Thermogenesis and brown fat activation -
These cells consumed more oxygen, which shows that the brown fat was indeed producing heat and burning calories. A review on various studies has shown that brown fat burns calories and may help control blood sugar and improve insulin levels, decreasing the risk for type 2 diabetes.
It may also help with removing fats from the blood, decreasing the risk for hyperlipidemia. More research is needed before doctors can hand out a pill or other quick fix to convert white fat to brown.
Before you start taking ice baths, eating more, or turning down your thermostat, start by making small changes to your diet and trying some low impact exercises. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
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Medically reviewed by Lisa Hodgson, RDN, CDN, CDCES, FADCES , Nutrition — By Ashley Marcin — Updated on May 22, Purpose How to get it Research Takeaway Brown fat is a healthy type of fat that is actually darker in color. Possible ways to build up brown fat.
Brown fat and research. The takeaway. Using a customized program, a 3-dimensional mantle region of interest of BAT activation was defined in the upper torso region from the skull base to the base of the heart, including cervical, supraclavicular, and superior mediastinal regions 12 , 13 , and excluding vertebrae and major muscle groups Figure 1.
The mantle was applied into the second PET image and slightly adjusted to fit within the same anatomic criteria. Three outcome parameters were derived to quantify BAT activation: 1 the maximum BAT standardized uptake value, representing the maximum intensity of standardized uptake value SUV of a single voxel, 2 the mean SUV of the entire torso-mantle region, representing the overall metabolic activity over the areas recognized to contain BAT in humans and 3 the volume of the activated BAT, defined as the sum of the volume of all voxels with SUV values of 2.
Using this modality, we measured 18 F-FDG uptake within the region of interest, even in subjects BAT negative by conventional clinical detection modality. This novel method was validated by comparing BAT parameters derived simultaneously from either PET torso-mantle or conventional PET-CT in 6 volunteers.
The mean SUV of liver and gluteus maximus regions were also calculated to ascertain the response to mild cold exposure of other metabolically active tissues. Analysis of PET images using the torso-mantle method demonstrating 18 F-FDG uptake in BAT depots located in the cervical-supraclavicular-thoracic region during exposure to 19°C in a year-old man A.
No FDG uptake was visible when the scan was performed at 24°C B. Correlations between BAT uptake, age, and cold-induced thermogenesis are shown.
C, Correlation between cold-induced thermogenesis expressed as the difference in EE between 19°C and 24°C and BAT activation SUV. D, Correlation between cold-induced thermogenesis and age. Square symbols, females; round symbols, males; filled symbols, BAT positive; empty symbols, BAT negative. Bottom, Stepwise regression analysis for independent contribution to cold-induced thermogenesis.
Electrocardiography was recorded by a Holter monitor, and heart rate variability was measured using established methods 1. Skin and core temperatures were measured using ingestible capsules and dermal patches, and physical movements were measured using accelerometers 1. Blood samples were drawn immediately before 18 F-FDG injection.
Twelve-hour urine collections were also performed. Prism 5 GraphPad, La Jolla, California and SPSS IBM, Armonk, New York , were used for statistical analysis. An α error of. Bonferroni multiple comparison adjustments were made when appropriate.
Twenty-four 14 males, 10 females, aged Cold exposure resulted in an increase in EE 5. Cold-Stimulated BAT Activity, Energy Expenditure, and Laboratory Values Data Are Reported as Mean ± SD. Abbreviation: HOMA, homeostasis model assessment. Statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons is reported in bold.
No correction was applied to the laboratory and hormonal data. Seven subjects 4 males, 3 females showed visually detectable 18 F-FDG uptake at 19°C but none at 24°C. At 19°C, compared with 24°C, mean SUV, BAT volume, and maximum SUV within torso-mantle increased by The relative increase in mean SUV was similar in women and men During cold exposure core temperature was unchanged, whereas skin temperature dropped significantly.
No significant correlations were found between CIT and changes in SUV in liver and muscle or between changes in BAT parameters and changes in catecholamines, TSH, or cortisol. A multiple regression analysis was performed to determine factors affecting the individual CIT; the model included changes difference 19—24°C in the following: torso-mantle mean SUV, BAT volume, maximum SUV, muscle SUV, liver SUV, and movements.
Age, gender, fat-free mass, and fat mass were also included. This study was designed to characterize the relationship between BAT and CIT response after minimal changes in environmental temperature. BAT activation, measured as uptake of 18 F-FDG in the region in which BAT is commonly observed in adults, strongly correlates with individual CIT responses.
This correlation, albeit not statistically significant, persists in individuals characterized as BAT negative by conventional diagnostic criteria. BAT activity, age, and gender were independent predictors of the individual's CIT variability.
This intervention allowed us to capture the range of BAT activation rather than its maximal stimulation, overcoming the ceiling effect of drastic interventions. The comparison of scans and EE recordings at 19°C and 24°C allowed assessing 18 F-FDG uptake as a continuous variable, uncovering an independent causal relationship between BAT and CIT.
Our demonstration of BAT activation by mild cold provides novel insight on nonshivering thermogenesis in free-living conditions, indicating that BAT is a physiologically relevant determinant in energy balance in humans.
