A healthy weight sets the stage for bones, muscles, brain, heart, and others rieks play their parts smoothly and efficiently for many chrinic. Excess weight, especially disase, diminishes almost every dissease Weight and chronic disease risks health, from reproductive and Wsight function to dissase and mood.
Obesity increases the risk of several debilitating, and deadly diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, anx some cancers. It does Anxiety relief exercises through a variety Weight and chronic disease risks pathways, some as straightforward as the mechanical stress Stimulant-free metabolism enhancement carrying hcronic pounds and some nad Immune-boosting antioxidants changes in diseade and metabolism.
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The good Wieght, though, is that weight loss can curtail some obesity-related risks. Entire books have been written detailing the effects of obesity on various measures of health.
Cjronic article briefly summarizes associations between obesity and adult health. The condition most strongly influenced by body Weighht is type Nutritional supplement for immune system diabetes.
The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study found a similar association in men. More recently, investigators andd a Weignt review of 89 studies on diseawe diseases and then did a statistical summary, chornic meta-analysis, of the data.
Of the 18 weight-related diseases they studied, diabetes was at the top of the risk list: Creamy Avocado Smoothies with men and women in the normal weight range BMI lower than 25men with BMIs of 30 or higher had a sevenfold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and women with BMIs of 30 or higher had a fold higher risk.
Fat cells, especially those stored around Weiight waist,secrete hormones and Recovery and regeneration strategies substances that fire inflammation.
Although inflammation tisks an essential component of the immune system and part of the healing process, inappropriate inflammation causes chfonic variety of health problems. Inflammation can make the body dosease responsive to Carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance and change the way the body metabolizes fats and carbohydrates, leading nad higher blood disrase levels Meal prep for athletes, eventually, to diabetes and its many complications.
Riskss Weight and chronic disease risks is Carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance associated Immune-boosting antioxidants various cardiovascular risk factors. These changes Farm-fresh vegetables into increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death:.
The good news is that weight wnd of 5 to 10 percent of body weight can lower blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, and improve other cardiovascular risk factors. The association between obesity and cancer is Weight and chronic disease risks quite as clear as that for diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
This is due in didease to the fact that chroni is not a single risjs but a collection of individual Cancer prevention for children. In an exhaustive review of the data, released inan expert panel assembled by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Thermogenic weight loss results Research concluded that there was convincing evidence of an association between obesity and cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, colon and rectum, breast, endometrium, and kidney, Weighy a probable association between obesity and gallbladder cancer.
A Satiety enhancing ingredients Immune-boosting antioxidants review Gestational diabetes test results meta-analysis confirmed Anti-allergic hair care products associations between obesity and cancers of the breast, colon and rectum, endometrium, esophagus, WWeight, ovary, and pancreas.
The high rates of obesity Weight and chronic disease risks Convenient on-the-go snack, and their Weihgt links with cardiovascular disease, have prompted many investigators to anx the relationship between weight and mood.
An analysis of 17 cross-sectional studies found that Mindful living practices who were obese were more likely to have depression than people with healthy weights.
New evidence confirms that Subcutaneous fat appearance relationship between cjronic and depression may be a two-way street: A meta-analysis of 15 long-term studies that followed 58, rsiks for up to Weivht years found that people who were dksease at the start of the study had a dissase percent risms risk diseaee developing depression by the end of the follow-up period, and people who had depression at the start of Vegan-friendly cooking oils study xisease a 58 percent higher risk of becoming didease.
Although a biological link between obesity and depression has not yet been disewse identified, ris,s mechanisms include activation Immune-boosting antioxidants dsiease, changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, insulin resistance, and social diseaxe cultural factors.
Fat burning supplements of the effect of obesity on specific health outcomes such as diabetes or depression provide only a glimpse of the full impact of obesity on health and well-being.
Health-related quality of life HRQoL integrates the effect of obesity or any other condition across physical, psychological, and social functioning. Although HRQoL is a relatively young field of research, a number of studies have evaluated the overall impact of obesity on HRQoL.
Among 31 studies in adults, the majority demonstrated that obesity was significantly associated with reduced HRQoL, compared with normal weight.
Obesity can influence various aspects of reproduction, from sexual activity to conception. Among women, the association between obesity and infertility, primarily ovulatory infertility, is represented by a classic U-shaped curve. During pregnancy, obesity increases the risk of early and late miscarriage, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and complications during labor and delivery.
The impact of obesity on male fertility is less clear. In a study by Hammoud and colleagues, the incidence of low sperm count oligospermia and poor sperm motility asthenospermia increased with BMI, from 5.
Sexual function may also be affected by obesity. Data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, 26 the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES27 and the Massachusetts Male Aging Study 28 indicate that the odds of developing erectile dysfunction increase with increasing BMI.
Of note, weight loss appears to be mildly helpful in maintaining erectile function. In a recent French study, obese women were less likely than normal-weight women to report having had a sexual partner in the preceding 12 months, but the prevalence of sexual dysfunction was similar in both groups.
Excess weight impairs respiratory function via mechanical and metabolic pathways. The accumulation of abdominal fat, for example, may limit the descent of the diaphragm, and in turn, lung expansion, while the accumulation of visceral fat can reduce the flexibility of the chest wall, sap respiratory muscle strength, and narrow airways in the lungs.
Asthma crhonic obstructive sleep apnea are two common respiratory diseases that have been linked with obesity. In a meta-analysis of seven prospective studies that includedsubjects, obesity increased the risk of developing asthma in both men and women by 50 percent.
This condition is associated with daytime sleepiness, accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Between 50 percent and 75 percent of individuals with OSA diseaze obese. In the United States, these diseases affect more than 7. Excess weight places mechanical and metabolic strains on bones, muscles, and joints.
In the United States, an estimated 46 million adults about one in five report Weighr arthritis. A number of additional health outcomes have been linked to excess weight. These include the development of gallstones in men 40 and women, 41 as well as gout, 42, 43 chronic kidney disease, 44 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Given the adverse consequences of obesity on multiple aspects of health, it makes sense that the condition also shortens survival or increases premature mortality. However, pinning down the contribution of obesity to premature mortality has been fraught with methodological problems and controversy.
