Ginseng is available at most health food stores, as well as online. Ginseng is an herbal remedy frequently utilized in traditional Chinese medicine to boost immunity, brain function, and energy levels. However, human studies are lacking.

Ginkgo biloba, also known simply as ginkgo, is an herbal medicine derived from the maidenhair tree 8. Native to China, ginkgo has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years and remains a top-selling herbal supplement today.

It contains a variety of potent antioxidants that are thought to provide several benefits 8. The seeds and leaves are traditionally used to make teas and tinctures, but most modern applications use leaf extract. Some people also enjoy eating the raw fruit and toasted seeds.

However, the seeds are mildly toxic and should only be eaten in small quantities, if at all. Ginkgo is said to treat a wide range of ailments, including heart disease, dementia, mental difficulties, and sexual dysfunction. Yet, studies have not proven it effective for any of these conditions 9.

You can shop for ginkgo online or at supplement shops. Gingko is traditionally used to treat numerous illnesses, including heart disease, dementia, and sexual dysfunction, but modern research has yet to prove its efficacy for any of these purposes.

Elderberry is an ancient herbal medicine typically made from the cooked fruit of the Sambucus nigra plant. It has long been used to relieve headaches, nerve pain, toothaches, colds, viral infections, and constipation Some people prefer to make their own syrup or tea by cooking elderberries with other ingredients, such as honey and ginger.

Test-tube studies demonstrate that its plant compounds have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, but human research is lacking Short-term use is considered safe, but the unripe or raw fruit is toxic and may cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Elderberry is used to treat cold and flu symptoms, with some research suggesting that it may be at least mildly effective.

Its small, yellow flowers are commonly used to make teas, capsules, or extracts Its use can be traced back to ancient Greece, and SJW is still frequently prescribed by medical professionals in parts of Europe Historically, it was utilized to aid wound healing and alleviate insomnia, depression, and various kidney and lung diseases.

Many studies note that short-term use of SJW is as effective as some conventional antidepressants. SJW has relatively few side effects but may cause allergic reactions, dizziness, confusion, dry mouth, and increased light sensitivity It also interferes with numerous medications, including antidepressants, birth control, blood thinners, certain pain medications, and some types of cancer treatments Particular drug interactions could be fatal, so if you take any prescription medications, consult your healthcare provider prior to using SJW.

If you decide to try it out, SJW is available online and in numerous stores. Yet, you may need to practice caution or avoid it because it interferes with several conventional medicines.

Turmeric Curcuma longa is an herb that belongs to the ginger family Used for thousands of years in cooking and medicine alike, it has recently garnered attention for its potent anti-inflammatory properties.

Curcumin is the major active compound in turmeric. It may treat a host of conditions, including chronic inflammation, pain, metabolic syndrome, and anxiety In particular, multiple studies reveal that supplemental doses of curcumin are as effective for alleviating arthritis pain as some common anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen Both turmeric and curcumin supplements are widely considered safe, but very high doses may lead to diarrhea, headache, or skin irritation.

Instead, consider purchasing supplements online. Turmeric is renowned for its anti-inflammatory benefits and may be especially effective for treating pain associated with arthritis. Ginger is a commonplace ingredient and herbal medicine.

You can eat it fresh or dried, though its main medicinal forms are as a tea or capsule. Much like turmeric, ginger is a rhizome, or stem that grows underground. It contains a variety of beneficial compounds and has long been used in traditional and folk practices to treat colds, nausea, migraines, and high blood pressure 18 , Its best-established modern use is for relieving nausea associated with pregnancy, chemotherapy, and medical operations Furthermore, test-tube and animal research reveals potential benefits for treating and preventing illnesses like heart disease and cancer , although the evidence is mixed Ginger is very well tolerated.

Negative side effects are rare, but large doses may cause a mild case of heartburn or diarrhea You can find ginger supplements at your local supermarket and online. Valerian root may be dried and consumed in capsule form or steeped to make tea. Its use can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome, where it was taken to relieve restlessness, tremors, headaches, and heart palpitations.

One review found valerian to be somewhat effective for inducing sleep, but many of the study results were based on subjective reports from participants Valerian is relatively safe, though it may cause mild side effects like headaches and digestive issues.

