The effect of vitamin E on CK, LDH and MDA concentration together was examined in one study 22 22 Taghiyar M, Darvishi L, Askari G, et al. Vitamin E supplementation attenuates leakage of enzymes following 6 successive days of running training.

International Journal of Sports Medicine. Vitamin E supplementation decreases muscular and oxidative damage but not inflammatory response induced by eccentric contraction.

The journal of physiological sciences. and 6 studies only reported MDA 11 11 Cannon JG, Orencole SF, Fielding RA, Meydani M, Meydani SN, Fiatarone MA et al. Table 2 presented the quality details of bias assessment. Briefly, participants random allocation was mentioned in all included trials.

However, three studies described the method of random sequence generation 11 11 Cannon JG, Orencole SF, Fielding RA, Meydani M, Meydani SN, Fiatarone MA et al. Seven studies reported allocation concealment 13 13 Bataineh MF, Al-Nawaiseh AM, Taifour A, Judge LW.

Most studies represented low risk of bias based on selective reporting; nevertheless, 3 studies had high risk of bias 13 13 Bataineh MF, Al-Nawaiseh AM, Taifour A, Judge LW.

All studies had a low risk of bias for incomplete outcome data. Nine studies had a low risk of bias for blinding of participants and personnel 14 14 Keong CC, Singh HJ, Singh R. and just one studies had low risk of bias regarding blinding outcome assessors 15 15 Beaton LJ, Allan DA, Tarnopolsky MA, Tiidus PM, Phillips SM.

Contraction-induced muscle damage is unaffected by vitamin E supplementation. All of studies had unclear or low risk of bias regarding other potential threats to validity.

Subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate if the effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum CK is different according to follow-ups after exercise, dose of vitamin E, duration of studies, exercise type, train status and study design. Subgroup analysis of follow-ups after exercise, dose of vitamin E, duration of studies and exercise type, train status and study design had no significant effect on MDA concentration in any subgroups.

Sensitivity analysis indicated that the removal of any of the studies from the meta-analysis, create no change in the results of the meta-analysis on CK and LDH concentration whereas, the results on MDA concentration were sensitive to omitting 1 study 14 14 Keong CC, Singh HJ, Singh R.

The results of the current meta-analysis, performed on 23 randomized controlled trials, revealed beneficial effects of vitamin E supplementation in decreasing CK and LDH concentration during training protocols of different periods.

Rhabdomyolysis: historical background, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. The muscle tissue damage can be defined as the plasma membrane disruption, accompanied by the muscle proteins loss i.

CK, LDH, myoglobin , proteins of serum influx, increased crowd of inflammatory infiltrates in the muscle fibers i. neutrophils and macrophages , delayed onset muscle soreness DOMS , functional impairment loss of strength , and some possible structural disorders like sarcomere Z lines disarrangement 29 29 Warren GL, Ingalls C, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB.

Excitation-contraction uncoupling: major role in contraction-induced muscle injury. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. The Effects of Common Treatment Modalities on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness DOMS.

Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects. The ingestion of antioxidant vitamins has been proposed to attenuate muscle damage through prevention of muscle fiber lipids peroxidation that leads to cellular disruption.

Vitamin E is the major lipid soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant 31 31 Lauridsen C, Litta G. Vitamin E accumulates in the cell membranes phospholipid bilayer and limits lipid peroxidation within the membrane 32 32 Cavazos AT, Bank MI, Bell ME, Leach ZL, Kinnum JJ, Wassall SR.

Vitamin E Bends Model Cell Membranes to Promote its Antioxidant Function. Biophysical Journal. Vitamin E supplementation has been shown to significantly decrease the amount of membrane damage and lipid peroxidation associated with different types of exercise 24 24 McBride JM, Kraemer WJ, Triplett-McBride T, Sebastianelli W.

We suggest this mechanistic explanation for the lower CK and LDH response with vitamin E supplementation, which vitamin E may have enhanced membrane stability and thereby lowered enzyme release.

The responses of CK might depend on where the early site of muscle damage occurred, the training situation of the participants 33 33 Maughan RJ, Gleeson M.