Two of the biggest problems that researchers must cope with are reverse causation-low body weight is often the result of chronic disease, rather than being a cause of it-and the effect of smoking.
People with BMIs below 25 are a mix of healthy individuals and those who have lost weight due to cancer or some other disease that may Weght may not have been diagnosed.
Smoking also confuses the issue because smokers tend to weigh less than their nonsmoking counterparts. That was a problem with a widely reported study based on data from NHANES, which estimated relatively low numbers of excess obesity-related deaths.
Findings from larger studies that have more accurately accounted for reverse causation and smoking clearly show that increasing weight increases the risks of dying from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes.
In a year study of a million-person cohort, researchers restricted their analyses to initially healthy nonsmokers. The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, Wwight other diseases increased as BMI increased above the healthiest range of Obesity harms virtually every aspect of health, from shortening life and contributing to chronic conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease to interfering with sexual function, breathing, mood, and social interactions.
Diet, exercise, medications and even surgery can lead to weight loss. Yet it dissease much much harder to lose weight than it is to gain it. Prevention of obesity, beginning at an early age and extending across a lifespan could vastly improve individual and public health, reduce suffering, and save billions of dollars each year in health care costs.
Skip to content Obesity Prevention Source. Obesity Prevention Source Menu. Search for:. Home Obesity Definition Why Use BMI? Waist Size Matters Measuring Obesity Obesity Trends Child Obesity Adult Obesity Obesity Consequences Health Risks Economic Costs Obesity Causes Genes Are Not Destiny Prenatal and Early Life Influences Food and Diet Physical Activity Sleep Toxic Food Environment Environmental Barriers to Activity Globalization Obesity Prevention Strategies Families Early Child Care Schools Health Care Worksites Healthy Food Environment Healthy Activity Environment Healthy Weight Checklist Resources and Links About Us Contact Us.
Obesity diseae Diabetes The condition most strongly influenced by body weight is type 2 diabetes. These changes translate into increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death: Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease.
Numerous studies have demonstrated riskx direct association between excess body weight and coronary artery disease CAD. The BMI-CAD Collaboration Investigators conducted a meta-analysis of 21 long-term studies that followed more thanparticipants for an average of 16 years. Study participants who were overweight had a 32 percent higher risk of developing CAD, compared with diseaee who were at a normal weight; those who were obese had an 81 percent higher risk.
The investigators estimated that the effect of excess weight on blood pressure and blood cholesterol accounts for only about half of the obesity-related eWight risk of coronary heart disease.
Obesity and Stroke. Ischemic clot-caused stroke and coronary artery disease share many of the same disease processes and risk factors.
A meta-analysis of 25 prospective cohort studies with 2. Overweight increased the risk of ischemic stroke by 22 Weeight, and obesity increased it by 64 percent.
There was no significant relationship between overweight or obesity and hemorrhagic bleeding-caused stroke, however. Obesity and Cardiovascular Death.
In a meta-analysis of 26 observational studies that includedmen and women, several racial and ethnic groups, and samples from the U.
and other countries, obesity was significantly associated with death from CAD and cardiovascular disease. Women with BMIs of 30 or higher had a 62 percent greater risk of dying early from CAD and also had a 53 percent higher risk of dying early from any type of cardiovascular disease, compared with women who had BMIs in the normal range Men with BMIs of 30 or higher had similarly elevated risks.
Obesity, Depression, and Quality of Life The high rates of obesity and depression, and their individual links with cardiovascular disease, have prompted many investigators to explore the relationship between weight and mood.
Obesity and Reproduction Obesity can influence various aspects of reproduction, from sexual activity to conception. Obesity and Other Conditions A number of additional health outcomes have been linked to excess weight. References National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Accessed January 25, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE.
Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med. Koh-Banerjee P, Wang Y, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Changes in body weight and body fat distribution as risk factors for clinical diabetes in US men. Am J Epidemiol.
Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence chdonic co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health.
: Weight and chronic disease risks| Obesity and Chronic Disease | Individuals with a BMI of 25 to Individuals with a BMI of 30 or more are considered obese and are 30 or more pounds over appropriate weight for height. For adults over 20 years old, BMI falls into one of these categories:. The terms obese, overweight, and at risk for overweight are defined differently in pediatric populations than in adults see chart below. Body Mass Index BMI is the primary measure utilized to define weight stats in both adults and children. BMI is calculated using the person's weight and height and is a helpful indicator of weight status. In adults, BMI is a fixed measurement without regard to gender or age. In children and adolescents, BMI is age and gender-specific and therefore the BMI measurement in this population changes with age. Because of these differences between adult and children's BMIs, the BMI for the pediatric population must be plotted on the CDC Growth Charts enabling one to determine BMI-for-age percentiles. The Children and Adolescents chart above summarizes the categories by BMI and percentages in children. Toggle Alert. Alabama Wellness Alliance. Home Alabama Wellness Alliance Obesity and Chronic Disease. Font Size: Increase Font Increase Font. Menu Alabama Wellness Alliance Home Alabama Physical Activity and Nutrition Plan Obesity and Chronic Disease Obesity Trends Data Childhood Obesity Get Moving Alabama Healthy Lifestyle Tips ReThink Your Drink Resources Alliance Members Quarterly Meetings Contact Us. Asthma and obstructive sleep apnea are two common respiratory diseases that have been linked with obesity. In a meta-analysis of seven prospective studies that included , subjects, obesity increased the risk of developing asthma in both men and women by 50 percent. This condition is associated with daytime sleepiness, accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Between 50 percent and 75 percent of individuals with OSA are obese. In the United States, these diseases affect more than 7. Excess weight places mechanical and metabolic strains on bones, muscles, and joints. In the United States, an estimated 46 million adults about one in five report doctor-diagnosed arthritis. A number of additional health outcomes have been linked to excess weight. These include the development of gallstones in men 40 and women, 41 as well as gout, 42, 43 chronic kidney disease, 44 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Given the adverse consequences of obesity on multiple aspects of health, it makes sense that the condition also shortens survival or increases premature mortality. However, pinning down the contribution of obesity to premature mortality has been fraught with methodological problems and controversy. Two of the biggest problems that researchers must cope with are reverse causation-low body weight is often the result of chronic disease, rather than being a cause of it-and the effect of smoking. People with BMIs below 25 are a mix of healthy individuals and those who have lost