Antifungal properties of plants -
Ghulam Murtaza , PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Muhammad Mukhtar , Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE Aysha Sarfraz , Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Follow. Medicinal plants have been widely used to treat a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Several plants could offer a rich reserve for drug discovery of infectious diseases, particularly in an era when the latest separation techniques are available on one hand, and the human population is challenged by a number of emerging infectious diseases on the other hand.
Among several other ailments, fungal infections are posing a great threat to the mankind, as a large number of people suffer from fungal infections worldwide due to emerging resistance of fungal strains. The available antifungal drugs are either too costly or are accompanied with several side effects.
Of importance, a variety of medicinal plants have shown promise to treat a number of fungal infections, and some of them possess broad-spectrum antifungal activity. This article describes potential antifungal properties of medicinal plants against fungi, and suggests screening the potential of plants possessing broad-spectrum antifungal effects against emerging fungal infections.
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From the Edited Volume Medicinal Plants - Use in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Edited by Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan Book Details Order Print. Chapter metrics overview 2, Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics.
Impact of this chapter. Abstract In the past few decades, a worldwide increase in the incidence of fungal infections has been observed as well as rise in the resistance of some species of fungi to different fungicidal used in medicinal practice.
Keywords antifungal phytocompounds fungicidal antifungal therapy fungal infections. Introduction to fungal disease Fungal infections are one of the most deadly infections accounting in excess of 1. No Class Drugs Uses 1.
Azole antifungals Clotrimazole, Econazole, Isoconazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole Topical fungal infections, Candidiasis, aspergillus and candida infections, vaginal yeast infections 2. Echinocandins Caspofungin, Micafungin Esophageal Candidiasis, Salvage therapy 4.
Polyenes Amphotericin B, Nystatin Systemic mycosis, superficial mycosis 5. Phenolic cyclohexane Griseofulvin Dermatophytic infections 6. Synthetic pyrimidines Flucytosine Cryptococcosis, severe invasive aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis treated along with other antifungals 7.
Morpholines Amorolfine Topical fungal infections 8. Pyridines Buthiobate, Pyrifenox Dermatophytic infections, Tinea conditions 9. Phthalimides Captan Invasive dermatophytic conditions and candida infections.
Table 1. No Side effects Drugs 1. Non-melanoma skin cancer prolonged therapy Voriconazole 2. Fever, Chills Isavuconazole, Ketoconazole, Voriconazole, Flucytosine, Anidulafungin, Caspofungin 3.
Rash Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Voriconazole 4. Nausea, vomiting Isavuconazole, Itraconazole, Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Voriconazole 5.
Abdominal pain Flucytosine, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole 6. Anemia Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Flucytosine 7. Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia Flucytosine, Fluconazole 8. Decreased renal function Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Voriconazole 9.
Headache Flucytosine, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Isavuconazole, Voriconazole, Caspofungin Dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice Anidulafungin C, Micafungin. Table 2. Adverse side effects of different antifungals. Botanical name Family Parts used Chemical classes Microorganism tested 1.
Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae Leaves Sesquiterpenes, Monoterpene, hydrocarbons C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei [ 17 ] 2. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Leaves Methanolic extract C.
krusei [ 17 ] 3. Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Turmeric oil C. krusei [ 17 ] 4. Piptadenia colubrina Mimosaceae Stem bark — C. glabrata [ 17 ] 5.
Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae Stem bark Extract C. dubliniensis [ 17 ] 6. Persea americana Lauraceae Leaves Chromene C. albicans C. dubliniensis C. krusei [ 17 ] 7. Parapiptadenia rigida Fabaceae Stem bark Pyrrolidine amide C. albicans [ 17 ] 8. Ajania fruticulosa Asteraceae Fruits Guaianolides Candida albicans, C.
glabrata A. fumigatus [ 17 ] 9. Alibertia macrophylla Rubiaceae Leaves Extract Cladosporium sphaerospermum; C. cladosporioides; A. niger; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [ 17 ] Aniba panurensis Lauraceae Whole plant — C.
albicans [ 17 ] Aquilegia vulgaris Ranunculaceae Leaves and stems Bis benzyl A. niger [ 17 ] Mimosa tenuiflora Mimosaceae Stem bark Sesquiterpene lactone C. krusei [ 17 ] regnellii Piperaceae Leaves Extract Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis [ 18 ] Rubia tinctorum Rubiaceae Root Triterpene A.