Look for this herb online , as well as various health food stores. Valerian root is often used as a natural sleep and anti-anxiety aid, though evidence supporting its efficacy is weak. Chamomile is a flowering plant that also happens to be one of the most popular herbal medicines in the world.

The flowers are most often used to make tea, but the leaves may also be dried and used for making tea, medicinal extracts, or topical compresses. For thousands of years, chamomile has been used as a remedy for nausea, diarrhea, constipation , stomach pain, urinary tract infections, wounds, and upper respiratory infections This herb packs over active compounds, many of which are thought to contribute to its numerous benefits Several test-tube and animal studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity, though insufficient human research is available Yet, a few small human studies suggest that chamomile treats diarrhea, emotional disturbances as well as cramping associated with premenstrual syndrome PMS , and pain and inflammation linked to osteoarthritis You can find it in most grocery stores or order it online.

Despite limited scientific evidence, chamomile remains one of the most popular herbal medicines in the world and is used to treat a broad range of ailments. For instance, raw elderberries can be toxic, St. Additionally, many herbal medicines have not been studied rigorously enough to verify their safety for pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Another important factor to consider is that herbal medicines are not strictly regulated like other medications. As such, some supplements may list ingredients improperly or even contain compounds not stated on the label.

The World Health Organization WHO , the specialized agency of the United Nations UN that is concerned with international public health, published Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials in to support WHO Member States in establishing quality standards and specifications for herbal materials, within the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines.

In the European Union EU , herbal medicines are regulated under the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. In the United States, herbal remedies are regulated dietary supplements by the Food and Drug Administration FDA under current good manufacturing practice cGMP policy for dietary supplements.

Canadian regulations are described by the Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate which requires an eight-digit Natural Product Number or Homeopathic Medicine Number on the label of licensed herbal medicines or dietary supplements.

Some herbs, such as cannabis and coca , are outright banned in most countries though coca is legal in most of the South American countries where it is grown.

The Cannabis plant is used as a herbal medicine , and as such is legal in some parts of the world. Since , the sales of ephedra as a dietary supplement is prohibited in the United States by the FDA, [70] and subject to Schedule III restrictions in the United Kingdom.

Herbalism has been criticized as a potential " minefield " of unreliable product quality, safety hazards, and potential for misleading health advice. Unethical practices by some herbalists and manufacturers, which may include false advertising about health benefits on product labels or literature, [7] and contamination or use of fillers during product preparation, [38] [72] may erode consumer confidence about services and products.

Paraherbalism is the pseudoscientific use of extracts of plant or animal origin as supposed medicines or health-promoting agents.

It relies on the false belief that preserving the complexity of substances from a given plant with less processing is safer and potentially more effective, for which there is no evidence either condition applies.

Phytochemical researcher Varro Eugene Tyler described paraherbalism as "faulty or inferior herbalism based on pseudoscience", using scientific terminology but lacking scientific evidence for safety and efficacy.

Tyler listed ten fallacies that distinguished herbalism from paraherbalism, including claims that there is a conspiracy to suppress safe and effective herbs, herbs can not cause harm, that whole herbs are more effective than molecules isolated from the plants, herbs are superior to drugs, the doctrine of signatures the belief that the shape of the plant indicates its function is valid, dilution of substances increases their potency a doctrine of the pseudoscience of homeopathy , astrological alignments are significant, animal testing is not appropriate to indicate human effects, anecdotal evidence is an effective means of proving a substance works and herbs were created by God to cure disease.

Tyler suggests that none of these beliefs have any basis in fact. Native Americans used about 2, of the approximately 20, plant species that are native to North America. In Andean healing practices, the use of Entheogens , in particular the San Pedro cactus Echinopsis pachanoi is still a vital component, and has been around for millennia.

Some researchers trained in both Western and traditional Chinese medicine have attempted to deconstruct ancient medical texts in the light of modern science.

In , Tu Youyou , a pharmaceutical chemist and Nobel Prize winner , extracted the anti-malarial drug artemisinin from sweet wormwood , a traditional Chinese treatment for intermittent fevers.