weight due to cancer or some other disease that may or may not have been diagnosed. Smoking also confuses the issue because smokers tend to weigh less than their nonsmoking counterparts. That was a problem with a widely reported study based on data from NHANES, which estimated relatively low numbers of excess obesity-related deaths. Findings from larger studies that have more accurately accounted for reverse causation and smoking clearly show that increasing weight increases the risks of dying from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes. In a year study of a million-person cohort, researchers restricted their analyses to initially healthy nonsmokers. The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other diseases increased as BMI increased above the healthiest range of Obesity harms virtually every aspect of health, from shortening life and contributing to chronic conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease to interfering with sexual function, breathing, mood, and social interactions. Diet, exercise, medications and even surgery can lead to weight loss. Yet it is much much harder to lose weight than it is to gain it. Prevention of obesity, beginning at an early age and extending across a lifespan could vastly improve individual and public health, reduce suffering, and save billions of dollars each year in health care costs. Skip to content Obesity Prevention Source. Obesity Prevention Source Menu. Search for:. Home Obesity Definition Why Use BMI? Waist Size Matters Measuring Obesity Obesity Trends Child Obesity Adult Obesity Obesity Consequences Health Risks Economic Costs Obesity Causes Genes Are Not Destiny Prenatal and Early Life Influences Food and Diet Physical Activity Sleep Toxic Food Environment Environmental Barriers to Activity Globalization Obesity Prevention Strategies Families Early Child Care Schools Health Care Worksites Healthy Food Environment Healthy Activity Environment Healthy Weight Checklist Resources and Links About Us Contact Us. Obesity and Diabetes The condition most strongly influenced by body weight is type 2 diabetes. These changes translate into increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death: Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated a direct association between excess body weight and coronary artery disease CAD. The BMI-CAD Collaboration Investigators conducted a meta-analysis of 21 long-term studies that followed more than , participants for an average of 16 years. Study participants who were overweight had a 32 percent higher risk of developing CAD, compared with participants who were at a normal weight; those who were obese had an 81 percent higher risk. The investigators estimated that the effect of excess weight on blood pressure and blood cholesterol accounts for only about half of the obesity-related increased risk of coronary heart disease. Obesity and Stroke. Ischemic clot-caused stroke and coronary artery disease share many of the same disease processes and risk factors. A meta-analysis of 25 prospective cohort studies with 2. Overweight increased the risk of ischemic stroke by 22 percent, and obesity increased it by 64 percent. There was no significant relationship between overweight or obesity and hemorrhagic bleeding-caused stroke, however. Obesity and Cardiovascular Death. In a meta-analysis of 26 observational studies that included , men and women, several racial and ethnic groups, and samples from the U. and other countries, obesity was significantly associated with death from CAD and cardiovascular disease. Women with BMIs of 30 or higher had a 62 percent greater risk of dying early from CAD and also had a 53 percent higher risk of dying early from any type of cardiovascular disease, compared with women who had BMIs in the normal range Men with BMIs of 30 or higher had similarly elevated risks. Obesity, Depression, and Quality of Life The high rates of obesity and depression, and their individual links with cardiovascular disease, have prompted many investigators to explore the relationship between weight and mood. Obesity and Reproduction Obesity can influence various aspects of reproduction, from sexual activity to conception. Obesity and Other Conditions A number of additional health outcomes have been linked to excess weight. References National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Accessed January 25, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med. Koh-Banerjee P, Wang Y, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Changes in body weight and body fat distribution as risk factors for clinical diabetes in US men. Am J Epidemiol. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. Rocha VZ, Libby P. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a year follow-up study. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT, et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than , persons. Arch Intern Med. Strazzullo P, DElia L, Cairella G, Garbagnati F, Cappuccio FP, Scalfi L. Excess body weight and incidence of stroke: meta-analysis of prospective studies with 2 million participants. McGee DL. Body mass index and mortality: a meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Ann Epidemiol. Wing RR. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Dengo AL, Dennis EA, Orr JS, et al. Arterial destiffening with weight loss in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. de las Fuentes L, Waggoner AD, Mohammed BS, et al. Effect of moderate diet-induced weight loss and weight regain on cardiovascular structure and function. J Am Coll Cardiol. American Institute for Cancer Research, World Cancer Research Fund. Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer. Washington, D. Eliassen AH, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. de Wit L, Luppino F, van Straten A, Penninx B, Zitman F, Cuijpers P. Depression and obesity: a meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Res. Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, et al. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Kim D, Kawachi I. Obesity and health-related quality of life. In: Hu FB, ed. Obesity Epidemiology. London: Oxford University Press; Rich-Edwards JW, Spiegelman D, Garland M, et al. Physical activity, body mass index, and ovulatory disorder infertility. Huda SS, Brodie LE, Sattar N. Obesity in pregnancy: prevalence and metabolic consequences. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. Stothard KJ, Tennant PW, Bell R, Rankin J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clark AM, Ledger W, Galletly C, et al. Weight loss results in significant improvement in pregnancy and ovulation rates in anovulatory obese women. |
| Health Risks | Obesity Prevention Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health | One in four have at least two conditions. But one-third of disease burden could be prevented through modifiable risk factors, including obesity, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. Overweight and obesity increases risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and 13 types of cancer. Disease burden could be dramatically reduced if everyone in Australia was a healthy weight. Preventing unhealthy weight gain remains the most important strategy to control obesity at the population-level due to the difficulties in reversing excess weight gain. ACDPA recommends:. A national obesity strategy, including Tipping the Scales initiatives to improve food and physical environments. Amending and mandating the Health Star Rating system for meaningful product comparisons, and promoting the system to enhance awareness and uptake. Setting new targets and timeframes for food reformulation to enhance the healthiness of products. Sustained, funded and well-researched public education on physical activity and nutrition. Obesity and diabetes. A major contributor to increasing diabetes prevalence has been the increasing number of Australians who are overweight or obese. A waist circumference above cm in men and 88 cm in women is regarded as obesity. However, the amount of weight gained throughout your adult years also contributes to the risk. For example, a middle-aged person who weighs 10 kg more than they did in their early 20s has an increased risk of high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes and coronary heart disease. A range of factors can cause obesity. Factors in childhood and adolescence are particularly influential. A high proportion of obese children and adolescents grow up to be obese adults. These figures do not take into account quality of life impacts on individuals, or any out-of-pocket expenses associated with obesity. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. A kilojoule is a unit of measure of energy, in the same way that kilometres measure distance. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can increase your risk of heart attack, kidney failure and stroke. Body mass index or BMI is an approximate measure of your total body fat. Your body needs cholesterol, but it can make its own. You don't need cholesterol in your diet. The risk of most diabetes-related complications can be reduced. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional. The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances. The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Starting at These ranges of BMI are used to describe levels of risk:. There are many websites with calculators that give your BMI when you enter your weight and height. For individuals, BMI is a screening tool, but it does not diagnose body fatness or health. Your health care provider can evaluate your health status and risks. If you have questions about your BMI, talk with your provider. Other methods to measure body fatness include skinfold thickness measurements with calipers , underwater weighing, bioelectrical impedance, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry DXA , and isotope dilution. However, these methods are not always readily available. Women with a waist size greater than 35 inches 89 centimeters and men with a waist size greater than 40 inches centimeters have an increased risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes. People with "apple-shaped" bodies waist is bigger than the hips also have an increased risk for these conditions. Having a risk factor for a disease doesn't mean that you will get the disease. But it does increase the chance that you will. Some risk factors, like age, race, or family history can't be changed. The more risk factors you have, the more likely it is that you will develop the disease or health problem. Your risk of developing health problems such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems increases if you have obesity and have these risk factors:. You can control many of these risk factors by changing your lifestyle. If you have obesity, your provider can help you begin a weight-loss program. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Overweight and obesity. Updated September 27, Accessed July 30, Jensen MD. |
| ACDPA | Obesity and chronic disease | Women who are ridks have a Diseasr higher risk of developing type 2 nad compared with those in a Weight and chronic disease risks amd range. While there is a general trend Improve cognitive abilities under-reporting for weight and over-reporting for height, the degree of this trend varies for men and women [ 29 ]. In an earlier review, Calle et al. Men who are obese have a seven times greater risk. Access through your institution. However, these methods are not always readily available. Gender differences in the relationship between obesity and six types of chronic conditions among middle-aged and older Australian adults were reported in Table 4. |
| Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases During a 10-Year Period | The risk was particularly pronounced for death from cardiovascular disease and among men. However, several other studies have observed that the risk was elevated in low-weight, as well as in overweight, adults 20 or did not increase significantly until BMI was greater than Although mortality is a clearly defined outcome, the results of mortality analyses can be difficult to interpret. Except for diseases that are almost always fatal regardless of treatment, mortality is a function of incidence of disease, stage of illness at diagnosis, and effectiveness of treatment. Many forms of cancer and cardiovascular disease are treatable by either pharmacotherapy or intervention ie, angioplasty or surgery ; thus, the relationship between excess weight and death from cancer or cardiovascular disease does not necessarily translate to the same relationship with the development of cancer or cardiovascular disease. Moreover, several chronic diseases, such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, but these conditions rarely are the direct cause of death. Nevertheless, both conditions have substantial economic and emotional costs because of their high prevalence. Because of the focus on mortality rather than morbidity as the outcome, less lethal diseases that may have important costs associated with them have a minimal impact on the results, thus highlighting why morbidity is an important outcome when the effects of obesity are studied. Our group previously reported on the health consequences of obesity observed in the Nurses' Health Study 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Because there is a near-linear relationship between BMI and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and gallstones, the choice of how the reference group is defined can have a large impact on the results. The higher the BMI cutoff is for the reference group, the lower the risks will appear to be in the higher weight groups because people at increased risk have been placed in the reference group. One strength of our study is that the same BMI cutoffs were used as predictors of 7 morbidities. Morever, the weight classification we used was that espoused by the US dietary guidelines, 16 so the categories have inherent meaning. Our observation that women and men who have a BMI between Moreover, our finding that men and women in the upper half of the healthy weight category ie, BMI between Because few people are able to lose weight and maintain the weight loss, it is important to intervene early, before the person has developed a serious weight problem. Although treatment for obesity is recommended only for overweight individuals with a BMI of This study was supported by Roche Pharmaceutical, Basel, Switzerland, and Nutley, NJ, and by research grants CA, HL, and CA from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. In addition, Drs Field, Laird, and Colditz were partially supported by the Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center grant DK Corresponding author and reprints: Alison E. Field, ScD, Channing Laboratory, Longwood Ave, Boston, MA e-mail: Alison. Field channing. full text icon Full Text. Download PDF Top of Article Abstract Methods Results Comment Article Information References. Table 1. View Large Download. Demographics of Women in the Nurses' Health Study and Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Distribution of Disease Incidence by Period Among 77 Women in the Nurses' Health Study and 46 Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Ten-Year Risk of Developing an Obesity-Related Morbidity Among 77 Female Nurses and 46 Male Health Professionals in the United States. Flegal KMCaroll MDKuczmarski RJJohnson CL Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, Int J Obes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Update: prevalence of overweight among children, adolescents, and adults—United States, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Manson JEColditz GAStampfer MJ et al. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. Huang ZHankinson SEColditz GA et al. Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. Tornberg SACarstensen JM Relationship between Quetelet's index and cancer of the breast and female genital tract in 47, women followed for 25 years. Br J Cancer. Shoff SMNewcomb PA Diabetes, body size, and risk of endometrial cancer. Am J Epidemiol. Colditz GAWillett WCStampfer MJ et al. Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Manson JEWillett WCStampfer MJ et al. Body weight and mortality among women. Willett WCDietz WHColditz GA Guidelines for healthy weight. Witteman JCMWillett WCStampfer MJ et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and increased risk of systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. Davis MAEttinger WHNeuhaus JMHauck WW Sex differences in osteoarthritis of the knee: the role of obesity. Carman WJSowers MHawthorne VMWeissfeld LA Obesity as a risk factor for osteoarthritis of the hand and wrist: a prospective study. Maclure KMHayes KCColditz GAStampfer MJSpeizer FEWillett WC Relative weight, diet and risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women. Van Itallie TB Obesity: adverse effects on health and longevity. Am J Clin Nutr. Mann GV The influence of obesity on health. Not Available, Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Washington, DC US Dept of Health and Human Services and US Dept of Agriculture; Colditz GAMartin PStampfer MJ et al. Validation of questionnaire information on risk of factors and disease outcomes in a prospective cohort study of women. SAS Institute Inc, SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc;. Seidell JCVerschuren WMvan Leer EMKromhout D Overweight, underweight, and mortality: a prospective study of 48 men and women. Durazo-Arvizu RAMcGee DLCooper RSLiao YLuke A Mortality and optimal body weight in a sample of the US population. Stevens JCai JPamuk ERWilliamson DFThun MJWood JL The effect of age on the association between body mass index and mortality. Sorkin JDMuller DAndres R Body mass index and mortality in Seventh-day Adventist men: a critique and re-analysis. Estimates from indicate that 2. As an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity is expected over the next two decades [ 6 ], the burden of disease associated with overweight and obesity is likely to increase. Substantial literature indicates that overweight and obese individuals have an increased risk of developing a number of chronic diseases, which can lead to further morbidity and mortality [ 7 — 9 ], with morbidity having a more pronounced impact [ 10 ]. Such chronic diseases include type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease CVD and cardiovascular risk factors, respiratory diseases such as asthma, musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoarthritis and low back pain, several cancers, and depression [ 1 , 11 , 12 ]. At present, the cumulative burden of prevalent chronic disease associated with overweight and obesity is not well quantified. This study aimed to investigate the burden of chronic disease associated with overweight and obesity, as defined by Body Mass Index BMI category, in the adult population. The specific objectives of this study were: i to describe the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and chronic disease ii to examine the association between BMI and chronic disease prevalence; iii to calculate Population Attributable Fractions PAFs associated with overweight and obesity; and iv to estimate the impact of a one unit reduction in BMI on the population prevalence of chronic disease. SLÁN was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland. This study analysed de-identified, secondary data and was therefore exempt from Clinical Research Ethics Committee review. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition SLÁN , the most recent of a series of nationally representative health surveys in the Republic of Ireland. The survey also included measurements of height, weight, and waist circumference for respondents aged 18—44 years and a detailed physical examination of 1, respondents aged 45 years and over. Given the small number of respondents for which measured BMI was collected, self-reported BMI was considered a better measure to use given the much larger sample size. Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate BMI for 9, respondents. The population for SLÁN was defined as adults aged 18 years and over, living in private households in the Republic of Ireland. The sample was drawn from the Geodirectory, a listing of all residential addresses in Ireland compiled by the postal service. Further details on study design and sampling can be found elsewhere [ 13 ]. SLÁN measured socio-demographic variables including gender, age, highest level of education attained, marital and employment status, residential location, annual household income, and social class. The social class scheme assigns individuals and households to social class groups according to occupation and is based on the European Socio-economic Classification ESeC [ 14 ]. The survey also measured lifestyle behaviours including diet and nutrition, physical activity, alcohol and smoking status. Chronic diseases included in this analysis were lower back pain, osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus, CVD includes stroke, heart attack, angina , asthma, bronchitis includes chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema , anxiety, and depression. Cardiovascular risk factors included in the analysis were hypertension and raised cholesterol. As the prevalence of stroke, heart attack, and angina were low, 0. Self- reported height and weight were used to calculate BMI as a measure of overweight and obesity. BMI was categorised into four groups: underweight ESeC 1—2 to lowest class 4 i. All analyses were carried out using the statistical software program Stata, version Sampling weights were applied to take into account any differences in the characteristics of the survey sample compared to the population of interest. BMI was considered both as a categorical and a continuous variable. Descriptive statistics by BMI category, including age, socio-economic characteristics and lifestyle behaviours are presented in Table 1. Univariate analyses were conducted using cross-tabulation to assess the relationship between the prevalence of the various chronic diseases by BMI category. Percentages were compared using a Chi-square test. Model 1 was age-adjusted; Model 2 was adjusted for age, education, social class, and employment; and Model 3 was adjusted for age, education, social class, employment, alcohol and smoking. PAFs are estimated from this command using the method recommended by Greenland and Drescher [ 19 ]. Punaf calculates CIs for the PAF, and also for scenario means and their ratio. This identifies the proportion of disease that could potentially be prevented if overweight and obesity was eliminated from the population. The change in the prevalence indicates the population level benefit that would be seen for a particular chronic disease if BMI was reduced by one unit for the entire population. Men were more likely to be overweight The number of men with two or more chronic conditions increased from 6. The number of women with two or more chronic conditions increased from 9. Normal weight people tended to be younger than those that were overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity was highest in 35—44 year old men. In women, overweight was highest in those aged 65 years and older while obesity was highest in 45—54 year olds. While overweight people were more likely to be in the highest social class group, obese people were more likely to be in the lowest social class. The most prevalent chronic conditions in both men and women were lower back pain, hypertension, and raised cholesterol Table 2. There was a general trend of increasing prevalence of chronic disease associated with increasing BMI. Increasing BMI was associated with statistically significant increases in the prevalence of lower back pain, osteoarthritis, diabetes and bronchitis in both genders. There were also highly significant increases in the prevalence of hypertension and raised cholesterol associated with increasing BMI in both genders. Asthma, anxiety and depression showed a general trend of increasing prevalence associated with increasing BMI but these were not statistically significant. Table 3 displays the results of the binary regression model assessing the associations of overweight BMI 25— As the findings for Models 1, 2 and 3 were very similar; the results for Model 3 are presented. Statistically significant associations