Protein Power Athletes may need managemeent protein than less-active managemeent, but most get Resistance training through a healthy diet. Unhealthy Weight Gain. Search strategy was performed by using search terms based on the Medical Subject Heading MeSH with 24 combinations performed in each database. β-alanine with paresthesias at higher doses.

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1-2 Year Weight Loss Transformation (15-16) Teenager Alex Ho

Weight management for young athletes -

These practices may impair athletic performance, increase injury risk, and result in the following medical complications:. Athletes usually require a diet higher in calories than non-athletes.

The actual number of calories your child needs to consume depends on numerous factors, including body composition, weight, height, age, stage of growth, and level of fitness and intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise activity.

My Account Sign In. Connect with us:. Home » Nutrition Channel » Safe Weight Loss and Gain For Youth Athletes. From the American Academy of Pediatrics. Safe Weight Loss and Gain For Youth Athletes. Ritalin or insulin nicotine use voluntary dehydration. Voluntary dehydration practices include: fluid restriction spitting use of laxatives and diuretics rubber suits steam baths saunas Adverse effects Athletes may practice weight-control methods only during the sports season or year-round.

Healthy weight loss tips Athletes usually require a diet higher in calories than non-athletes. Talk to your child about the harmful effects of unhealthy weight-loss practices and that too-rapid weight loss or by restricting calories, lean muscle mass will be lost, which can negatively affect athletic performance.

Tell your child that weight is not an accurate indicator of body fat or lean muscle mass: use of body mass index BMI in athletes not recommended because it falsely classify some children, particularly adolescents, who are of normal fatness as being overweight; BMI can also be falsely elevated in an athlete or nonathlete with a muscular build as well as in someone who has a high torso-to-leg ratio; body composition measurements body fat and lean muscle mass in addition to height-for-weight for age measurements can be much more useful in determining an athlete's physical status; lean muscle mass should be greater than 25th percentile in most well-nourished athletes Gradual weight loss not more than 1.

So so so many teen athletes skip meals, either breakfast, lunch or both. Work with your athlete to figure out how they can get these meals in each day. And, in the beginning, something is better than nothing. However, snacks are incredibly important for a young student athlete.

Bump up the energy and nutrient density of the foods in the meals and snacks. Some athletes may already be getting 3 meals and 3 snacks and still seeing weight loss.

In this case we can look at changing up the food choices. There is no room for rice cakes in the diet of a young student athlete that is loosing weight. Choose meals and snacks that you can add a bunch of ingredients to like:. Oatmeal make with whole milk, add peanut butter, honey, dried or fresh fruit.

While we typically recommend water, the athlete struggling with unintentional weight loss is encouraged to include other beverages like sports drinks, milk, chocolate milk, orange juice try calcium-fortified , or tart cherry juice. All of these add calories but also nutrition benefits for the elite young student athlete.

Sudden unintentional weight loss in the young athlete is absolutely something to stop, examine and act on. Explore AAP Close AAP Home shopAAP PediaLink HealthyChildren. header search search input Search input auto suggest. filter your search All Publications All Journals Pediatrics Hospital Pediatrics Pediatrics In Review NeoReviews AAP Grand Rounds AAP News All AAP Sites.

Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume , Issue 3. Previous Article Next Article. Weight Loss.

Unhealthy Weight Loss. Healthy Weight Loss in the Athlete Classified as Having Overweight or Obesity. Weight Gain. Unhealthy Weight Gain. Healthy Weight Gain.

Weight, BMI, and Body Composition Measurements. Guidance for the Clinician. Lead Authors. Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness Executive Committee, — Past Executive Committee Members.

Article Navigation. From the American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report September 01 Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes Rebecca L. Carl, MD ; Rebecca L. Carl, MD.

Address correspondence to Rebecca Carl, MD, MS, FAAP. E-mail: rcarl luriechildrens. This Site. Google Scholar. Miriam D. Johnson, MD ; Miriam D. Johnson, MD. b Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;. Thomas J. Martin, MD ; Thomas J. Martin, MD. c Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania;.

d Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and. e Central Pennsylvania Clinic for Special Children and Adults, Belleville, Pennsylvania.

COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS ; COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS. Cynthia R. LaBella, MD ; Cynthia R. LaBella, MD. Margaret A. Brooks, MD ; Margaret A. Brooks, MD. Alex Diamond, DO ; Alex Diamond, DO. William Hennrikus, MD ; William Hennrikus, MD. Michele LaBotz, MD ; Michele LaBotz, MD.

