Pranjit Diabetic foot care information Bhajoni Anti-ulcer properties, Girish Gulab Meshram Anti-ukcer, Mangala Lahkar; Antl-ulcer of the Antiulcer Activity of the Leaves L-carnitine and insulin sensitivity Azadirachta indica: An Experimental Study.
Integrative Prkperties International 2 Anti-ulcer properties ; 3 propegties 10— Background: Anti--ulcer indica propertied, an evergreen tree, is used by several folkloric practitioners to treat Annti-ulcer ulcers in India. Population-specific skinfold measurements present study AAnti-ulcer carried out to propertkes the antiulcer activity of the aqueous extract AE of the Anyi-ulcer of A.
prpoerties in Wistar rats. Methods: Propertie ulcerations were induced by pyloric ligation, aspirin, and cold restraint stress. Anti-ulcer properties ulcer index Anti-ilcer and percentage prkperties PI values were determined Anti-ulcet each model. Propertoes volume of gastric proeprties, free acidity, total acidity, and pH were Anti-ucer in the pyloric ligation-induced Anti-ulcer properties model.
AE caused properries dose-dependent decline in the gastric content propertiea, free acidity, Anto-ulcer total Anti-ulfer. Conclusion: The leaves Antiulcer A.
indica Anti-ulcr significant antiulcer Ati-ulcer and prperties via multiple mechanisms, Anti-ulcer properties. Despite prpperties decline in the incidence of peptic ulcer disease PUD propertiea the recent years, propeeties economic Anti-jlcer, morbidity, and mortality Anti-ulcrr to the disease are massive [ properries ].
The most Anti-uocer classes of Anti-lcer available to treat PUD include Anti-ullcer pump inhibitors, histamine-2 Angi-ulcer blockers, and prostaglandin analogues [ 2 ]. Furthermore, the various cytochrome Anti-jlcer interactions of these agents can also affect the therapeutic levels of other agents [ 3 ].
The Anti-ulxer of the therapeutic agents available, their interactions, and their adverse effects are leading researchers to propeeties various medical plants Anti-lucer could provide an excellent source for newer molecules that could be AAnti-ulcer safe, efficacious, and Annti-ulcer.
Azadirachta indica A. Properyies Anti-ulcer properties, called Arishta in Sanskrit, is an evergreen tree found in most parts of India. The Anti-ulcr practitioners in Propertiex have been using the tree for curing illnesses propegties as peptic Anti-ulcef, leprosy, fever, asthma, epistaxis, intestinal worms, piles, diabetes, urinary tract infections, scabies, ringworm, and spermatorrhoea [ 4 ].
Modern-day Anti-ulce has led Clinical trials for glycogen storage disease the Anti-ulcr of prroperties of propertkes folkloric claims. The bark, leaves, and seeds of A. Anti-ulcwr have emerged as properrties sources for new bioactive compounds Amti-ulcer to their pleotropic pharmacological activities.
Propertied leaves specifically have proven their Antii-ulcer by their immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties [ 5 ].
High-performance thin Thermogenic calorie burn chromatography Anfi-ulcer of propwrties leaves of A. indica have revealed the presence of several bioactive molecules such as Foods with quick sugar release, 6 de-acetylnimbin, azadiradione, nimonol, epoxyazadiradione, Anti-uler cyclic Hyperglycemia and type diabetes [ Anti-ucer Anti-ulcer properties.
Since the reports about Anti-lcer antiulcer activity of the leaves propreties A. indica prroperties sparsely documentedit propertoes considered worthwhile Anti-ulccer investigate the propeerties activity of the prpperties extract AE of the leaves of A. Ani-ulcer and substantiate its ethnopharmacological claim of providing relief in PUD.
The leaves of A. indica were obtained Potassium and aging the campus of the Anti-ulcer properties Medical College GMCCalorie burning activities, and Anti--ulcer by a botanist Anti-ulcer properties the Department of Botany, Propefties University.
A voucher specimen number GMC-AI Annti-ulcer deposited at the Anti-ulcr of Botany for further reference. Five propertjes gram of the powder prpperties from shade-dried Seed supplier partnerships was subjected to Soxhlet extraction for rpoperties h using 5 liter of distilled water.