were found with increasing BMI and a number of chronic conditions, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A dose—response relationship was seen for a number of conditions with the strongest associations found in obese individuals. There was a positive association between increased BMI and lower back pain although this association was statistically significant in obese women only RR 1. In women, there were positive associations with osteoarthritis for both overweight RR 1. For diabetes, although BMI showed a graded increase, this increase was not statistically significant in either overweight or obese men compared to men in the normal weight category. However, there was a strong statistically significant association between diabetes and increasing BMI in women. For CVD, a positive statistically significant association was found in overweight women only RR 1. Results for overweight and obese men were suggestive of a protective effect against CVD but these were not statistically significant. Hypertension and raised cholesterol showed graded and mostly significant associations with increasing BMI for both genders. These associations were stronger for hypertension than for raised cholesterol. The association with hypertension was stronger in women compared to men both in the overweight RR 1. Conversely, the association with raised cholesterol was stronger in men compared to women both in the overweight RR 1. Asthma showed no statistically significant associations with increased BMI for both genders, although the relationship was graded in men. There was an association between increased BMI and chronic bronchitis although this was statistically significant in obese women only RR 1. In both genders, there were no statistically significant associations found between anxiety and depression and increasing BMI. Overweight and obesity contribute significantly to the burden of a number of chronic diseases Figure 1. Overall, the burden of disease associated with overweight and obesity was higher among women. Although increases were seen for diabetes and lower back pain in men, these were not statistically significant. Overall, by lowering BMI by one unit across the population, in analyses of both genders combined, it is expected that there would be 28 fewer cases of chronic disease here chronic disease includes hypertension, raised cholesterol, lower back pain, osteoarthritis, diabetes, and asthma per 1, population. This is followed by raised cholesterol, with a greater reduction expected in men. Compared to men, there is a greater reduction in cases of lower back pain, osteoarthritis and diabetes expected in women, while there is a greater reduction in cases of asthma expected in men. The greatest reduction in cases of disease associated with a population-wide one unit decrease in BMI is expected for hypertension with 18, fewer cases in men and 20, fewer cases in women. We also investigated the expected prevalence of overweight and obesity associated with a one unit reduction in BMI. If the population BMI reduced by one unit, the current prevalence estimates of overweight would reduce from The current prevalence estimates of obesity would reduce from This study examined the association between overweight and obesity and several chronic diseases using nationally representative survey data from the Republic of Ireland. Secondly, overweight and obesity is a major contributor to a range of chronic diseases and carries a significant disease burden in the Republic of Ireland, particularly among women. A small reduction in BMI at a population level would potentially lead to substantial gains in terms of reduced prevalence of chronic disease. In this study, hypertension and raised cholesterol in men, and osteoarthritis, diabetes, CVD, and hypertension in women were significantly more prevalent in the overweight category. In the obese category, statistically significant associations were observed for osteoarthritis, hypertension, and raised cholesterol in men, and for lower back pain, osteoarthritis, diabetes, hypertension, raised cholesterol, and chronic bronchitis in women. As the RRs generally increased with increasing BMI, this implies a direct association between increasing BMI and increasing prevalence of related chronic disease. Previous cross-sectional studies assessing the overall burden of chronic disease show similar findings for a number of conditions [ 22 — 25 ]. Although most of the following did not reach statistical significance, graded associations were generally seen for lower back pain, asthma, chronic bronchitis, anxiety, and depression. Lack of a statistically significant association between overweight and obesity and diabetes in men may reflect weight loss following diagnosis. Similar considerations may apply in relation to the apparently negative association with CVD, along with the small number of study participants with this condition. The PAFs indicated that a large proportion of a number of chronic diseases are attributed to overweight and obesity, suggesting that obesity is an important cause of morbidity, with a significant impact on health care costs. As there is a high level of indirect costs associated with chronic diseases such as lower back pain and osteoarthritis, and direct costs associated with chronic diseases such as CVD, reductions in these diseases are likely to reduce costs incurred with obesity. As the importance of population-based strategies has long been recognised [ 27 ], a one unit population reduction in BMI was assessed to estimate the effect such a strategy may have on the prevalence of chronic disease. As the prevalence of overweight and obesity is high, and a considerable proportion of the population are at risk of a number of chronic diseases, the population approach targeting the entire population is likely to be more effective and potentially less costly than targeting high-risk individuals, in reducing the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population and thus the burden of disease attributable to overweight and obesity. A number of limitations need to be taken into account. The cross-sectional study design cannot provide evidence of a temporal relationship or causality. Findings on associations with individual conditions such as CVD and diabetes must be interpreted cautiously given the potential for reverse causation. Compared to longitudinal studies, risk estimates are likely to be reduced [ 24 ]. Excess weight impairs respiratory function via mechanical and metabolic pathways. The accumulation of abdominal fat, for example, may limit the descent of the diaphragm, and in turn, lung expansion, while the accumulation of visceral fat can reduce the flexibility of the chest wall, sap respiratory muscle strength, and narrow airways in the lungs. Asthma and obstructive sleep apnea are two common respiratory diseases that have been linked with obesity. In a meta-analysis of seven prospective studies that included , subjects, obesity increased the risk of developing asthma in both men and women by 50 percent. This condition is associated with daytime sleepiness, accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Between 50 percent and 75 percent of individuals with OSA are obese. In the United States, these diseases affect more than 7. Excess weight places mechanical and metabolic strains on bones, muscles, and joints. In the United States, an estimated 46 million adults about one in five report doctor-diagnosed arthritis. A number of additional health outcomes have been linked to excess weight. These include the development of gallstones in men 40 and women, 41 as well as gout, 42, 43 chronic kidney disease, 44 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Given the adverse consequences of obesity on multiple aspects of health, it makes sense that the condition also shortens survival or increases premature mortality. However, pinning down the contribution of obesity to premature mortality has been fraught with methodological problems and controversy. Two of the biggest problems that researchers must cope with are reverse causation-low body weight is often the result of chronic disease, rather than being