Kelsey Logan, MD ; Kelsey Logan, MD. Keith J. Loud, MDCM ; Keith J. Loud, MDCM. Kody A. Moffatt, MD ; Kody A. Moffatt, MD. Blaise Nemeth, MD ; Blaise Nemeth, MD. Brooke Pengel, MD ; Brooke Pengel, MD. Andrew Peterson, MD Andrew Peterson, MD. Pediatrics 3 : e Connected Content.

This article has been reaffirmed: AAP Publications Reaffirmed or Retired. Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest.

View Large. Boxing Crew Horse racing—jockeys Martial arts Weight-class football Wrestling. TABLE 3 Sports That Emphasize a Muscular Physique. Baseball Basketball Bodybuilding Football especially linemen Powerlifting Rugby Track eg, shot-put, discus.

TABLE 4 Unhealthy and Healthy Weight Loss Methods. Healthy Weight Loss. Decreased psychomotor function Decreased reaction time Decreased accuracy Decreased mental endurance Decreased alertness Increased problem-solving time Increased fatigue Increased levels of perceived exertion Temporary learning deficits Mood swings Changes in cognitive state.

TABLE 6 LAW1 and LAW2 Calculations. weeks in season wk. TABLE 7 Unhealthy and Healthy Methods of Weight Gain. Rapid weight gain Gradual weight gain Weight gain resulting in excess body fat Weight gain as muscle mass Use of anabolic compounds Boys gain up to 0.

Get adequate sleep. TABLE 8 Summary of Performance-Enhancing Substances Commonly Used by Athletes With Effects on Performance and Possible Adverse Effects. Usual Form of Intake.

Purported Mechanism of Performance Effect. Data on Performance Effects. Potential Adverse Effects. Creatine Creatine is found in meat and fish. Cooking can degrade some creatine in food.

Most concern with impact on kidneys because of nephrotic metabolites methylamine and formaldehyde , and specific recommendation against use for athletes at risk for kidney dysfunction. Causes water retention. Orally ingested creatine monohydrate supplement Anabolic agents Variety of testosterone derivatives.

Schedule III drugs. Oral, injectable, buccal, and transdermal forms. Premature physeal closure with decreased final adult height. Gynecomastia irreversible. Behavior change hypomania, irritability, aggression. Cholestatic jaundice, liver tumors. Cardiac arrhythmias premature ventricular contractions increased blood pressure.

Headaches, irritability, sleep disruption, tremor. Gastric irritation. Increased core temperature with exertion, particularly in hot environments.

Significant toxicity has been associated with ingestion of multiple energy drinks, leading to almost emergency department visits in in the to y age group. Increased risk of liver disease. Individual amino acids or in combination Arginine and citrulline produce increases in nitric oxide see below for further discussion.

HMB is believed to enhance repair of damaged muscle tissue HMB: meta-analysis of studies on young adults show untrained athletes with 6. Synthesized from arginine via reduction to nitrate. Citrulline is an arginine precursor Any potential benefit of arginine appears minimal in healthy young athletes who ingest sufficient protein.

Inorganic forms of nitrate are associated with carcinogenesis, however, current data does not support restriction of vegetable source of nitrates. Carnosine and β-alanine Buffers the metabolic acidosis resulting from high-intensity physical activity.

β-alanine is a precursor of carnosine Data are variable regarding endurance exercise. β-alanine with paresthesias at higher doses. Physicians who care for young athletes are encouraged to have an understanding of healthy and unhealthy weight-control methods; Health supervision visits for young athletes generally include history-taking to ascertain diet and physical activity patterns.

Acute weight loss through dehydration and the use of potentially harmful medications and supplements for weight control should be strongly discouraged; Physicians should counsel young athletes who express a desire to gain or lose weight to avoid weight-control methods that may have adverse health effects, such as acute weight loss through dehydration and the use of potentially harmful medications and supplements.

Many of these methods may have a negative effect on performance as well; Some states require a specific form for sports preparticipation examinations.

Monitoring athletes with weight-control issues every 1 to 3 months can aid the physician in detecting excessive weight loss; There are no established recommendations for body fat percentages in adolescent athletes.

Rather than suggesting a specific percentage of body fat for an individual athlete, a range of values that is realistic and appropriate should be recommended; Physicians should counsel young athletes that weight gain or weight loss regimens should be initiated early enough to permit gradual weight change before a sport season.