The biochemical basis of sports performance. New York: Oxford University Press; In this regard, trials with trained participants had a significant decrease in CK concentrations with vitamin E supplementation. The high intra- and inter individual variation in CK responses question their accuracy at scaling the value of muscle damage because this parameters, rather than providing evidence for its progression, mostly serve as indirect indicators of recovery and as global markers for damage 8 8 Rahimi MH, Shab-Bidar S, Mollahosseini M, Djafarian K.

The effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Eccentric exercise-induced injuries to contractile and cytoskeletal muscle fibre components.

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Also, subgroup analysis revealed that vitamin E supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in CK concentrations in studies that conducted on aerobic exercise and not resistance exercise.

The major feature of skeletal muscle damage without cell necrosis is the muscle fibers disruption, specifically the basal lamina sheath. Regarding mechanical stimuli, specifically resistance exercise, it is known that it can promote micro damage in muscle fibers imposed by contractions or overload and, according to the length, intensity and volume the degree and severity of damage and discomfort may be compounded over time and persist chronically 17 17 Kashef M.

For these reasons, vitamin E cannot be effective enough for resistance exercise. Above-mentioned subgroup analysis indicated that vitamin E supplementation decreased CK in t with aerobic exercise.

The present meta-analysis had several limitations. Due to the nature of physical activity interventions, blinding in such studies may be challenging. Moreover, evidence was downgraded due to the lack of homogeneity among included articles and subgroup hypothesis were not sufficient for founding the source of heterogeneity.

However, follow-ups after exercise explained potential between-study heterogeneity. Lack of information about data on intensity and frequency of exercise, genetic background, lifestyle factors and lack of complete baseline CK and LDH data for subgroup analysis make overall interpretation of the results difficult.

In summary, the findings within the present meta-analysis indicate that supplementation with vitamin E appears to be effective at attenuating the immediate muscle damage that occurs after aerobic exercise muscle injury. But, due to high heterogeneity and the medium risk of bias for articles, we suggest that these facts be taken into account and the data be interpreted with caution by the readers.

Open menu Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. About the journal Editorial Board Instructions to authors Contact. Português Español. Open menu. table of contents « previous current next ». Abstract Resumo English Resumo Portuguese Resumo Spanish. Text EN Text English. PDF Download PDF English.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Vitamin E supplementation may protect against exercise-induced muscle damage EIMD through possible inhibition of free radical formation and cell membrane stabilization. Objective: This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to provide a comprehensive literature review on the hypothesis of the benefit of vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress and muscle damage induced by aerobic exercise.

Results: The results revealed a significant effect of vitamin E supplementation on reducing creatine kinase CK and lactate dehydrogenase LDH. Conclusion: Vitamin E can be seen as a priority agent for recovery from muscle damage.

RESUMO Introdução: A suplementação de vitamina E pode ter um efeito protetor contra danos musculares induzidos pelo exercício EIMD através da possível inibição da formação radical livre e estabilização da membrana celular. Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática com meta-análise objetiva fornecer uma análise bibliográfica abrangente na hipótese do benefício na suplementação de vitaminas E sobre o estresse oxidativo e os danos musculares induzidos pelo pelo exercício aeróbico.

Resultados: Os resultados revelaram um efeito significativo da suplementação de vitamina E na redução da creatina-quinase CK e lactato-desidrogenase LDH. Conclusão: A vitamina E pode ser vista como um agente prioritário de recuperação de danos musculares.

RESUMEN Introducción: La suplementación con vitamina E puede tener un efecto protector contra el daño muscular inducido por el ejercicio EIMD a través de la posible inhibición de la formación de radicales libres y la estabilización de la membrana celular.

Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática con meta-análisis tiene como objetivo proporcionar una amplia revisión de la literatura sobre la hipótesis del beneficio de la suplementación con vitamina E sobre el estrés oxidativo y el daño muscular inducido por el ejercicio aeróbico.

Resultados: Los resultados revelaron un efecto significativo de la suplementación con vitamina E en la reducción de la creatina quinasa CK y la lactato deshidrogenasa LDH. Conclusión: La vitamina E puede resultar un agente prioritario para la recuperación del daño muscular.