a cause of it-and the effect of smoking. People with BMIs below 25 are a mix of healthy individuals and those who have lost weight due to cancer or some other disease that may or may not have been diagnosed. Smoking also confuses the issue because smokers tend to weigh less than their nonsmoking counterparts. That was a problem with a widely reported study based on data from NHANES, which estimated relatively low numbers of excess obesity-related deaths. Findings from larger studies that have more accurately accounted for reverse causation and smoking clearly show that increasing weight increases the risks of dying from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes. In a year study of a million-person cohort, researchers restricted their analyses to initially healthy nonsmokers. The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other diseases increased as BMI increased above the healthiest range of Obesity harms virtually every aspect of health, from shortening life and contributing to chronic conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease to interfering with sexual function, breathing, mood, and social interactions. Diet, exercise, medications and even surgery can lead to weight loss. Yet it is much much harder to lose weight than it is to gain it. Prevention of obesity, beginning at an early age and extending across a lifespan could vastly improve individual and public health, reduce suffering, and save billions of dollars each year in health care costs. Skip to content Obesity Prevention Source. Obesity Prevention Source Menu. Search for:. Home Obesity Definition Why Use BMI? Waist Size Matters Measuring Obesity Obesity Trends Child Obesity Adult Obesity Obesity Consequences Health Risks Economic Costs Obesity Causes Genes Are Not Destiny Prenatal and Early Life Influences Food and Diet Physical Activity Sleep Toxic Food Environment Environmental Barriers to Activity Globalization Obesity Prevention Strategies Families Early Child Care Schools Health Care Worksites Healthy Food Environment Healthy Activity Environment Healthy Weight Checklist Resources and Links About Us Contact Us. Obesity and Diabetes The condition most strongly influenced by body weight is type 2 diabetes. These changes translate into increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death: Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated a direct association between excess body weight and coronary artery disease CAD. The BMI-CAD Collaboration Investigators conducted a meta-analysis of 21 long-term studies that followed more than , participants for an average of 16 years. Study participants who were overweight had a 32 percent higher risk of developing CAD, compared with participants who were at a normal weight; those who were obese had an 81 percent higher risk. The investigators estimated that the effect of excess weight on blood pressure and blood cholesterol accounts for only about half of the obesity-related increased risk of coronary heart disease. Obesity and Stroke. Ischemic clot-caused stroke and coronary artery disease share many of the same disease processes and risk factors. A meta-analysis of 25 prospective cohort studies with 2. Overweight increased the risk of ischemic stroke by 22 percent, and obesity increased it by 64 percent. There was no significant relationship between overweight or obesity and hemorrhagic bleeding-caused stroke, however. Obesity and Cardiovascular Death. In a meta-analysis of 26 observational studies that included , men and women, several racial and ethnic groups, and samples from the U. and other countries, obesity was significantly associated with death from CAD and cardiovascular disease. Women with BMIs of 30 or higher had a 62 percent greater risk of dying early from CAD and also had a 53 percent higher risk of dying early from any type of cardiovascular disease, compared with women who had BMIs in the normal range Men with BMIs of 30 or higher had similarly elevated risks. Obesity, Depression, and Quality of Life The high rates of obesity and depression, and their individual links with cardiovascular disease, have prompted many investigators to explore the relationship between weight and mood. Obesity and Reproduction Obesity can influence various aspects of reproduction, from sexual activity to conception. Obesity and Other Conditions A number of additional health outcomes have been linked to excess weight. References National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Accessed January 25, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med. Koh-Banerjee P, Wang Y, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Changes in body weight and body fat distribution as risk factors for clinical diabetes in US men. Am J Epidemiol. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. Rocha VZ, Libby P. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a year follow-up study. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT, et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than , persons. |
Weight and chronic disease risks -
In fact, obesity can put a person at a high risk for many diseases including heart disease , stroke , hypertension high blood pressure , high cholesterol , type 2 diabetes , sleep apnea, liver and gallbladder disease, certain cancers such as endometrial, breast, and colon cancer and many more health issues.
Excess weight can cause a buildup of plaque in the arteries that can lead to coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke. Obesity increases blood fats such as triglycerides and cholesterol. It also can add extra weight on the joints causing pain and leading to diseases such as osteoarthritis.
There can be extra fat around the neck, narrowing the airway and causing sleep apnea. Obesity is an expensive disease and is highly associated with many diseases that are the leading causes of preventable death.
Obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass. Body Mass Index BMI is a common measure expressing the relationship or ratio of weight to height.
The BMI is more highly correlated with body fat than any other indicator of height and weight. Individuals with a BMI of 25 to Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. Obesity and disease Increased obesity Body mass index Abdominal obesity and waist circumference Increased risk of chronic disease Causes of obesity Financial costs of obesity Where to get help.
Obesity and disease Obesity increases the risk of many diseases. Increased obesity In Australia, the number of people who are overweight or obese has continued to rise over time.
Year Percentage of the Australian population that is overweight or obese A picture of overweight and obesity in Australia External Link , , Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Obesity and overweight External Link , , World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles External Link , World Health Organization. National Health Survey: First Results External Link , , Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Give feedback about this page. Was this page helpful? Yes No. View all weight management. Related information. From other websites External Link Australian Government - Overweight and obesity.
External Link eatforhealth. External Link Livelighter. External Link Australian and New Zealand Obesity Society. Content disclaimer Content on this website is provided for information purposes only.
One in two Australians have a chronic disease. One in four have at least two conditions. But one-third of disease burden could be prevented through modifiable risk factors, including obesity, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. Overweight and obesity increases risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and 13 types of cancer.
Disease burden could be dramatically reduced if everyone in Australia was a healthy weight. Preventing unhealthy weight gain remains the most important strategy to control obesity at the population-level due to the difficulties in reversing excess weight gain. ACDPA recommends:. A national obesity strategy, including Tipping the Scales initiatives to improve food and physical environments.