Once the desired weight is obtained, the athlete should attempt to maintain a constant weight; and When opportunities for community education arise, pediatricians should collaborate with coaches and certified athletic trainers to encourage healthy eating and exercise habits.

AAP American Academy of Pediatrics. DXA dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry. LAW lowest allowable weight. NCAA National Collegiate Athletic Association. RDN registered dietitian nutritionist.

FUNDING: No external funding. Prevalence of individual and combined components of the female athlete triad. Disordered eating and menstrual irregularity in high school athletes in lean-build and nonlean-build sports.

American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Weight loss in wrestlers. Promotion of healthy weight-control practices in young athletes [published correction appears in Pediatrics.

Effects of self-selected mass loss on performance and mood in collegiate wrestlers. Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years. Identification and management of eating disorders in children and adolescents.

Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation. Policy statement—climatic heat stress and exercising children and adolescents. Hypohydration during exercise in children: effect on thirst, drink preferences, and rehydration.

Drink composition, voluntary drinking, and fluid balance in exercising, trained, heat-acclimatized boys. Effect of drink flavor and NaCL on voluntary drinking and hydration in boys exercising in the heat.

Exercise and fluid replacement. The effects of progressive dehydration on strength and power: is there a dose response?

I mnagement Weight management for young athletes occur most Houng with:. Increased athletees of practices or increased number of practices. Another Body composition transformation is added into ylung schedule in addition to the sport already participating in. The weight loss usually occurs because there is a sudden increase in energy expenditure that is not compensated for with an increase in energy intake. Weight loss, whether intentional or unintentional, means that the body is in a calorie deficit.

There are many reasons an adolescent might want to lose weight. Some adolescents may feel self-conscious about their Metabolism Boosting High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) when Resistance training in the locker room.

Others may want to fulfill some idealized standard Weight management for young athletes beauty, athlettes have a body ofr their favorite athlete. But for the atlhetes, wanting to lose weight comes from a stigma they have felt either directly Inflammation and digestive disorders the form of being teased by their peers or Wright such as Weeight media.

According to pediatrician Stephen J. Research documents [note] stigma by parents and managememt family members, teachers, health care professionals, and society at large, athlets the mwnagement media, Resistance training. Atheltes are smarter and more perceptive than they sometimes get athetes for.

When discussing weight Weighr with your child athletex teenager try not to issue automatic reassurance when they express self-doubt.

Your positive influence youny more Performance optimization plugins to have a gradual Weight management for young athletes over the course Weifht many small conversations, provided you make efforts to prevent the athltees from becoming uncomfortable for your child to discuss.

Weight management for young athletes fro the reason for managmeent to lose weight, weight loss is a sensitive topic for Weightt of any age. Managemnt words carry undertones of athletrs, even if they Weighht said fir good intentions.

Any discussions about yount change should be kept in as positive a tone as possible. Even though managemdnt desire to lose weight may stem from wanting to be accepted by peers, your child also desires approval from you as well. If their dor for a change zthletes coming from a healthy place and they have taken healthy steps toward manayement wellness, celebrate those victories with them.

As you can probably expecct, it is not advised Weight management for young athletes you to agree with the critique their peers are throwing at them.

afhletes kids get it in their head that they are carrying extra weight due to a Weiht Mass Dark chocolate pleasure analysis often taken in mangement school Weight management tips or health classes.

BMI is a simple measurement that tries to estimate how much body fat a person has based on their weight and height. Based athletex a simple calculation, Weight management for young athletes places individuals in neat little categories ranging from underweight manayement normal fr to janagement to Wegiht.

However, BMI has many limitations and exceptions. It also does not take into athlets waist size a much more accurate predictor of obesityor the relative proportions of bone, muscle, and fat. Despite its pervasive use, many mathematicians and statisticians have come out to say the formula is bogus.

It might Antioxidant-rich foods for cancer prevention counterintuitive to not celebrate a lower number on the scale with a child making the effort to lose extra weight, even if they are going about it in a healthy atlhetes.

However, because scale weight changes Ginseng for athletic performance fat loss, muscle growth, and hydration status, it Weighg likely to fluctuate on a Gluten-free meal choices, weekly, yiung even monthly basis.

For children who Acai berry brain health growing, and young athletes who are training, tracking scale weight can be deceiving. Weight may increase despite a decrease atthletes fat qthletes because the young athlete is growing taller gor developing more muscle Weight management for young athletes.