In India, Ayurvedic medicine has quite complex formulas with 30 or more ingredients, including a sizable number of ingredients that have undergone " alchemical processing ", chosen to balance dosha.

Over species of medicinal plants have been documented by C. Those are used by Amchis, the practitioners of this medical system. In Indonesia , especially among the Javanese , the jamu traditional herbal medicine may have originated in the Mataram Kingdom era, some years ago.

Though possibly influenced by Indian Ayurveda systems, the Indonesia archipelago holds numerous indigenous plants not found in India, including plants similar to those in Australia beyond the Wallace Line. Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves, [88] believing that plants are subject to environmental pressures and therefore develop resistance to threats such as radiation, reactive oxygen species and microbial attack to survive, providing defensive phytochemicals of use in herbalism.

Indigenous healers often claim to have learned by observing that sick animals change their food preferences to nibble at bitter herbs they would normally reject.

The habit of changing diet has been shown to be a physical means of purging intestinal parasites. Sick animals tend to forage plants rich in secondary metabolites , such as tannins and alkaloids. Contents move to sidebar hide.

Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons.

Study and use of supposed medicinal properties of plants. For the journal, see Phytomedicine journal. General information. Alternative medicine History Terminology Alternative veterinary medicine Quackery health fraud Rise of modern medicine Pseudoscience Antiscience Skepticism Scientific Therapeutic nihilism.

Fringe medicine and science. Conspiracy theories. Alternative medical systems Mind—body intervention Biologically based therapy Manipulative methods Energy therapy. Traditional medicine.

African Muti Southern Africa Ayurveda Dosha MVAH Balneotherapy Brazilian Bush medicine Cambodian Chinese Blood stasis Chinese herbology Dit da Gua sha Gill plate trade Long gu Meridian Moxibustion Pressure point Qi San Jiao Tui na Zang-fu Chumash Curandero Faith healing Hilot Iranian Jamu Kayakalpa Kambo Japanese Korean Mien Shiang Mongolian Prophetic medicine Shamanism Shiatsu Siddha Sri Lankan Thai massage Tibetan Unani Vietnamese.

Adrenal fatigue Aerotoxic syndrome Candida hypersensitivity Chronic Lyme disease Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Heavy legs Leaky gut syndrome Multiple chemical sensitivity Wilson's temperature syndrome.

Main articles: History of herbalism and Materia medica. For partial list of herbs with known adverse effects, see List of herbs with known adverse effects. See also: Traditional medicine. Main article: Traditional African medicine.

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University of California Press. A Short History of Medicine. JHU Press. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 27 July Australian Government — Department of Health. Archived from the original PDF on 26 June Retrieved 12 December European Medicines Agency. Archived from the original on 26 February National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health.

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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine: Traditional System, Ethics, Safety, Efficacy, and Regulatory Issues. The Herbal Medicine Maker's Handbook: A Home Manual. Chelsea Green Publishing.

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Ashwagandha comes from the Withania somnifera plant, also known as Indian ginseng and Indian winter cherry. The evergreen shrub is native to Africa and Asia and grows in some parts of the Middle East and India.

Ashwagandha has been used for thousands of years for its medicinal properties. The versatile herb is common in Ayurvedic medicine the traditional medicine system in India to boost energy levels, decrease anxiety and stress, and reduce pain and inflammation.

Research shows this powerful herb significantly reduces cortisol levels the primary stress hormone , helping reduce stress and anxiety. It is recognized as an adaptogen , a substance that helps protect from stress. Ashwagandha is also used to improve male sexual health, as the herb can boost testosterone levels in males.

The root of the woody plant is said to support erectile dysfunction , increase libido sexual desire , and enhance sexual pleasure.

This video has been medically reviewed by Jamin Brahmbhatt, MD. Ashwagandha is available in capsule, tincture, and powder forms as a dietary supplement. It has traditionally been mixed with honey, ghee, or water.

Mix one-fourth to one-half teaspoon of ashwagandha powder into your smoothies or hot beverages. You can take ashwagandha any time of day, though it is best to take it approximately 30 minutes before a meal. Most people do not immediately feel the effects of ashwagandha.