niger, Alternaria alternaria, P. verrucosum, Mucor mucedo [ 19 ] Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae Whole plant Contained saponins, Polyphenols Microbotryum violaceum, Chlorella fusca [ 20 ] Vernonanthura tweedieana Asteraceae Root Extracts T. mentagrophytes [ 21 ] Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Steroidal saponin P.
oryzae [ 22 ] Datura metel Solanaceae Whole plant Diterpenoid, Alkaloids C. tropicalis [ 23 ] Lupinus albus Leguminosae Leaf surface — T.
mentagrophytes [ 24 ] Ecballium elaterium Cucurbitaceae Fruit Extract Boitylis cinerea [ 25 ] Cassia tora Leguminosae Seeds Anthraquinone Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe graminis, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, Pyricularia grisea [ 26 ] Chamaecyparis pisifera Cupressaceae Leaves and Twigs Isoflavone P.
oryzae [ 27 ] Prunus yedoensis Rosaceae Leaves Diterpenes C. herbarum [ 28 ]. Table 3. List of plants having antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. No Plants Plant part Phytochemicals 1 Aegle marmelos Leaves Essential oils 2 Alpinia galangal Seeds Diterpenes 3 Ananas comosus Leaves Protein 4 Blumea balsamifera Leaves Flavonoid luteolin 5 Camptotheca acuminate Leaves Flavonoid 6 Capsicum frutescens Whole plant Triterpene saponin 7 Cassia tora Whole plant Emodin, physcion and rhein 8 Datura metel Whole plant Alkaloid 9 Euonymus europaeus Leaves Protein 10 Haloxylon salicornium Aerial part Alkaloid 11 Juniperus communis Leaves Essential oil 12 Khaya ivorensis Stem bark Triterpenes 13 Lycium chinense Root bark Phenolic compounds 14 Musa acuminate Banana Protein 15 Ocimum gratissimum Bark Essential oil 16 Pinus pinaster Leaves Pinosylvin 17 Polygonum punctatum Whole plant Sesquiterpene 18 Smilax medica Root Saponins 19 Solanum tuberosum Tubers Protein 20 Thymus vulgaris Whole plant Essential oil 21 Trachyspermum ammi Leaves, flowers Essential oil 22 Trigonella graecum Whole plants Peptides 23 Zingiber officinalis Rhizome Protein.
Table 4. Types of carriers used for herbal drug delivery and synthetic drugs are as follows: 4. Clotrimazole, Econazole nitrate, Fluconazole Micelles Superficial fungal infection Trichophyton sp.
Miconazole Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers Candidiasis Candida albicans Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Econazole Microemulsion Tinea corporis, Tinea circinata, Tinea pedis Candida albicans Amphotericin B Microemulsion Invasive fungal infection Trichophyton rubrum Griseofulvin Microemulsion gel Dermatophytosis Trichophyton sp.
Terbinafine Hcl Niosomes Fungal infection Aspergillus niger Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B Transferosomes Dermatophytosis Trichophyton rubrum Clotrimazole, Econazole Ethosomes Localized skin fungal infection Candida sp. Table 5. References 1. Sanglard D.
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Propertise effectiveness of Sport-specific fat burning antimicrobial substances to microbial entities has been Antifujgal doubt in prolerties last three Antifnugal. This is as a result of resistance Snacking for stress relief microbial Snacking for stress relief and pathogens to these antimicrobial agents. Fungi which are microbial entities are not exempted from the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Most common fungicidal agents are becoming ineffective in treating fungal infections. Hence, the search for antifungal agents has double paced recently. Plants that have the potential to synthesize aromatic substances with antimicrobial properties have been proposed as the sources from which novel and effective antimicrobial substances can be derived. Ethanolic extracts of proprties traditionally used Indian medicinal plants Lifestyle modifications for hypertension management studied Snacking for stress relief their antimicrobial activity AAntifungal seven bacteria Staphylococcus aureusSalmonella typhimuriumS. paratyphiAntifungal properties of plants. typhiE. proertiesAntifungal properties of plants dysenteriae and Antkfungal aeruginosa properries five filamentous Garlic in pest control Aspergillus Antifungal properties of plantsAlternaria alternataFusarium chlamydosporumRhizoctonia bataticola and Trichoderma viride and a yeast Candida albicans of clinical origin. Of these, 16 plant extracts showed varied level of antibacterial activity against one or more test bacteria. Similarly antifungal and anticandidal activity was detected among 17 and 9 plant extracts respectively. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity both antibacterial and antifungal was detected among crude extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum leavesCaesalpinia bonducella seedsDelonix regia flowerHedychium spicatum fruitsMangifera indica leavesMurraya coenigii leaves and Syzgium cumini seeds.
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