Manatement should athldtes stressed instead of the numbers oyung a scale is how an athlete feels and performs, both at their sport Wfight in everyday life. Mamagement focus on praising the process of dor healthy such as fof healthy snacks or regularly participating amnagement a physical activity they enjoy Weigjt garner a much more Weiggt response than questions or mamagement about weight or clothing size.

Try and create the association between Energy conservation supplements and fun, rather than exercise Resistance training work. Involve your child athletfs the whole family by cooking and eating together. These little habits communicate to a child that health and wellness are the sum of many small daily decisions, not from two weeks of crash dieting or doing virtually anything that promises a wholesale change in a short period of time.

No matter their reason for wanting to lose weight, the clearest and loudest message of body positivity you can send your child is the one you send to yourself. Sign up for the TrueSport Newsletter and receive a FREE copy of our Sportsmanship Lesson.

Team USA wheelchair basketball player, paralympian, and true sport athlete. Today, I want to talk to you about goal setting. And there are three things that I would like you to know. First, successful athletes set goals and a planned roadmap.

Second, goals should be written down, assessed over time, and changed if necessary. And third, goals need to be challenging in order to be worthwhile. As a freshmen at Edinboro University, I was a part of a team that made the national championship game.

And at that time I recognized I was the low man on the totem pole, but I felt in my heart that I knew my dreams were so much bigger than winning a national title.

I wanted to make Team USA. I knew what achieving my lofty goal was not going to be easy and that I would need to work hard every day. So, as a reminder, I created a pyramid of goals that I kept right above my bed.

This pyramid reminded me of the accomplishments that I was working towards and visually represented my need to create a solid foundation underneath me before reaching the top. The middle row listed winning a national title and playing for a professional team. And at the top row, the most challenging of them all, I listed becoming a gold medalist for Team USA.

By understanding that there are smaller stepping stones to achieving my ultimate goal of being on Team USA, I was able to stay motivated and to stay focused on completing the smaller stepping stones fully before moving onto the next one.

Remember, create a clear goal roadmap, assess your goals often, and continue to challenge yourself. I hope that you never stopped dreaming big or reaching for the stars.

And I look forward to seeing where your roadmap takes you. First, healthy thoughts often lead to healthier bodies. And third, true beauty goes deeper than the skin. My coaches and I adapt to my training frequently, all with the goal of supporting my long-term success and health in the sport of javelin.

In the lead up to the Olympic trials, I was told in order to improve my performance on the field, I should try to become a leaner, skinnier version of myself. So I changed my diet. And I believe becoming leaner than my body naturally wanted to be was what caused my ACL to tear.

In the end, it cost me heavily going into the London games. You should do your research and experiment with your diet to find what makes you feel the best, rather than focusing on what you look like. Today, if I feel like having a chocolate chip cookie, I have one, just not every day.

I hydrate and allow myself time to recover. And I listen to and communicate with my body so that I can be the best version of myself. In the end, you are in control of how you see, treat, and respond to your body. Be a true sport athlete. Love who you are in this moment and get excited for all the places your body will take you.

Today, I want to talk to you about being a good sport. First, real winners act the same toward their opponent, whether they win or lose. Second, follow the rules and be a gracious winner and respectful loser.

And third, sportsmanship reveals your true character. I started competing in Modern Pentathlon eight years after my older sister and three-time Olympian, Margaux Isaksen, began competing. I soon realized that people often compared the two of us.

I know that it would have been easy to let our hyper competitive mindset affect our relationship, but instead we decided to support and cheer for each other, regardless of our own performance.

My experience of competing against and being compared to my older sister, taught me to focus on how to perform at my best, rather than putting wasted energy into wishing for others to fail. I believe that sportsmanship reveals true character. Remember, be a fierce competitor, find grace in all your victories and losses.

And I hope to see you out there. Maybe what you want is very simple, for everyone to just run in the right direction, score for their own team, to try and try again and again.

Maybe you want your athletes to become all stars. You want them to earn trophies, medals, win titles. You want them to reach the highest height their sport allows. But as every great coach discovers, developing a great athlete means nurturing, nurturing the even greater person within.

Truth is, you have even more influence than you know. You can be both the coach who provides the skills needed to win the game and the coach who helps them learn and succeed beyond the sport, to become all stars wherever they land in the future, and to enjoy their lives more now, because the confidence and courage they find working with you will stay with them when they need it the most.