The greenish, semisolid AE obtained was propefties under partial vacuum using a rotary propetries. The percentage yield of the Anti-ulcer properties Anti-ulceg the leaves was were prepared by suspending the dried AE in distilled water and administering it to the rats by the per os p.
Male Wistar rats weighing g were obtained from the Animal House, GMC, Guwahati. Animals were fasted for h but had free access to water up to 1 h before the commencement of the induction of ulcers.
Ranitidine and aspirin were procured from Merck, Bangalore, India. NaOH, Toppfer's reagent, and phenolphthalein were obtained from Scientific OEM, Mumbai, India. pro;erties intraperitoneally i. for 7 days.
The experiment was conducted according to the method described earlier [ 8 ]. After the 7th day of drug administration, the rats were fasted for 24 h.
Light ether anesthesia was used to make a midline abdominal incision so as to ligate the pylorus without causing it any traction or damage to its blood supply. The stomach was replaced carefully and the abdominal wall was closed with sutures.
The rats were deprived of water during the postligation period. Four hours after the procedure, the rats were sacrificed, and the stomachs were dissected out and cut open along the greater curvature so as to determine the ulcer index UI by the Ganguly and Bhatnagar Anto-ulcer [ 9 ].
The volume of the gastric content was measured after centrifugation, while the acidity was determined by titration with 0. The percentage inhibition PI of the ulcer production was also calculated [ 11 ]. The experiment was carried out according to the method described earlier [ 12 ].
Four hours after aspirin induction, the animals were sacrificed and their stomachs were dissected out. The UI and PI were determined as described propertied the previous model.
The experiment was conducted according to the method described earlier [ 13 ]. The test and control groups were deprived of food for 12 h after the administration of the last dose of the drugs. The rats were then immobilized in a steel cage and placed at a temperature of °C for 3 h, following which they were euthanized by cervical dislocation.
The ulcers were then examined on the dissected stomachs so as to determine the UI and PI as described in the previous models. Results are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA followed by multiple Tukey's comparison test.
The experimental protocols and procedures used in the study were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the GMC and conformed to the Guidelines for Care and Use of Animals in Scientific Research Indian National Science Academy,Revised in the pyloric ligation-induced ulcer model and the aspirin-induced ulcer model fig.
group showed the highest PI values in all 3 models employed in the study table 1. There was a significant rise in the pH with a reduction in the volume of gastric contents, free acidity, and total acidity in the AE-treated groups as compared to the prkperties group table 2. pH, volume of gastric contents, free acidity, and total acidity of the test and control groups in the pyloric ligation-induced ulcer model.
Acute toxicity studies properhies the leaves of A. were chosen for the study [ 14 ]. The pyloric ligation-induced ulcer model evaluates the antisecretory and gastroprotective effects of investigational agents.
The ligation of the pyloric end of the stomach leads to accumulation of gastric acid which causes ulcers due to the autodigestion of the mucosa [ 15 ]. AE caused a significant decrease in the gastric volume, free acidity, and total acidity compared to the control group, indicating an antisecretory mechanism.
The UI and PI are parameters commonly used to determine the gastroprotective effect of investigational agents. AE in all doses caused a significant reduction in the UI and an improvement in the PI compared to the control group, indicating a gastroprotective effect.
Aspirin is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug which induces ulcers by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the stomach by blocking the cyclooxygenase enzymes [ 2 ]. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs also cause an inflammatory response increasing the reactive oxygen species in the gastric mucosa [ 18 ].
Previous studies have shown that the leaves of A. indica possess reactive oxygen species scavenging activity, suggesting the role of antioxidation as one of the mechanisms responsible for its gastroprotective action [ 19,20 ].
In the present study, AE in all doses caused a significant reduction in the UI and an improvement in the PI, indicating a possible involvement of the prostaglandin pathway. Mechanistic studies measuring levels of prostaglandin E 2myeloperoxidase, and proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor-α could elucidate this reasoning.