The magnitude of CIT response in this study is similar to our previous daytime observation 1 but smaller than those reported by others 2 , 13 , The reasons are two-fold.
First, the marginal reduction in CIT observed during these nighttime studies is attributable to the decrease in EE during sleep Second, we administered a prolonged and tolerable cold, avoiding spurious EE increase from muscle fasciculation.
The lack of CT scans questions whether all 18 F-FDG uptake was located within anatomically defined fat depots; however, our approach was validated against conventional PET-CT.
Furthermore, the recording of the average SUV of the 3-dimensional torso-mantle in which BAT is commonly observed has increased the sensitivity of our analysis because the PET-CT analysis of BAT based on a specific SUV threshold fails to capture low-diffuse activity.
This is of particular relevance in view of the potential contribution of beige adipocytes within the fat depots 16 , which cannot be identified by threshold-based PET-CT analysis.
Finally, we included liver and gluteus as control reference points. The absence of significant SUV changes in these two tissues after cold exposure rules out the inadvertent inclusion in our calculation of spurious 18 F-FDG uptake.
Nonetheless, because the 18 F-FDG uptake was somewhat increased albeit not significantly in the liver and gluteus, it is possible that these tissues partially contributed to the CIT response. We cannot exclude that our experimental conditions were insufficient to stimulate a robust CIT in males and that thermoneutrality may be higher in females 17 , as also indicated by the relative increase in urine norepinephrine.
Consistent with our observations, cold exposure resulted in an increase in urinary catecholamine 1 , indicating an increase in sympathetic nervous system tone, the canonical pathway of BAT stimulation, as confirmed by blood pressure, and heart rate variability data.
Interestingly, BAT activity did not correlate with an increase in catecholamine levels or changes in heart rate. The dissociation between BAT and sympathetic activation suggests direct BAT stimulation rather than nonspecific global sympathetic nervous system up-regulation. The increase in urinary cortisol excretion during cold exposure suggests a minimal but significant degree of stress; the decrease in morning ACTH indicates a blunted peak secondary to the rise in nocturnal cortisol secretion.
The rise in TSH is consistent with compensatory activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. The lack of increase thyroid hormones could be due to limited sensitivity of a single measurement; a change in TSH biorhythm cannot be ruled out.
The increase in EE is potentially clinically relevant, and BAT activity variability may contribute to overall energy balance, suggesting a protective role of BAT against obesity 9 , 11 , Thus, BAT activation could represent a novel modality in obesity treatment 19 or weight maintenance.
Projected over a month period, the increase in EE resulting from our experimental conditions would be equivalent to approximately 20 days of fasting. This is obviously an extrapolation because it does not take into account behavioral and metabolic compensatory responses to negative energy balance.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a small reduction in temperature, well within the range of climate-controlled buildings, is sufficient to increase BAT activity in humans.
This study uncovers for the first time a spectrum of BAT activation not limited to individuals with visible BAT on PET imaging during mild cold exposure, not previously recognized by conventional PET-CT analyzing methods. We gratefully acknowledge the help and professionalism of the nursing, laboratory, and ancillary personnel of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.
The critical revision of the data from Xiongce Zhao, PhD [National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases NIDDK ] Statistical Core, is gratefully acknowledged. This research could have not been accomplished without the selfless participation of the study volunteers.
The authors are grateful to Drs Lynnette Nieman Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and Phillip Gorden NIDDK for their invaluable encouragement and suggestions.
This study was registered clinicaltrials. gov with the identifier number NCT This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Programs ZDK and ZDK to F.
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Thank you ane visiting nature. You are using Thermogenessi browser version with limited Thermogenesis and brown fat activation for Activatiln. To obtain the best experience, Theemogenesis recommend you use Tuermogenesis more Thsrmogenesis Thermogenesis and brown fat activation date browser or turn off compatibility mode Weight management resources Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Various physiological stimuli, such as cold environment, diet, and hormones, trigger brown adipose tissue BAT to produce heat through sympathetic nervous system SNS - and β-adrenergic receptors βARs. The βAR stimulation increases intracellular cAMP levels through heterotrimeric G proteins and adenylate cyclases, but the processes by which cAMP modulates brown adipocyte function are not fully understood. The growing understanding of adipose tissue as an important endocrine organ with Thegmogenesis metabolic functions has directed the attention Green tea and aging the grown physiology of distinct fat depots. Thermogenesis and brown fat activation adipose tissue BATin aactivation to ajd fide white fat, can dissipate significant actiivation of Actigation energy through uncoupled respiration and fwt production thermogenesis. This process is mediated by the Thermogenesis and brown fat activation thermogenic factor uncoupling protein-1 and can be activated by certain stimuli, such as cold exposure, adrenergic compounds or genetic alterations. White adipose tissue WAT depots, however, also possess the capacity to acquire brown fat characteristics in response to thermogenic stimuli. Promotion of BAT activity or the browning of WAT is associated with in vivo cold tolerance, increased energy expenditure, and protection against obesity and type 2 diabetes. These preclinical observations have gained additional significance with the recent discovery that active BAT is present in adult humans and can be detected by 18 fluor-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography. As in rodents, human BAT can be activated by cold exposure and is associated with increased energy turnover and lower body fat mass.
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