METHODS Search Strategy The systematic review and meta-analysis was reported based on the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA 19 19 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA et al. Eligibility Criteria Studies were selected by applying the following Population-Intervention-Comparator-Outcomes-Study design PICOS criteria 19 19 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA et al.

Study quality Since it has been adopted that trial inclusion with a high risk of bias may distort the results of a meta-analysis 19 19 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA et al.

Analyses and measures of treatment effect For every study, mean differences and SD were computed for continuous variables.

RESULTS Search results and overview of included studies Our search led to relevant studies. Figure 1 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA flow diagram of study selection process.

Table 1 Summary of relevant sources of data. Table 2 Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment. Figure 2 Forest plot of the effect of vitamin E supplementation on creatine kinase subgrouped by follow up times after exercise.

Figure 3 Forest plot of the effect of vitamin E supplementation on lactate dehydrogenase subgrouped by follow up times after exercise. Figure 4 Forest plot of the effect of vitamin E supplementation on malondialdehyde subgrouped by follow up times after exercise.

Torres R, Pinho F, Duarte JA, Cabri JMH. Ra SG, Miyazaki T, Ishikura K, Nagayama H, Komine S, Nakata Y et al. Xu J, Fu SN, Zhou D, Huang C, Hug F. Dawson B, Henry GJ, Goodman C, Gillam I. Zoppi CC, Hohl R, Silva FC, Lazarim FL, Antunes Neto JMF, Stancanneli M et al.

Vitamin C and E supplementation effects in professional soccer players under regular training. Nieman DC, Capps CL, Capps CR, Shue Z, McBride JE. Rahimi MH, Shab-Bidar S, Mollahosseini M, Djafarian K. Rahimi MH, Mohammadi H, Eshaghi H, Askari G, Miraghajani M.

Stepanyan V, Crowe M, Halegrahara N, Bowden B. Cannon JG, Orencole SF, Fielding RA, Meydani M, Meydani SN, Fiatarone MA et al. Gaeini AA, Rahnama N, Hamedinia MR. Bataineh MF, Al-Nawaiseh AM, Taifour A, Judge LW. Keong CC, Singh HJ, Singh R.

Beaton LJ, Allan DA, Tarnopolsky MA, Tiidus PM, Phillips SM. Buchman AL, Killip D, Ou CN, Rognerud CL, Pownall H, Dennis K et al. Kashef M. Santos S, Silva ET, Caris AV, Lira FS, Tufik S, Dos Santos RVT. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA et al.

Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD et al. Sacheck JM, Milbury PE, Cannon JG, Roubenoff R, Blumberg B. Taghiyar M, Darvishi L, Askari G, et al. Niess AM, Fehrenbach E, Schlotz E, Sommer M, Angres C, Tschositsch K et al.

McBride JM, Kraemer WJ, Triplett-McBride T, Sebastianelli W. Avery NG, Kaiser JL, Sharman MJ, Scheett TP, Barnes DM, Gómez AL et al. Itoh H, Ohkuwa T, Yamazaki Y, Shimoda T, Wakayama A, Tamura S et al. Silva LA, Pinho CA, Silveira PCL, Tuon T, De Souza CT, Dal-Pizzol F et al.

Cervellin G, Comelli I, Lippi G. Warren GL, Ingalls C, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB. Koontz J. Lauridsen C, Litta G. Cavazos AT, Bank MI, Bell ME, Leach ZL, Kinnum JJ, Wassall SR. Maughan RJ, Gleeson M. Friden J, Lieber RL. Publication Dates Publication in this collection 13 May Date of issue Sep-Oct History Received 20 Dec Accepted 17 Jan This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Yanling Zhou Correspondence: Yanling Zhou Guangxi, China, zyl com Sports Educational Professional. Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Sports Department, Guangxi, China. Guilin University of Aerospace Technology China Guangxi, China Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Sports Department, Guangxi, China.

Correspondence: Yanling Zhou Guangxi, China, All authors declare no potential conflict of interest related to this article.

Yanling Zhou: concept and design of the work. Li liang: analysis and critical review. Figures 4 Tables 2. RP Iran U 30 M Concentrations of vitamin E may also vary among the muscle fibre types. Although rarely observed, vitamin E deficiency may induce muscle fibre degradation, affect skeletal muscle fibre type distribution, promote deposition of lipid granules, and result in other increased indications of oxidative stress.