It can take weeks for the benefits of ashwagandha to be noticeable. Ashwagandha is generally safe for most adults. Common side effects include drowsiness, gastrointestinal discomfort, and diarrhea. People who take certain medications, like anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates, should not take them, as the plant may interact with them.

Do not take ashwagandha if pregnant, as high doses may induce miscarriage. Chamomile is a flower native to Western Europe, India, and Asia. It now grows freely throughout the United States.

There are two types of chamomile: German grows in the Midwest and Roman a perennial that smells like apples. Chamomile is a popular herbal remedy in the United States, commonly used to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, a division of the National Institutes of Health, chamomile is "likely safe" when used as a tea.

And, it may be safe for short-term use orally. Not enough is known about the long-term safety of using chamomile for medicinal purposes.

In Europe, chamomile is used to aid in wound healing and reduce inflammation and swelling. Its proven effectiveness backs up the popularity of this herbal remedy. A review found that chamomile is a versatile herb. It is commonly used for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antidiarrheal effects.

It is also beneficial for managing knee osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis , premenstrual syndrome, and gastrointestinal disorders. Chamomile can be brewed as a tea, applied as a compress, or used topically to treat skin irritation. Chamomile tea has an apple-like fragrance and taste. To prepare the tea:.

You can add ice to the tea if you prefer a cooler beverage. Chamomile is available as a tea and in capsule form in most health food stores. If using capsules, look for pharmaceutical-grade products. Other grades, such as therapeutic grades, may not be as high in quality. Chamomile may cause allergic reactions, and some people have reported anaphylaxis a severe, whole-body allergic reaction that can be deadly from its use.

Avoid using chamomile if you take blood thinners or the antirejection drug cyclosporine. It can negatively interact with these medications. Echinacea is a flowering plant in the daisy family.

It grows in eastern and central North America, and the leaf, stalk, and root of echinacea are commonly used for medicinal purposes. Echinacea has traditionally been used as a remedy for toothache, bowel pain, snake bites, seizures, skin irritation, arthritis, and cancer. Today, echinacea is a home remedy commonly used to shorten the duration of or prevent the common cold and flu.

It is also widely used to promote wound healing. Echinacea is rich in substances believed to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and have antiviral and antioxidant effects. Some studies show a minor benefit in using echinacea to prevent upper respiratory infections.

But more studies are needed to determine its efficacy in preventing or shortening the duration of a cold. Echinacea is available in capsule, tincture, and tea bagged and loose-leaf forms.

There is no recommended daily intake of echinacea. To prepare loose-leaf echinacea tea:. Echinacea can be hard on the digestive system and may cause stomach upset.

Experts say echinacea should only be used on a short-term basis. Check with your healthcare professional before using echinacea. It may interact with your medications, particularly medicines that affect your liver.

If you are allergic to plants in the daisy family, such as ragweed, marigold, and daisies, you may have an allergic reaction to echinacea. Garlic is a perennial plant native to Central Asia that is grown for its flavorful bulbs. It is now grown worldwide by many cultures.

Garlic is valued both for cooking purposes and its medicinal properties. Humans have been using garlic for thousands of years. Traditional medicinal uses include preventing infection, lowering blood pressure, treating tuberculosis, colic, liver disease, and intestinal worms, and reducing fevers.

The compounds found in garlic have antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Research shows garlic can lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Garlic may be effective at preventing certain types of cancer. Research shows that regular consumption of cooked or raw garlic may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Garlic can be consumed both cooked and raw. It can also be used in powder to season meats, vegetables, soups, and stews.

Garlic supplements are available in capsule, oil, and tincture form. Recommended daily dosages vary depending on how you are using garlic, including:. Speak with your doctor if you plan to supplement with garlic for its health benefits. Garlic can increase the risk of bleeding and should not be used if you are taking blood thinners.

For that same reason, do not take large amounts of garlic before surgery or dental procedures. Ginger Zingiber officinale has a leafy stem and yellow-green flowers.

Native to Asia and India, ginger belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. The versatile spice comes from the underground stem of the ginger plant and is added to foods and beverages worldwide.

In traditional Chinese medicine, the fresh rhizoma underground stem of Zingiber officinale Roscoe is used, called Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens. Ginger has been used extensively since the s in many traditional medicines worldwide.

