Bryman, A. At Metabolic rate and sleep quality faculty, we Traditional medicine practitioners pharmacology; the study of plants msdicine first prcatitioners Hair growth techniques year. I had my training at KNUST and Mampong. Because of their bitter taste, the traditional practitioners feared that they could induce abortion. Doctors used a medical doll known as a Doctor's ladyon which female patients could indicate the location of their symptoms.

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Traditional Medicine: five areas of work of the WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine (GCTM)

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Our findings show THs and BPs do share goals and motivations in their practice, which are to treat patients and promote a healthy society. While no BPs mentioned business or financial gain as a personal motivation unlike THs, its relevance to private medicine was noted.

Despite a BP's assertion that THs avoid referring patients to protect their income and reputation, all THs claimed to refer cases they couldn't handle to the hospital, suggesting allegiance to their patients.

THs were previously instructed by the MoH to refer certain cases to the hospital, therefore THs may have claimed to refer patients to avoid criticism. It also appeared that the BPs main allegiance was to their patients, though one BP discussed how patient-centered care suffered due to a lack of time and resources in state health facilities.

None of the BPs interviewed were known to practice private medicine, though it would be interesting to know how this may affect a BP's allegiance. This study has shown that both parties have allegiance to patients, and although they may hold other allegiances, e. The differences in visions of collaborations held by both parties reflect their patient-allegiance and reservations.

The findings are consistent with literature findings, concerning BPs' disapproval of a mutual referral system, and the desire of THs to learn more about western medicine Peltzer and Khoza, It was found that both THs and BPs had a reasonable understanding of the general principles, approach, and scope of each other's practice.

Given the high exposure to THs described by BPs when growing up in a culture such as Malawi's, it is not surprising that they had a good understanding of TM. Several other studies have also shown BPs to have some knowledge of TM Awodele, ; Appelbaum Belisle et al. It is worth considering the possibility that proximity to urban societies with western medicine, and higher exposure to mainstream media through which two healers in this study learned about hospital medicine , might increase THs' knowledge of western healthcare, and possibly influence their practice and referral behavior.

The trust and respect of BPs demonstrated by THs is found elsewhere in the literature, where THs are reported to refer their patients willingly Peltzer et al.

Similarly, the reservations held by BPs about referring to THs are also described several times Burnett et al.

The lack of trust on the part of BPs makes collaboration a one-way referral system and education of THs, very difficult. In order for collaboration to be made possible, their reservations must be addressed, possibly through regulation and standardization of THs' practices, and research into their medicines.

This study sought to investigate the willingness of THs and BPs in Blantyre and Mulanje Districts, Malawi, to collaborate with each other, and to estimate the current and future levels of collaboration.

The THs and BPs who participated in this study were overall willing to collaborate with each other, though the THs were clearly more enthusiastic about collaboration, and the BPs held several reservations. THs and BPs were found to share goals and motivations in their medical or healing practices, though their visions of collaboration differed according to their perceptions and trust of each other.

THs and BPs had a reasonable understanding of each other, but while THs demonstrated trust of BPs, reciprocal trust from BPs was lacking.

There is growing evidence about effectiveness or use of TM and Complementary Therapies, we propose that this should be taught in Medical Schools so that BPs can appreciate THs. This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee COMREC with written informed consent from all subjects.

All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the COMREC. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

This study was funded by the Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Herbal Medicine. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Appelbaum Belisle, H. Concurrent use of traditional medicine and ART: perspectives of patients, providers and traditional healers in Durban, South Africa.

Health 10, 71— doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Awodele, O. Doctors' attitudes towards the use of herbal medicine in Lagos, Nigeria. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Bodeker, G.

A public health agenda for traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine. Public Health 92, — Bryman, A. Social Research Methods , 5th Edn. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Google Scholar. Burnett, A. Caring for people with HIV in Zambia: are traditional healers and formal health workers willing to work together? AIDS Care 11, — Campbell-Hall, V. Collaboration between traditional practitioners and primary health care staff in South Africa: developing a workable partnership for community mental health services.

Chung, V. Organizational determinants of interprofessional collaboration in integrative health care: systematic review of qualitative studies. PLoS ONE Courtright, P. Collaboration with African Traditional Healers for the Prevention of Blindness.

Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. D'Amour, D. A model and typology of collaboration between professionals in healthcare organizations.

BMC Health Serv. Furin, J. The role of traditional healers in community-based HIV care in rural Lesotho. Health 36, — Heinzerling, L. Attitudes of traditional healers towards Western medicine in rural Cameroon. Keikelame, M. Msyamboza, K. The burden of selected chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in malawi: Nationwide STEPS survey.

PLoS ONE 6, 6— Munthali, A. Non-use of formal health services in Malawi: perceptions from non-users. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Musyimi, C. Forming a joint dialogue among faith healers, traditional healers and formal health workers in mental health in a Kenyan setting: towards common grounds.

Nemutandani, S. Perceptions and experiences of allopathic health practitioners on collaboration with traditional health practitioners in post-apartheid South Africa. Health Care Fam. Ødegård, A.

Perceptions of interprofessional collaboration within child mental health care in Norway. Care 23, — Okeke, T. Traditional healers in nigeria: perception of cause, treatment and referral practices for severe malaria.

Peltzer, K. Attitudes and knowledge of nurse practitioners towards traditional healing, faith healing and complementary medicine in the Northern Province of South Africa. Curationis 25, 30— Registration with a regulatory body is required for acupuncturists in Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia, which includes completion of an approved registration examination.

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