Oxygen consumption increases markedly during strenuous exercise and is believed to contribute to the increase in oxygen radical formation during exercise. Acute exercise and exercise training increase antioxidant enzyme levels in skeletal muscle of animals. Since exercise reduces vitamin E content of skeletal muscle, the requirement for vitamin E may be substantially above the current recommended dietary allowance RDA , particularly for individuals who regularly exercise.

Data suggesting a protective effect of vitamin E supplementation on human performance are limited; however, the preponderance of evidence indicates beneficial effects from long-term vitamin E supplementation in decreasing exercise-induced oxidative stress and associated risk factors.

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The investigations assessed biomarkers such as creatine kinase CK , lactate dehydrogenase LDH , malondialdehydes MDA , total antioxidant status TAS and interleukin-6 IL Dietary vitamin E supplementation's impact on exercise-induced muscle damage was investigated using CK and LDH concentrations.

They discovered that vitamin E supplementation had a significant impact on muscle damage immediately after exercise. Additionally, vitamin E supplementation had a positive effect on athletes' CK concentrations while having no positive impact on non-athlete participants. While this meta-analysis showed that vitamin E supplements had no protective effects on MDA in terms of the results of oxidative stress, either right away after exercise or 24 and 48 hours later, pre- and post-exercise TAS concentrations were higher in the vitamin E supplemented group than in the placebo group, but TAS levels were more significantly reduced after exercise in the vitamin E supplemented group.

The researchers concluded that vitamin E supplementation increased the antioxidant capacity before exercise and inhibited free radical production during exercise. This meta-analysis shows that dietary vitamin E supplementation especially at dosage We are collaborating with researchers from the University of Malaya in a human clinical trial to evaluate the potential role of tocotrienols in reducing exercise-induced muscle damage.

Tocotrienols have also been shown to improve endurance capacity as indicated by a longer duration of swimming and reduce exercise induced oxidative stress.

As such, vitamin E supplementation has demonstrated potential in mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage. Home Cardiovascular Vitamin E supplementation reduces exercise-induced muscle damage.

This meta-analysis shows that dietary vitamin E supplementation especially at dosage We are collaborating with researchers from the University of Malaya in a human clinical trial to evaluate the potential role of tocotrienols in reducing exercise-induced muscle damage - Dr Ariati Aris "Vitamin E is made up of two broad members — tocopherols and tocotrienols.

X LinkedIn. Multiple published studies have suggested that carotenoids are useful in reducing obesity risks. Trending Articles The perfect pair: how vitamins K2 and D3 combine to support health and well-being Hydrogen and oxygen, Yin and Yang, Batman and Robin; the world is full of iconic duos that combine to become more than the sum of their parts.

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Buying options Chapter EUR eBook EUR Softcover Book EUR Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Learn about institutional subscriptions. Preview Unable to display preview. References Acuff RV, Thedford SS, Hidiroglou NN, Papas AM and Odom TAJ Relative bioavailability of RRR- and all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate in humans: studies using deuteriated compounds.

PubMed CAS Google Scholar Alessio HM and Goldfarb AH Lipid peroxidation and scavenger enzymes during exercise: adaptive re-sponse to training. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Azzi A, Boscoboinik D, Marilley D, Ozer NK, Stable B and Tasinato A Vitamin E: A sensor and an information transducer of the cell oxidation state.

Google Scholar Bast A, Haenin GRMM and Doelman CJA Oxidants and antioxidants: State of the art. Article Google Scholar Bazzarre TL, Scarpino A, Sigmon R, Marquart LF, Wu SM and Izurieta M Vitamin-mineral supplement use and nutritional status of athletes.

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Martin Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Allied Health Profession, Boston University, Boston, MA, , USA R. Fielding Authors M. Meydani View author publications. View author publications. Editor information Editors and Affiliations Musculoskeletal Laboratory Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.

Box , Bat-Galim, Haifa, , Israel A. Reznick Senior Lecturer and Researcher Senior Lecturer and Researcher Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, Life Science Addition Membrane Bioenergetics Group, Berkeley, California, , USA L. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuopio, FIN, Kuopio, Finland C.

Sen Dept. Louis, MO, , USA J.