Over 2, years ago, ginger was so valued and sought after for its medicinal properties that a pound of it was equivalent to the cost of a sheep. It was used to remedy common ailments, such as nausea, pain, and vomiting.

Today, ginger has the distinction of being classified as an herb, food, and medicine. Regarding its medicinal properties, ginger is perhaps best known for its ability to help reduce nausea.

Research confirms ginger may help relieve nausea and vomiting for people undergoing surgery and pregnancy-related nausea. Ginger may also help relieve chemotherapy-related nausea. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, ginger is also an effective pain reliever. One study found that ginger helped reduce pain and increase mobility in individuals with osteoarthritis.

Ginger is versatile and used in many forms, including fresh, dried, pickled, candied, and powdered. It has a strong and spicy smell and tastes somewhat sweet and peppery. Ground ginger root is what you typically find on spice shelves in grocery stores.

It is commonly used for cooking and baking. There are numerous ways to consume ginger, including in tea. You can purchase ginger tea bags in most grocery stores or make them at home with fresh ginger.

If you consume fresh ginger, peel the skin with a vegetable peeler before use. Ginger is considered to be safe when taken orally as a dietary supplement, and it may also be safe when used topically on the skin. Side effects are generally mild and include diarrhea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort, particularly when consumed in large doses.

Though using ginger during pregnancy is considered safe, talk with your healthcare professional before using it if you want to reduce pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Ginkgo biloba widely known as ginkgo is one of the oldest surviving tree species.

Native to Asia, ginkgo is one of the top-selling herbal remedies in the United States. Ginkgo leaves are used to create extracts, capsules, and tablets. Ginkgo leaves can also be consumed as tea. The nut is also used in traditional Chinese medicine for wheezing.

Ginkgo leaves have been used for thousands of years for medicinal benefits. These include treating bronchitis, asthma, chronic fatigue, and tinnitus ringing in the ears. Some people believe that ginkgo has powerful brain-boosting properties, though more studies are needed to determine if this is true.

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health notes no conclusive evidence that ginkgo helps any medical condition.

There is currently no recommended standardized dose of ginkgo. Different doses and formulations have been used in various research studies. The right dose for you will depend on your age, medical history, sex, and type of formulation used. It is generally better to start with a lower dose to determine which amount is right for you.

It may take up to six weeks to notice any health benefits of ginkgo. When using a supplement, ensure that only extracts from ginkgo leaves are used to produce the product. The FDA considers garlic safe. But it can increase your risk of bleeding. It should not be used with warfarin or other medicines that thin the blood.

It may cause too much bleeding. Ginger is most known for easing nausea and motion sickness. Research suggests it may help the nausea from pregnancy and chemotherapy. Ginger is in research for use in surgery and as an anticancer agent.

It has strong anti-inflammatory effects. It is also a strong antioxidant. Side effects may include bloating, gas, heartburn, and nausea. Ginkgo leaf extract is used for asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, and tinnitus. It is used to improve memory and to help prevent dementia.

Some studies have shown it may work slightly. But how gingko works isn't fully known. Only extract from leaves should be used. Seeds have ginkgo toxin.

This toxin can cause seizures. In large amounts, it can lead to death. Ginkgo may increase the risk of bleeding. Do not use it with NSAID medicines or other medicines that thin the blood. Do not use it with anticonvulsant medicines, or tricyclic antidepressants. Ginseng is thought to boost energy, sex drive, and balance the body.

Research is still unsure about its benefits. Side effects can include high blood pressure and fast heart rate. It's safe according to the FDA, but avoid it with certain medicines. People with diabetes should not use ginseng. Goldenseal can help with diarrhea. It can help with eye and skin irritation.

It can act as an antiseptic. Use it carefully. Too much can cause irritation of the skin, mouth, and stomach. Always follow a healthcare provider's instructions.

Goldenseal can be poisonous in high doses. Milk thistle is used for liver problems and high cholesterol. It is also used to reduce the growth of cancer cells. Study results are not clear about its real benefits for liver disease. Saint John's wort can help with mild to moderate depression. Results for severe depression are not clear.