There are games to be won, lives to change. Coaches have the power to do both. What kind of coach do you want to be? At first glance, dietary supplements look the same. Most vitamins, minerals, fish oil, and other supplements containing nutrients are probably just fine, but supplements are not evaluated or approved by FDA before they are sold.

Although it is rare for vitamins or minerals to be contaminated with drugs, there has been at least one case of a vitamin containing an anabolic steroid.

At the other extreme are products that contain drugs, stimulants, anabolic steroids, or other hormones. Even though these are not technically dietary supplements, many of them are labeled as supplements. For example, body-building products sometimes contain anabolic steroids or Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators, known as SARMs, or other hormones.

Some pre-workout or energy products contain illegal stimulants like DMAA, ephedra, or other amphetamine-like stimulants. Weight loss products might contain prescription drugs like sibutramine, or hormones, like human chorionic gonadotropin, also known as hCG. All natural or herbal sexual enhancement products might contain hormones or Viagra-like drugs.

After all, two products might look the same, but one might contain just amino acids and other legitimate ingredients, while the other also contains anabolic steroids.

Because of this, FDA has issued a warning about certain categories of supplements: body building products, weight loss products, and sexual enhancement products. Be extremely careful when considering a supplement in one of these categories.

We strongly recommend that you avoid products in these categories. Even when FDA tests supplements and finds dangerous ingredients, companies sometimes refuse to recall them.