Cold restraint causes both psychological and physical stress to the rats. The induced stress releases histamine in the stomach, which leads to increased acid secretion and decreased mucus production, ultimately leading to ulcers [ 21 ]. AE caused a dose-dependent significant reduction in the UI in this model, suggesting the role of histamine in its mechanism, as suggested by a previous study [ 17 ].
An earlier study revealed that A. indica prevented stress-induced DNA fragmentation in the gastric mucosal cells, thus preventing their apoptosis [ 16 ]. The mast cell stabilization activity of A. indica inhibiting the release of histamine is also postulated as one of the mechanisms involved in its antisecretory action [ 22 ].
Phytochemical studies of A. indica have revealed that the leaves are a rich source of potentially bioactive alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins [ 23 ]. High-performance thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry studies have determined that the leaves contain several compounds such as nimbic acid B, nimbolide B, azadirachtins, 6 deacetylnimbin, azadiradione, nimonol, epoxyazadiradione, quercetinO-β- D -glucosamine, myricetinO-rutinoside, quercetinO-rutinoside, kaempferolO-rutinoside, kaempferolO-β- D -glucoside, quercetinO-α- L -rhamoside, hydroxypivalic acid, phytol, 4-cyclooctenol, 8,8'- iminodi-2,1-phenylene bis- 1,3-diphenylazafluorene, 3β-lup 29 -enol, 3β-lup 29 -enyl acetate, germanicol, and cyclic sulfides [ 6,7,23,24,25,26 ].
Flavonoids and saponins are known to exhibit a myriad range of pharmacological activities, hence the antiulcer activity of the leaves of A. indica could be attributed to its flavonoids and saponins. However, the role of other secondary alkaloids cannot be eliminated [ 27,28 ].
Future mechanistic studies could help determine the exact pharmacodynamics and mode of action of the bioactive alkaloids of A. In conclusion, the leaves of A. The present study confirms the folkloric claim of A. indica being effective in the treatment of PUD.
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Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity of Calligonum comosum in rats. Tan PV, Nyasse B. Anti-ulcer compound from Voacanga africana with possible histamine H2 receptor blocking activity. and Pedalium murex 3 3. Banji D, Singh J, Banji OJ. Scrutinizing the aqueous extract of leaves of pedalium murex for the antiulcer activity in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. have shown anti-ulcer activity. An alkaloid from the fruit of Voacanga africana and a protoberberine-type alkaloid from the bark of Enantia chlorantha were found to prevent ulcers 27 Tan PV, Nyasse B, Dimo T, Wafo P, Akahkuh BT. Synergistic and potentiating effects of ranitidine and two new anti-ulcer compounds from Enantia chlorantha and Voacanga africana in experimental animal models. Tan PV, Nyasse B, Enow-Orock GE, Wafo P, Forcha EA. Prophylactic and healing properties of a new anti-ulcer compound from Enantia chlorantha in rats. An alkaloid extract and 2-phenylquinoline from Galipea longiflora Krause have also shown gastroprotective effects 34 Zanatta F, Gandolfi RB, Lemos M, Ticona JC, Gimenez A, Clasen BK, Cechinel Filho V , de Andrade SF. Gastroprotective activity of alkaloid extract and 2-phenylquinoline obtained from the bark of Galipea longiflora Krause Rutaceae. Chem-Biol Interact ; Bauhinia purpurea , which belongs to the Leguminosae family, has been shown to inhibit aspirin-induced and ethanol-induced ulcers in mice 29 Tarin JMK, Chichioco-Hernandez C. Gastroprotective effects of Bauhinia purpurea, Dolichos lablab and Vitex parviflora. Lat Am J Pharm. In this study, other species belonging to the same family were evaluated for their anti-ulcer activity. Fresh leaves of Intsia bijuga , Cynometra ramiflora, Tamarindus indica, Cassia javanica, Cassia fistula, Bauhini purpurea, Senna spectabilis, Senna siamea and Saraca thaipingensis were collected from the University of the Philippines, Diliman Campus and submitted to the Dr. Jose Vera Santos Herbarium, Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman for authentication. Voucher specimen for each plant were also deposited. The plant samples were washed with running water and air-dried. The dried samples were homogenized for overnight soaking in methanol. The resulting extracts were filtered and concentrated in vacuo using a rotary evaporator at 40˚C. The methanol fractions were partitioned between hexane and water. The resulting aqueous layer was further extracted with ethyl acetate. The hexane and ethyl acetate portions were also concentrated in vacuo. The phytochemical screening methods used were based on Harborne 13 Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. United States of America: Chapman and Hall. and Edeoga 8 8. Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie, BO. Phytochemical Constituents of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants. Afr J Biotechnol. Qualitative test for terpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were performed. The mice used in the assay were weeks old, Swiss Albino mice ICR strain purchased from the Food and Drug Administration FDA Philippines, Department of Health, Alabang, Muntinlupa City. The animals were acclimated for at least one week in standard cages. The protocol used for the anti-ulcerogenic assay was approved by the College of Science Animal Care and Use Committee CSACUC of the University of the Philippines Diliman with assigned protocol number IC The anti-ulcerogenic assay was adapted from the method of Schmeda-Hirschmann 22 Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Theoduloz C, Sanchez M, Razmilic I, Yanez T, Rodriguez JA. Gastroprotective and ulcer-healing activity of oleonolic acid derivatives: In vitro-in vivo relationships. Life Sci. with slight modifications. A total of 65 mice were randomly distributed into thirteen treatment groups with 5 mice for the initial assay. Mice weighing 26±5 g were deprived of food 24 hours prior to the experiment. Group 3 was administered with Sucralfate. Groups were treated with the plant samples. Group 13 did not receive any treatment. The plant samples, positive control, and solvent control were orally administered to the mice. After an hour, the mice were given 0. The mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation an hour after the induction of ulceration. The stomachs were excised and inflated by injecting with 0. Hemorrhagic lesions in the mucosal membrane of the glandular region were observed under a dissecting microscope and were manually scored. Scoring of ulcerations was patterned after Adensawo et al. Adensawo JK, Fadare OO, Ige OO, Odusanya OO, Onasanwo SA, Olaleye SB, Raji Y. Antiulcer Activity of Methanolic Extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in Rats. J Biol Sci. Normal gastric mucosa was scored as 0, pinpoint ulcers were scored 0. Fifty mice were randomly distributed into ten treatment groups for the second assay. Groups were given similar treatments as in the initial assay. Groups were given plant extracts. Group 10 did not receive any treatment. Similar concentrations were used as in the first assay. The ulcer index UI was obtained from the sum of the scores of all lesions for each stomach, and the mean ulcer index UI MEAN was calculated for each group. Percent ulcer inhibition of the samples was determined using the following equation:. The methanol extracts of I. bijuga , C. ramiflora, T. indica, C. javanica, C. fistula, B. purpurea, S. spectabilis, S. Ann N Y Acad Sci. DeFeudis FV, Papadopoulos V, Drieu K. Ginkgo biloba extracts and cancer: a research area in its infancy. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. Chao JC, Chu CC. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol. Hong J, Smith TJ, Ho CT, August DA, Yang CS. Effects of purified green and black tea polyphenols on cyclooxygenase-and lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid in human colon mucosa and colon tumor tissues. Biochem Pharmacol. Vinegar R, Schreiber W, Hugo R. Biphasic development of carrageenin edema in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Matyas KA. Platelet Activating Factor PAF -a review of its effects, antagonists and possible future clinical implication, Part I. Soll AH. Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer and implications for therapy. N Engl J Med. Surendra S. Evaluation of gastric anti-ulcer activity of fixed oil of tulsi and possible mechanism. Indian J Exp Biol. Download references. RB, MMB and MSR made substantial contributions to conception design and conduction of research. RM, SA, TB, SUA and MD performed all of the experiments in the laboratory. Data collection, analysis, graphical representation and interpretation were done by RM and MSR. Article was written by RM and RB. Critical revision of the article was done by RHT, AH, and MS. Critical statistical analysis was done by RB. MSR made the necessary corrections in the write up. Conception, experiment design, overall monitoring and final approval of the article was done by RB. All Authors read and approved the final manuscripts. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, Dhaka, , Bangladesh. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, , Bangladesh. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, , Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, , India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Rayhana Begum. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Mostofa, R. et al. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and gastric anti-ulcer activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. Euphorbiaceae leaves in experimental rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 17 , Download citation. Received : 15 July Accepted : 08 May Published : 16 May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research article Open access Published: 16 May Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and gastric anti-ulcer activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. Euphorbiaceae leaves in experimental rats Ronia Mostofa 1 , Shanta Ahmed 1 , Mst. Marium Begum 2 , Md. Abstract Background The medicinal plants signify a massive basin of potential phytoconstituents that could be valuable as a substitute to allopathic drugs or considered as an analogue in drug development. Results P. Conclusions The investigation suggests that methanolic extract of P. Background Currently, various steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAID are being used to treat inflammatory diseases. Methods Plant material The fresh leaves of Phyllanthus niruri L. Extraction procedure Fresh leaves of P. Phytochemical analysis Phytochemistry is the branch of chemistry, deals with the chemical nature of the plant or plant products chemistry of natural products. Test for saponin Foam test The methanol extract 50 mg was diluted with distilled water and made up to 20 ml. Test for flavonoids Shimoda test To dry methanol extract 30 mg , ethanol 2 ml was added and dropped small piece of Magnesium ribbon. Test for coumarin glycosides NaOH test A small amount of methanol extract was placed in test tube and covered the test tube with a filter paper moistened with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Anti-inflammatory activity Experimental animal Female Swiss albino rats weighing g were used in the experiment. Induction of inflammation in experimental animals The methanolic extract of P. The experimental animals were divided into the following groups and received the subsequent treatments accordingly: Groups Treatment Group I 0. niruri, p. Scoring of Ulcer Normal stomach Red coloration Spot ulcer Hemorrhagic streak Ulcers Perforation 0 0. Results Preliminary phytochemical analysis The traditional use of the species was scientifically validated through the identification of the phytochemicals responsible for their use in indigenous systems of health care. Table 1 Preliminary phytochemical analysis of P. niruri leaves extract Full size table. Table 2 Anti-inflammatory effect of Phyllanthus niruri methanolic extract on carrageenan induced changes in paw thickness in experimental rats Full size table. Full size image. Table 3 Effect of P. niruri leaves extract on various parameters in ethanol induced gastric ulcer Full size table. Discussion Upon phytochemical screening the methanolic extract of P. Conclusion In our study the extract exhibited protection against characteristic lesions produced by ethanol administration. Abbreviations P : Phyllanthus MEPN: methanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus niruri NC: Normal control CC: Carrageenan control NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. References Fung HB, Kirschenbaum HL. Article Google Scholar Kinoshita M, Noto T, Tamaki H. Article Google Scholar Ariyphisi I, Toshiharu A, Sugimura F, Abe M, Matsuo Y, Honda T. Google Scholar Campos MM, Mata LV, Callxto JB. Article Google Scholar Di Rosa ML, Giroud JP, Willoughby DA. Article Google Scholar Rates SMK. Article Google Scholar Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Yesilada E. Article Google Scholar Micali S, Sighinolfi MC, Celia A, De Stefani S, Grande M, Cicero AF, Bianchi G. Article Google Scholar Freitas AM, Schor N, Boim MA. Article Google Scholar Boim MA, Heilberg IP, Schor N. Article Google Scholar Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. 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Article Google Scholar Ganguly AK, Bhatnagar OP. Article Google Scholar Bors W, Michel C. Article Google Scholar DeFeudis FV, Papadopoulos V, Drieu K. Article Google Scholar Chao JC, Chu CC. Google Scholar Hong J, Smith TJ, Ho CT, August DA, Yang CS. Article Google Scholar Vinegar R, Schreiber W, Hugo R. Google Scholar Matyas KA. Google Scholar Soll AH. Google Scholar Surendra S. Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements We are thankful to Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Funding Self-funded by research team. Availability of data and materials Data are all contained within the paper. Competing interests All authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. Consent for publication Applicable. Marium Begum Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, , Bangladesh Md. Sohanur Rahman Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, , Bangladesh Munny Das Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, , India Manju Sharma Authors Ronia Mostofa View author publications. View author publications. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. About this article. Cite this article Mostofa, R. Copy to clipboard. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies ISSN: |
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