When it comes to Native American traditional medicine, the ideas surrounding health and illness within the culture are virtually inseparable from the ideas of religion and spirituality.

Nattuvaidyam was a set of indigenous medical practices that existed in India before the advent of allopathic or western medicine. There were overlaps and borrowing of ideas, medicinal compounds used and techniques within these practices.

while others were handed down orally through various mnemonic devices. Ayurveda was one kind of nattuvaidyam practised in south India. When the medical system was revamped in twentieth century India, many of the practices and techniques specific to some of these diverse nattuvaidyam were included in Ayurveda.

A home remedy sometimes also referred to as a granny cure is a treatment to cure a disease or ailment that employs certain spices, herbs , vegetables, or other common items. Home remedies may or may not have medicinal properties that treat or cure the disease or ailment in question, as they are typically passed along by laypersons which has been facilitated in recent years by the Internet.

Many are merely used as a result of tradition or habit or because they are effective in inducing the placebo effect. One of the more popular examples of a home remedy is the use of chicken soup to treat respiratory infections such as a cold or mild flu.

Other examples of home remedies include duct tape to help with setting broken bones; duct tape or superglue to treat plantar warts ; and Kogel mogel to treat sore throat. In earlier times, mothers were entrusted with all but serious remedies.

Historic cookbooks are frequently full of remedies for dyspepsia , fevers, and female complaints. In Chinese folk medicine, medicinal congees long-cooked rice soups with herbs , foods, and soups are part of treatment practices.

Although countries have regulations on folk medicines, there are risks associated with the use of them i. zoonosis , mainly as some traditional medicines still use animal-based substances [47] [48]. It is often assumed that because supposed medicines are natural that they are safe, but numerous precautions are associated with using herbal remedies.

Endangered animals, such as the slow loris , are sometimes killed to make traditional medicines. Shark fins have also been used in traditional medicine, and although their effectiveness has not been proven, it is hurting shark populations and their ecosystem.

The illegal ivory trade can partially be traced back to buyers of traditional Chinese medicine. Demand for ivory is a huge factor in the poaching of endangered species such as rhinos and elephants. Pangolins are threatened by poaching for their meat and scales, which are used in traditional medicine.

They are the most trafficked mammals in the world. North America. South America. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history.

Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.

Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote. Formalized folk medicine. Not to be confused with alternative medicine. General information. Alternative medicine History Terminology Alternative veterinary medicine Quackery health fraud Rise of modern medicine Pseudoscience Antiscience Skepticism Scientific Therapeutic nihilism.

Fringe medicine and science. Conspiracy theories. Alternative medical systems Mind—body intervention Biologically based therapy Manipulative methods Energy therapy.

Traditional medicine. African Muti Southern Africa Ayurveda Dosha MVAH Balneotherapy Brazilian Bush medicine Cambodian Chinese Blood stasis Chinese herbology Dit da Gua sha Gill plate trade Long gu Meridian Moxibustion Pressure point Qi San Jiao Tui na Zang-fu Chumash Curandero Faith healing Hilot Iranian Jamu Kayakalpa Kambo Japanese Korean Mien Shiang Mongolian Prophetic medicine Shamanism Shiatsu Siddha Sri Lankan Thai massage Tibetan Unani Vietnamese.

Adrenal fatigue Aerotoxic syndrome Candida hypersensitivity Chronic Lyme disease Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Heavy legs Leaky gut syndrome Multiple chemical sensitivity Wilson's temperature syndrome.

Further information: Medicine in ancient Greece and Medicine in ancient Rome. Further information: Medicine in medieval Islam and Medieval medicine of Western Europe.

Main article: Bush medicine. Further information: Native American ethnobotany and Traditional Alaska Native medicine. World Health Organization. Retrieved The World Health Organization. December Archived from the original on January 13, Retrieved 28 December History of Medicine: Sushruta — the Clinician — Teacher par Excellence PDF.

National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original PDF on Healing with plants in the American and Mexican West. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN The Illustrated herbal. London: Frances Lincoln. Hellenic Journal of Geosciences.

Plural medical systems in the Horn of Africa: the legacy of "Sheikh" Hippocrates. London: Kegan Paul International.