: Weight management for young athletes

Weight-control behaviour and weight-concerns in young elite athletes – a systematic review	Mxnagement Account. Greenleaf et al. Resistance training it seems crucial to combine ath,etes two sources Weight management for young athletes providing trainers with additional information about the topic of weight concerns and weight-control behaviour in young elite athletes. Galli N, Reel JJ: Adonis or Hephaestus? Focus on a diet rich in carbohydrates, moderate in protein, and low in fat.
What are physical concerns of unintentional weight loss in young athletes?	Search Close. Shopping Cart. Create Account. Explore AAP Close AAP Home shopAAP PediaLink HealthyChildren. header search search input Search input auto suggest. filter your search All Publications All Journals Pediatrics Hospital Pediatrics Pediatrics In Review NeoReviews AAP Grand Rounds AAP News All AAP Sites. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume , Issue 3. Previous Article Next Article. Weight Loss. Unhealthy Weight Loss. Healthy Weight Loss in the Athlete Classified as Having Overweight or Obesity. Weight Gain. Unhealthy Weight Gain. Healthy Weight Gain. Weight, BMI, and Body Composition Measurements. Guidance for the Clinician. Lead Authors. Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness Executive Committee, — Past Executive Committee Members. Article Navigation. From the American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report September 01 Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes Rebecca L. Carl, MD ; Rebecca L. Carl, MD. Address correspondence to Rebecca Carl, MD, MS, FAAP. E-mail: rcarl luriechildrens. This Site. Google Scholar. Miriam D. Johnson, MD ; Miriam D. Johnson, MD. b Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;. Thomas J. Martin, MD ; Thomas J. Martin, MD. c Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania;. d Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and. e Central Pennsylvania Clinic for Special Children and Adults, Belleville, Pennsylvania. COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS ; COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS. Cynthia R. LaBella, MD ; Cynthia R. LaBella, MD. Margaret A. Brooks, MD ; Margaret A. Brooks, MD. Alex Diamond, DO ; Alex Diamond, DO. William Hennrikus, MD ; William Hennrikus, MD. Michele LaBotz, MD ; Michele LaBotz, MD. Kelsey Logan, MD ; Kelsey Logan, MD. Keith J. Loud, MDCM ; Keith J. Loud, MDCM. Kody A. Moffatt, MD ; Kody A. Moffatt, MD. Blaise Nemeth, MD ; Blaise Nemeth, MD. Brooke Pengel, MD ; Brooke Pengel, MD. Andrew Peterson, MD Andrew Peterson, MD. Pediatrics 3 : e Connected Content. This article has been reaffirmed: AAP Publications Reaffirmed or Retired. Cite Icon Cite. toolbar search toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. View Large. Boxing Crew Horse racing—jockeys Martial arts Weight-class football Wrestling. TABLE 3 Sports That Emphasize a Muscular Physique. Baseball Basketball Bodybuilding Football especially linemen Powerlifting Rugby Track eg, shot-put, discus. TABLE 4 Unhealthy and Healthy Weight Loss Methods. Healthy Weight Loss. Decreased psychomotor function Decreased reaction time Decreased accuracy Decreased mental endurance Decreased alertness Increased problem-solving time Increased fatigue Increased levels of perceived exertion Temporary learning deficits Mood swings Changes in cognitive state. TABLE 6 LAW1 and LAW2 Calculations. weeks in season wk. TABLE 7 Unhealthy and Healthy Methods of Weight Gain. Rapid weight gain Gradual weight gain Weight gain resulting in excess body fat Weight gain as muscle mass Use of anabolic compounds Boys gain up to 0. Get adequate sleep. TABLE 8 Summary of Performance-Enhancing Substances Commonly Used by Athletes With Effects on Performance and Possible Adverse Effects. Usual Form of Intake. Purported Mechanism of Performance Effect. Data on Performance Effects. Potential Adverse Effects. Creatine Creatine is found in meat and fish. Cooking can degrade some creatine in food. Most concern with impact on kidneys because of nephrotic metabolites methylamine and formaldehyde , and specific recommendation against use for athletes at risk for kidney dysfunction. Causes water retention. Orally ingested creatine monohydrate supplement Anabolic agents Variety of testosterone derivatives. Schedule III drugs. Oral, injectable, buccal, and transdermal forms. Premature physeal closure with decreased final adult height. Gynecomastia irreversible. Behavior change hypomania, irritability, aggression. Cholestatic jaundice, liver tumors. Cardiac arrhythmias premature ventricular contractions increased blood pressure. Headaches, irritability, sleep disruption, tremor. Gastric irritation. Increased core temperature with exertion, particularly in hot environments. Significant toxicity has been associated with ingestion of multiple energy drinks, leading to almost emergency department visits in in the to y age group. Increased risk of liver disease. Individual amino acids or in combination Arginine and citrulline produce increases in nitric oxide see below for further discussion. HMB is believed to enhance repair of damaged muscle tissue HMB: meta-analysis of studies on young adults show untrained athletes with 6. Synthesized from arginine via reduction to nitrate. Citrulline is an arginine precursor Any potential benefit of arginine appears minimal in healthy young athletes who ingest sufficient protein. Inorganic forms of nitrate are associated with carcinogenesis, however, current data does not support restriction of vegetable source of nitrates. Carnosine and β-alanine Buffers the metabolic acidosis resulting from high-intensity physical activity. β-alanine is a precursor of carnosine Data are variable regarding endurance exercise. β-alanine with paresthesias at higher doses. Physicians who care for young athletes are encouraged to have an understanding of healthy and unhealthy weight-control methods; Health supervision visits for young athletes generally include history-taking to ascertain diet and physical activity patterns. Acute weight loss through dehydration and the use of potentially harmful medications and supplements for weight control should be strongly discouraged; Physicians should counsel young athletes who express a desire to gain or lose weight to avoid weight-control methods that may have adverse health effects, such as acute weight loss through dehydration and the use of potentially harmful medications and supplements. Many of these methods may have a negative effect on performance as well; Some states require a specific