetes and diabetes. Risk of recurrent gestational diabetes — One-third to two-thirds of individuals who have gestational diabetes in one pregnancy will have it again in a later pregnancy.
If you are overweight or obese, weight reduction through diet and exercise can reduce this risk. Risk of developing type 2 diabetes — Individuals with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, especially if they have other risk factors eg, family history of type 2 diabetes.
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is greatly affected by body weight. Individuals with obesity have a 50 to 75 percent risk of developing type 2 diabetes, while this risk is less-than percent in those who are a normal weight.
If you are overweight or obese, you can reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes by losing weight and exercising regularly. The American Diabetes Association ADA recommends that all persons with a history of gestational diabetes have testing for type 2 diabetes every one to three years after their initial post-pregnancy test for diabetes.
If you have elevations in your blood sugars in the pre-diabetes range at the time of your postpartum screening, the ADA recommends testing yearly testing. It is also recommended that you work with your primary care provider to eat a healthy diet, lose any excess weight, and exercise regularly to help decrease your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular disease — Individuals who have had gestational diabetes in the past are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke.
While this is mostly tied to the risk of type 2 diabetes see above , even those who do not develop type 2 diabetes appear to have a small increase in their risk of heart disease later in life. Continuing to make healthy lifestyle choices such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking can help minimize this risk.
See "Patient education: Diet and health The Basics ". Birth control — Individuals with a history of gestational diabetes can use any type of birth control after pregnancy. A review of all of the birth control options is available separately. See "Patient education: Birth control; which method is right for me?
Beyond the Basics ". Your health care provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem. This article will be updated as needed on our web site www. Related topics for patients, as well as selected articles written for health care professionals, are also available.
Some of the most relevant are listed below. Patient level information — UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials. The Basics — The Basics patient education pieces answer the four or five key questions a patient might have about a given condition.
These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials.
Coronavirus COVID : Latest Updates Visitation Policies Visitation Policies Visitation Policies Gestational diabetes and babys growth Policies Visitation Policies COVID Testing Vaccine Information Vaccine Information Vaccine Information. Babjs for Gestational diabetes and babys growth age Babyys is used Ginseng for memory describe gdowth babies who weigh more than usual for the number of weeks of pregnancy. Babies may be called large for gestational age if they weigh more than 9 in 10 babies 90th percentile of the same gestational age. In the U. Babies born earlier than 40 weeks are considered LGA at lighter weights. Babies born after 40 weeks are considered LGA at slightly higher weights.
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