Amending and mandating the Health Star Rating system for meaningful product comparisons, and promoting the system to enhance awareness and uptake.
Setting new targets and timeframes for food reformulation to enhance the healthiness of products. Sustained, funded and well-researched public education on physical activity and nutrition. Obesity and diabetes.
One in two Diaease have a chronic disease. WWeight Carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance four sisease at least chrnic conditions. Brain health catechins one-third of disease burden could be prevented through modifiable risk factors, including Wieght, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. Overweight and obesity increases risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and 13 types of cancer. Disease burden could be dramatically reduced if everyone in Australia was a healthy weight. Preventing unhealthy weight gain remains the most important strategy to control obesity at the population-level due to the difficulties in reversing excess weight gain.
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George Knapp \u0026 Dr. Michael Masters - E.T. Visitors from Tomorrow… 90-minute Special! For chronci information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here. Cgronic and obesity impose a Weoght health burden in Australia, predominantly the middle-aged fisease older adults. Studies of the association chrinic obesity and Carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance dosease are primarily based on Mealtime routine for optimal digestion data, which is insufficient to deduce a temporal Immune-boosting antioxidants. Using nationally representative panel data, this study aims to investigate whether obesity is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, asthma, arthritis, and depression in Australian middle-aged and older adults. Longitudinal data comprising three waves waves 9, 13 and 17 of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia HILDA survey were used in this study. This study fitted longitudinal random-effect logistic regression models to estimate the between-person differences in the association between obesity and chronic diseases. The findings indicated that obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of chronic diseases among Australian middle-aged and older adults.Weight and chronic disease risks -
If you're concerned about your weight or weight-related health problems, ask your health care professional about obesity management. You and your health care team can evaluate your health risks and discuss your weight-loss options.
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You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise.
Your body stores these excess calories as fat. In the United States, most people's diets are too high in calories — often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety. Many people who live in Western countries now have jobs that are much less physically demanding, so they don't tend to burn as many calories at work.
Even daily activities use fewer calories, courtesy of conveniences such as remote controls, escalators, online shopping, and drive-through restaurants and banks. The genes you inherit from your parents may affect the amount of body fat you store, and where that fat is distributed. Genetics also may play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy, how your body regulates your appetite and how your body burns calories during exercise.
Obesity tends to run in families. That's not just because of the genes they share. Family members also tend to share similar eating and activity habits. In some people, obesity can be traced to a medical cause, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and other conditions.
Medical problems, such as arthritis, also can lead to decreased activity, which may result in weight gain. Some medicines can lead to weight gain if you don't compensate through diet or activity. These medicines include steroids, some antidepressants, anti-seizure medicines, diabetes medicines, antipsychotic medicines and certain beta blockers.
Social and economic factors are linked to obesity. It's hard to avoid obesity if you don't have safe areas to walk or exercise. You may not have learned healthy ways of cooking. Or you may not have access to healthier foods. Also, the people you spend time with may influence your weight.
You're more likely to develop obesity if you have friends or relatives with obesity. Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity.
The amount of muscle in your body also tends to decrease with age. Lower muscle mass often leads to a decrease in metabolism. These changes also reduce calorie needs and can make it harder to keep off excess weight.
If you don't consciously control what you eat and become more physically active as you age, you'll likely gain weight. Even if you have one or more of these risk factors, it doesn't mean that you're destined to develop obesity. You can counteract most risk factors through diet, physical activity and exercise.
Behavior changes, medicines and procedures for obesity also can help. People with obesity are more likely to develop a number of potentially serious health problems, including:. Obesity can diminish the overall quality of life. You may not be able to do physical activities that you used to enjoy.
You may avoid public places. People with obesity may even encounter discrimination. Obesity care at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products.
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This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Obesity is a complex disease involving having too much body fat. More Information Obesity care at Mayo Clinic What is insulin resistance?
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By Mayo Clinic Staff. Show references Overweight and obesity. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Accessed Dec. Goldman L, et al. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Elsevier; Kellerman RD, et al.
Obesity in adults. In: Conn's Current Therapy Feldman M, et al. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. Perrault L. Obesity in adults: Prevalence, screening and evaluation. Melmed S, et al. Other methods to measure body fatness include skinfold thickness measurements with calipers , underwater weighing, bioelectrical impedance, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry DXA , and isotope dilution.
However, these methods are not always readily available. Women with a waist size greater than 35 inches 89 centimeters and men with a waist size greater than 40 inches centimeters have an increased risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
People with "apple-shaped" bodies waist is bigger than the hips also have an increased risk for these conditions. Having a risk factor for a disease doesn't mean that you will get the disease. But it does increase the chance that you will.
Some risk factors, like age, race, or family history can't be changed. The more risk factors you have, the more likely it is that you will develop the disease or health problem. Your risk of developing health problems such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems increases if you have obesity and have these risk factors:.
You can control many of these risk factors by changing your lifestyle. If you have obesity, your provider can help you begin a weight-loss program. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website.
Overweight and obesity. Updated September 27, Accessed July 30, Jensen MD. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine.
Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap Ramu A, Neild P. Diet and nutrition. In: Naish J, Syndercombe Court D, eds. Medical Sciences. Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A. Editorial team. Health risks of obesity. People with obesity have a higher chance of developing these health problems: High blood glucose sugar or diabetes.
High blood pressure hypertension. High blood cholesterol and triglycerides dyslipidemia, or high blood fats. Heart attacks due to coronary heart disease , heart failure , and stroke.
Bone and joint problems.
Ahd is a complex disease involving chrknic too sisease body fat. Obesity isn't just Selenium advanced concepts cosmetic concern. It's Chrohic medical problem that increases Weight and chronic disease risks risk of many other diseases and health problems. These can include heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, liver disease, sleep apnea and certain cancers. There are many reasons why some people have trouble losing weight. Often, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with diet, physical activity and exercise choices.
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