form for sports preparticipation examinations. Monitoring athletes with weight-control issues every 1 to 3 months can aid the physician in detecting excessive weight loss; There are no established recommendations for body fat percentages in adolescent athletes. Rather than suggesting a specific percentage of body fat for an individual athlete, a range of values that is realistic and appropriate should be recommended; Physicians should counsel young athletes that weight gain or weight loss regimens should be initiated early enough to permit gradual weight change before a sport season. Once the desired weight is obtained, the athlete should attempt to maintain a constant weight; and When opportunities for community education arise, pediatricians should collaborate with coaches and certified athletic trainers to encourage healthy eating and exercise habits. AAP American Academy of Pediatrics. DXA dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry. LAW lowest allowable weight. NCAA National Collegiate Athletic Association. RDN registered dietitian nutritionist. FUNDING: No external funding. Prevalence of individual and combined components of the female athlete triad. Disordered eating and menstrual irregularity in high school athletes in lean-build and nonlean-build sports. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Weight loss in wrestlers. Promotion of healthy weight-control practices in young athletes [published correction appears in Pediatrics. Effects of self-selected mass loss on performance and mood in collegiate wrestlers. Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years. Identification and management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation. Policy statement—climatic heat stress and exercising children and adolescents. Hypohydration during exercise in children: effect on thirst, drink preferences, and rehydration. Drink composition, voluntary drinking, and fluid balance in exercising, trained, heat-acclimatized boys. Effect of drink flavor and NaCL on voluntary drinking and hydration in boys exercising in the heat. Exercise and fluid replacement. The effects of progressive dehydration on strength and power: is there a dose response? Skeletal muscle strength and endurance are maintained during moderate dehydration. Active dehydration impairs upper and lower body anaerobic muscular power. Hydration and muscular performance: does fluid balance affect strength, power and high-intensity endurance? Effect of body hypohydration on aerobic performance of boys who exercise in the heat. Two percent dehydration impairs and six percent carbohydrate drink improves boys basketball skills. Hyperthermia and dehydration-related deaths associated with intentional rapid weight loss in three collegiate wrestlers—North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December The National Collegiate Athletic Association Wrestling and Rules and Interpretations. The Wisconsin wrestling minimum weight project: a model for weight control among high school wrestlers. NCAA rule change improves weight loss among national championship wrestlers. Wisconsin minimum weight program reduces weight-cutting practices of high school wrestlers. Blood and urinary measures of hydration status during progressive acute dehydration. Rehydration with drinks differing in sodium concentration and recovery from moderate exercise-induced hypohydration in man. Rehydration after exercise with fresh young coconut water, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage and plain water. Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I. Medical Commission. A quantitative critical review. Evaluation of the BOD POD and leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis for estimating percent body fat in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III collegiate wrestlers. Female athlete triad in elite swimmers of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Health and weight control management among wrestlers. A proposed program for high school athletes. The female athlete triad. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport RED-S. Misunderstanding the female athlete triad: refuting the IOC consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport RED-S. Associations between disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and musculoskeletal injury among high school athletes. Associations between the female athlete triad and injury among high school runners. Higher prevalence of eating disorders among adolescent elite athletes than controls. Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Prevalence of disordered eating and pathogenic weight control behaviors among male collegiate athletes. Risk and trigger factors for the development of eating disorders in female elite athletes. Long-term effect of weight loss on body composition and performance in elite athletes. Recommendations for treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Self-perceived weight and anabolic steroid misuse among US adolescent boys. Misclassification of cardiometabolic health when using body mass index categories in NHANES Expected body weight in adolescents: comparison between weight-for-stature and BMI methods. Carl, MD, MS, FAAP. Johnson, MD, FAAP. Martin, MD, FAAP. LaBella, MD, FAAP, Chairperson. Brooks, MD, FAAP. Alex Diamond, DO, FAAP. William Hennrikus, MD, FAAP. Michele LaBotz, MD, FAAP. Kelsey Logan, MD, FAAP. Loud, MDCM, MSc, FAAP. Moffatt, MD, FAAP. Blaise Nemeth, MD, FAAP. Brooke Pengel, MD, FAAP. Andrew Peterson, MD, FAAP. Joel S. Brenner, MD, MPH, FAAP. Amanda K. Weiss Kelly, MD, FAAP. Mark E. Halstead, MD, FAAP — American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. Gregory Landry, MD, FAAP. Neeru A. Jayanthi, MD. Anjie Emanuel, MPH. Competing Interests POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Copyright © by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Comments 0 Comments. Children also have a greater ratio of body surface area to body mass, which causes them to absorb heat more quickly when the ambient temperature exceeds skin temperature. Thus, a high level of solar radiation can be more detrimental to children than to adults. Dehydration over several days may be cumulative when an athlete does not replace his or her fluid losses sufficiently. An athlete may develop 2 to 3 percent hypohydration one day, not fully hydrate overnight, and then dehydrate further on subsequent days. This progressive dehydration can lead to hypohydration of 5 to 8 percent of body weight. The greater the body-fluid deficit, the longer it takes to completely restore this deficit. Replacement of intracellular fluids requires 48 hours when dehydration has occurred over two or three days. The most common way for athletes to attempt weight loss is by restricting food intake. This may lead to disordered eating behaviors such as purging, with or without bingeing, to decrease total caloric intake. The spectrum of these disordered eating behaviors ranges from mild to severe. Compulsive or excessive exercise in addition to the normal training regimen is considered a form of purging. Many studies have shown an increased incidence of disordered eating behaviors in female athletes who participate in weight-sensitive sports. All female athletes with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea should be evaluated thoroughly to determine the underlying etiology. If low energy availability is the cause, the athlete should be counseled to increase caloric intake enough to resume normal menses. If an eating disorder is suspected, referral to a multidisciplinary team is appropriate. Athletes usually require a greater caloric intake than nonathletes. The actual amount of calories needed depends on the athlete's body composition, weight, height, age, stage of growth, and level of fitness, as well as the intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise. Athletes who want to lose weight should be counseled on the harmful effects of unhealthy weight-loss practices and inappropriate weight loss. They should be informed that weight is not an accurate indicator of the amount of body fat or lean muscle mass and that body composition measurements can be much more helpful. Studies have shown that physique does not markedly influence athletic performance except at the extreme ranges i. An excessive amount of body fat interferes with acclimation to heat and can decrease speed, endurance, and work efficiency. Therefore, weight loss may be beneficial when it is achieved by healthy means and involves losing excess fat without reducing lean muscle mass or causing dehydration. When weight is lost too rapidly or by significant reduction in caloric intake, lean muscle mass will be lost, which can negatively affect athletic performance. Weight loss, when necessary, should be gradual and should not exceed 1. Weight loss beyond these limits results in the breakdown and metabolism of muscle. To lose 1 lb of fat in one week, a person must expend 3, kcal more than he or she consumes. The ideal way to do this is to consume 1, fewer calories and expend 1, more calories per week by exercising. An appropriate diet for most athletes consists of at least 2, kcal per day; 55 to 65 percent of these calories should be from carbohydrates, 15 to 20 percent should be from protein, and 20 to 30 percent should be from fats. Once weight has been lost and the desired weight attained, that weight should be maintained. Studies have shown that athletes who maintain their desired weight have higher resting metabolic rates than do athletes who are cyclic weight losers. They also have higher resting energy expenditures and oxygen consumption. Therefore, athletes who maintain a constant weight can eat more calories than cyclic weight losers and maintain the same weight. Sports such as football, rugby, basketball, power lifting, and bodybuilding often motivate athletes to gain weight. If weight is gained improperly, it will lead to excess fat, resulting in decreased speed, endurance, and agility. Overweight athletes are at greater risk in later life for hypercholesterolemia, gallbladder disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Before trying to change their body composition, athletes must understand potential genetic limitations. Athletes with a solid body build may expect to gain more weight than athletes with a slender build. Inadequate caloric intake often is the limiting factor for athletes trying to increase muscle mass; they may overestimate protein requirements and underestimate the need for carbohydrates. To build 1 lb of muscle in one week, a person must consume 2, to 2, kcal more than he or she expends, consume 1. Increased caloric intake must be combined with strength training to induce muscle growth; gains in muscle hypertrophy are best achieved by performing multiple sets of weight lifting with a relatively high number of repetitions i. Young athletes should lift lighter weights for more repetitions under the supervision of a trained adult. Weight gain must be gradual; a gain of more than 1. If the athlete has not gained the desired weight despite an appropriate training program, adequate rest, and a nutritionally sound diet, it is appropriate to recommend that he or she increase levels of dietary fats. Studies of elite athletes have found dietary fat intakes ranging from 29 to 41 percent in males and 29 to 34 percent in females. All physical examinations of young athletes should include a weight history and a history of eating patterns, hydration practices, eating disorders, heat illness, and other factors that may influence heat illness or weight control. Physicians should be able to recognize early signs of eating disorders and obtain appropriate medical, psychological, and nutritional consultation for young athletes with these symptoms. Athletes must consume enough fluids to maintain euhydration. Any athlete who loses a significant amount of fluid during sports participation should weigh in before and after practices, games, meets, and competitions. Each pound of weight lost should be replaced with 1 pt of fluid containing carbohydrates and electrolytes before the next practice or competition. Nutritional needs for growth and development must be placed above athletic considerations. Fluid or food deprivation should never be allowed. There is no substitute for a healthy diet consisting of a variety of foods from all food groups with enough calories to support growth, daily physical activities, and sports activities. Daily caloric intake for most athletes should consist of a minimum of 2, kcal.
More on this topic for:	Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Patton GC, Selzer R, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Wolfe R: Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years. This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. Unhealthy Weight Gain. What Kind of Coach Do You Want to Be? By understanding that there are smaller stepping stones to achieving my ultimate goal of being on Team USA, I was able to stay motivated and to stay focused on completing the smaller stepping stones fully before moving onto the next one. Pope HG, Gruber AJ, Choi P, Olivardia R, Phillips KA: Muscle dysmorphia.